喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞在非洲儿童手术中的应用

目的 观察喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞与单纯气管插管全身麻醉在非洲儿童手术中的应用,为儿童麻醉提供参考. 方法 4～6岁行下腹部及下肢部位择期手术的患儿60例,完全随机分为喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞麻醉组(A组)和单纯气管插管全身麻醉组(B组),每组30例.观察记录患儿麻醉诱导前(T0)、置入喉罩/气管导管前后(T1、T2)及术毕拔出喉罩/气管导管(T3)时的MAP、HR和Sp02,以及麻醉苏醒时间、术后VAS疼痛评分及副作用情况. 结果 两组患儿MAP、HR和Sp02在To和T1时比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组MAP和HR[(68±10) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、(108±17)次/min]在T2时明显低于B组[(91±8) mmHg、(139±18)次/min] (P＜0.05);A组MAP和HR[(67±9) mmHg、(121±16)次/min]在T3时也明显低于B组[(85±9) mmHg、(141±17)次/min] (P＜0.05);A组术后VAS评分[(1.5±0.5)分]明显低于B组[(6.5±1.5)分](P＜0.05),A组苏醒时间[(5.8±2.4)min]明显短于B组[(12.2±2.8) min](P＜0.05),A组术后躁动(4例)明显低于B组(17例)(P＜0.05),术后A组啼哭和呛咳的发生率也明显低于B组(P＜0.05). 结论 喉罩全身麻醉复合骶管阻滞麻醉在患儿诱导期和苏醒期有更加平稳的血流动力学,且术后疼痛明显降低、苏醒时间明显缩短、术后副作用发生率明显降低,是非洲儿童下腹部及下肢部位手术的一种较理想的麻醉方法.     

不同全麻维持药物用于颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术的麻醉效果比较

目的探讨不同全麻维持药物用于颅内动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞术的麻醉效果。方法拟于全麻下行颅内动脉瘤弹簧圈介入栓塞术患者40例,根据全麻维持药物不同分为2组,A组实施吸入七氟醚和丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼静脉输注;B组实施丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼全凭静脉输注。结果 2组各时间点HR、MAP比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);2组组内麻醉后T2、T3、T4时间点MAP均低于T1,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组术中发生高血压5例、B组发生高血压12例,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组均未出现术中知晓现象,麻醉后自主呼吸恢复时间及苏醒时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颅内动脉瘤栓塞术的2种麻醉方法均有较好的麻醉效果。但在控制血压,减少降压药物的使用方面,七氟醚静吸复合麻醉优于丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉方式。     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于小儿扁桃体切除术的效果

目的观察七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于小儿扁桃体切除术的效果。方法选取2017-01—2018-06间在郑州二砂医院接受气管插管全麻下扁桃体切除术的86例患儿,依据不同麻醉用药分为2组,各43例。对照组应用丙泊酚,观察组采用七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼。比较2组麻醉前(T_0)、插管后5 min(T_1)、手术开始后5 min(T_2)及拔管时(T_3)患儿的平均动脉压(MAP)、HR(心率)、指氧饱和度(SpO_2)的水平,以及术后恢复自主呼吸时间、意识恢复时间、拔管时间和不良反应。结果 2组患儿T_0和T_3时点的MAP、HR和各时点SpO_2比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组T_1～T_3时间点的MAP、HR波动幅度小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患儿术后恢复自主呼吸和意识时间及拔管时间均显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患儿均无心律失常、呼吸抑制等不良反应。结论七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于小儿扁桃体切除术,围术期易于控制麻醉深度,且血流动力学波动小,不良反应少,术后苏醒质量肯定。     

七氟醚、地氟醚和丙泊酚不同组合的全麻方式对患儿苏醒期躁动和谵妄的影响

目的比较七氟醚、地氟醚、丙泊酚三种麻醉药物不同组合用于患儿麻醉对苏醒期躁动(EA)和苏醒期谵妄(ED)的影响。方法选择择期行扁桃体和/或腺样体切除术的患儿150例,男80例,女70例,年龄5～12岁,BMI 11～20 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为五组:七氟醚组(SS组)、七氟醚+地氟醚组(SD组)、七氟醚+丙泊酚组(SP组)、丙泊酚组(PP组)和丙泊酚+地氟醚组(PD组)。记录EA和ED的发生情况,以及苏醒时间、拔管时间、PACU停留时间及术后不良反应情况。结果 SD组、PP组和PD组苏醒期躁动发生率明显低于SS组(P0.05)。SD组ED发生率明显低于SS组和SP组(P0.05)。SD组和PD组苏醒时间和拔管时间明显短于SS组、SP组和PP组(P0.05)。结论七氟醚复合地氟醚全凭吸入麻醉能降低扁桃体和/或腺样体切除术患儿EA和ED的发生,同时缩短苏醒时间和拔管时间。     

咪达唑仑术前用药预防短小手术患儿七氟醚麻醉恢复期躁动的效果

目的 评价眯达唑仑术前用药预防短小手术患儿七氟醚麻醉恢复期躁动(EA)的效果.方法 择期扁桃体联合腺样体切除术患儿120例,性别不限,年龄3～9岁,体重15～35 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其分为4组(n=30),麻醉前30 min,对照组(C组)口服10％葡萄糖10 ml,不同剂量咪达唑仑组(M1-3组)分别口服0.25、0.50和0.75 mg/kg咪达唑仑与10％葡萄糖混合液10 ml.吸入七氟醚麻醉诱导,静脉输注瑞芬太尼和吸入七氟醚维持麻醉.采用患儿麻醉恢复期躁动量化评分表(PAED)评价患儿EA的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,M2组和M3组PAED评分及EA发生率降低(P＜0.05),M1组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与M1组比较,M2组和M3组PAED评分及EA发生率降低(P＜0.05);与M2组比较,M3组PAED评分及EA发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 口服咪达唑仑术前用药可预防患儿短小手术七氟醚麻醉恢复期躁动,其适宜剂量为0.50 mg/kg.     

丙泊酚联合七氟烷对扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期HR、MAP的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚联合七氟烷对扁桃体切除术患儿术后苏醒期HR、MAP的影响。方法随机将行扁桃体切除术的96例患儿分为2组,各48例。对照组行七氟烷麻醉诱导与维持,观察组实施七氟烷麻醉诱导、丙泊酚麻醉维持。比较2组的HR、MAP指标及术后恢复情况。结果麻醉诱导后2组HR、MAP水平均呈先上升后下降趋势,但观察组变化幅度小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患儿苏醒时间、拔管时间相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组苏醒期躁动持续时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对扁桃体切除术患儿实施丙泊酚复合七氟烷麻醉,血流动力学稳定,有利于缓解术后苏醒期躁动,安全且可靠。     

低温等离子扁桃体消融切除术联合腺样体消融术治疗小儿鼾症疗效观察

目的分析低温等离子扁桃体消融切除术联合腺样体消融术治疗小儿鼾症的临床疗效。方法将70例鼾症患儿随机分为2组,各35例。对照组采用扁桃体去除及腺样体切除术,观察组采用低温等离子扁桃体消融切除术联合腺样体消融术,比较2组治疗有效率及手术前后睡眠状况。结果术前2组患儿的睡眠水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组手术时间、术中出血量及疼痛评分均低于对照组,治疗有效率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月,观察组QSQ评分高于对照组,ESS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低温等离子扁桃体消融切除术联合腺样体消融术治疗小儿鼾症,疗效显著,可有效改善患儿的呼吸道狭窄及堵塞,提高睡眠质量,有助于患儿的生长发育。     

丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉对全麻下扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响

目的观察丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉对全麻下扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响。方法随机将行扁桃体切除术的94例患儿分为2组,各47例。对照组实施七氟烷麻醉,观察组采取丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉。观察2组麻醉苏醒时间、手术时间、不良反应、苏醒期躁动发生情况等。结果 (1)观察组Watcha评分、苏醒期躁动发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)2组麻醉苏醒时间、手术时间、不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉有助于提升全麻下扁桃体切除术患儿镇静效果,减少苏醒期躁动发生率,安全性较高。     

右美托咪定对小儿先天性心脏病体外循坏术中脑氧代谢及近远期认知功能的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)对小儿先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)CPB术中脑氧代谢及近远期认知功能的影响. 方法 择期行CPB手术的CHD患儿84例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组(每组42例).观察组麻醉诱导后予以吸入2.5％七氟醚及Dex 0.4 μg· kg-1·h-1术中维持麻醉,对照组麻醉诱导后予以吸入2.5％七氟醚维持麻醉,分别在患儿CPB开始前(T1)、升主动脉开放时(T2)、CPB结束10 min(T3)、术后6 h(T4)4个时间点分别采集3 ml的桡动脉及静脉球部血样进行血气分析,计算颈内静脉血氧饱和度(jugular venous oxygen saturation,SjvO2)、动脉-颈内静脉血氧含量差值(arterial venous oxygen content difference,Da-jvO2)以及脑氧摄取率水平(cerebral extraction of oxygen,CERO2),并在术前、术后3d、术后3个月、术后1年行简易智力状况调查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分. 结果 两组患儿T2时SjvO2高于T1时,而Da-jvO2、CER02低于T1时,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);T2时观察组SjvO2高于对照组,而Da-jvO2、CER02低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而T3、T4时两组患儿SjvO2、Da-jvO2、CERO2的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患儿术前MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);观察组术后4d和术后3个月的MMSE评分[(26.5±1.5)、(27.6±1.6)分]显著高于对照组[(24.3±1.3)、(25.8±1.5)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组术后1年的MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 小儿CHD CPB术中应用Dex具有一定的脑保护作用,能改善脑氧代谢以及术后短期认知功能.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患儿扁桃体腺样体切除术呼吸道风险分析

目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)扁桃体腺样体切除术呼吸道管理的危险因素.方法 收集3～12岁OSAS行扁桃体腺样体切除术患儿病史及麻醉资料.对其年龄、颅面畸形、术前上呼吸道感染进行呼吸道管理危险度行回顾性分析.方法 1307例OSAS患儿中,39例一次气管插管失败,其中颅面畸形5例.363例发生术后呼吸道并发症患儿中,102例存在术前上呼吸道感染(P＜0.05).因术前上呼吸道感染＞1周而发生术后呼吸道并发症的患儿显著少于感染≤1周的患儿(P＜0.05).结论 颅面畸形与术前上呼吸道感染＜1周是OSAS患儿扁桃体腺样体切除术呼吸道管理困难的主要危险因素.     

脑电双频指数监测对老年慢性贫血患者术后谵妄发生率的影响

目的 探讨BIS监测对老年慢性贫血患者腹部手术术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)发生率的影响. 方法 180例择期行全身麻醉手术患者,按随机数字表法分为两组(每组90例):BIS监测组及对照组,对照组采用常规麻醉,BIS监测组维持BIS值于40～60.记录患者入室后(T0)、诱导后(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后3 min(T3)、切皮(T4)、术中1h(T5)及手术结束(T6)各时间点的血流动力学指标.观察记录患者麻醉期间丙泊酚用量、手术时间、拔管时间、清醒时间,及POD发生情况. 结果 BIS监测组谵妄总发生率17.8％,低于对照组的31.1％(P＜0.05);其中,BIS监测组谵妄第1天发生率13.3％,明显低于对照组的28.9％(P＜0.05),第2天发生率5.6％,低于对照组的14.4％(P＜0.05);BIS监测组谵妄持续时间明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).BIS监测组术后清醒拔管时间[(26±8) min]及住院时间[(11.5±2.3)d]显著短于对照组[(41±12) min、(12.6±4.4)d](P＜0.05). 结论 BIS监测下麻醉可降低老年合并慢性贫血患者POD发生率,减少谵妄持续时间.     

不同剂量右美托咪定对髋关节置换术老年高血压患者术后谵妄的影响

目的 评价不同剂量右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)对全身麻醉下老年高血压患者术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)的影响. 方法 选择择期行髋关节置换术老年高血压患者120例,年龄65～85岁,采用随机数字表法分为高剂量Dex组(D1组)、低剂量Dex组(D2组)和对照组(C组),每组40例.麻醉诱导前D1组、D2组分别泵注Dex 0.6、0.2 μg/kg负荷量,10 min泵完,分别继续以0.4、0.2 μg·kg-1·h-1维持至手术结束前30 min;C组泵注等量生理盐水.观察时间点为给药前(T0)、给药后10 min(T1)、气管插管时(T2)、气管导管拔除时(T3)、术后6 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)、术后48 h(T6).记录T0、T1、T2、T3各时点的MAP和HR情况,于T0、T3、T4、T5及T6时点采集静脉血检测血糖(blood glucose,Glu)、皮质醇(cortisol,Cor)和IL-6的血浆浓度,采用谵妄分级量表-98修订版(DRS)评估T4～T6时患者POD的发生情况. 结果 T2、T3时C组MAP [(135±12)、(127±12) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)]、HR[(105±11)、(94±9)次/min]比T0时[(111±11)mmHg、(71±10)次/min]显著升高(P＜0.05),T3～T5时C组Glu[(9.8±0.7)、(9.6±0.4)、(10.6±0.6) mmol/L],Cor[(550±55)、(466±59)、(450±44) nmol/L]、IL-6[(175±14)、(115±10)、(81±8) μg/L]比T0时Glu[(4.2±0.4) mmol/L],Cor[(353±37)nrnol/L],IL-6[(58±6)μg/L]显著升高(P＜0.05);T1～T3时D1组MAP[(90±10)、(86±10)、(90±9) mmHg],HR [(62±8)、(63±11)、(66±9)次/min]比C组MAP [(121±10)、(135±12)、(127±12) mmHg]、HR[(79±12)、(105±11)、(94±9)次/min]明显降低(P＜0.05),T3～T5时D1组Cor[(421 ±39)、(345±35)、(325±35) nmol/L]、IL-6[(82±11)、(106±10)、(67±11) μg/L]比D2组Cor[(466±43)、(399±36)、(369±42) nmol/L],IL-6[(104±12)、(136±14)、(93±11)μg/L]明显降低(P＜0.05).与C组比较,D1组、D2组POD的发生率明显降低(P＜0.05),与D2组比较,D1组POD发生率明显降低(P＜0.05). 结论 持续泵注不同剂量Dex均能维持血流动力学稳定,减少POD的发生;高剂量Dex对POD的防治更有效;其机制可能与其减轻应激反应及抑制炎症反应水平有关.     

七氟醚不同吸入方法在小儿全身麻醉诱导中的效果观察

目的 对3种七氟醚吸入方法用于小儿全身麻醉诱导的麻醉效果进行对比.方法 选择扁桃体、腺样体摘除择期手术患儿90例,ASA分级Ⅰ级,按照随机数字表法分为逐步递增法组(A组)、潮气量法组(B组)、肺活量法组(C组),每组30例.吸入七氟醚160 s后行静脉穿刺,之后行进一步全身麻醉诱导.观察3组患儿入亲情诱导室(T0)、睫毛反射消失时(T1)、吸入160s后静脉穿刺时(T2)的MAP、HR、SpO2,意识消失时间、穿刺时体动反应发生率,麻醉诱导期间患儿合作程度、有无体动反应及副作用,手术结束后患儿自主呼吸恢复时间(Tc)、拔管时间(Td),并行躁动评分.结果 患儿意识消失时间A组为(58.1±0.3)s,B组为(41.2±0.3)s,C组为(33.8±0.8)s,A组最长而C组最短(P＜0.05);穿刺时体动反应发生率A组(96.7％)高于B组(16.7％)、C组(13.3％)(P＜0.05);诱导期体动反应发生率A组(100％)高于B组(13.3％)、C组(10％)(P＜0.05),仅在A组发现患儿发生心动过缓和唾液分泌各1例;诱导期患儿合作程度评分B组(0.20±0.07)分最低,A组(0.77±0.13)分次之,而C组(1.43±0.13)分最高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在保证血流动力学稳定及不增加副作用发生的前提下,潮气量法吸入8％七氟醚更易为小儿所接受,更加适用于小儿全身麻醉诱导.     

Recovery characteristics of three anaesthetic techniques for outpatient orthopaedic surgery

The goals of this study are to observe prospectively the perioperative recovery characteristics associated with general anaesthesia (GA), spinal anaesthesia (SAB), and epidural anaesthesia (EPID) in 200 patients scheduled for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Patients were observed from the time they entered the recovery room until they were discharged. Patients were contacted on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 5. The EPID group had the quickest recovery times (125 ± 37 min, mean ± SD, ANOVA P < 0.01) compared with the GA group (165 ± 57 min) and SAB group (167 ± 51 min). Comparing the side effects of the three anaesthetic techniques, GA was associated with the highest incidence of nausea (27%) and vomiting (16%) on the day of surgery that persisted into the first postoperative day (nausea 41 % and vomiting 22%). There was no difference in the incidence of headache overall; however, SAB was associated with a 13% incidence of postdural puncture (PDP) headache that became apparent on POD 3. All the PDP headaches resolved with conservative therapy by the first postoperative week, except for two patients who required an epidural blood patch. The EPID group followed by the SAB and GA groups, had the highest incidence of backaches on POD 1 (respectively, 63%, 41% and 17%). By POD 3, the incidence of backache was not statistically different between groups. No specific treatment for backache was required. The ideal anaesthetic has not been developed, but our data suggests that an epidural technique is advantageous for knee arthroscopy in terms of a quick recovery and minimal adverse effects.     

眼科手术患儿瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉的效果

目的 探讨眼科手术患儿瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉的效果.方法 择期行眼科短小手术患儿48例,年龄4～12岁,按年龄和麻醉药物分为4组(n=12):ⅠPK组4～7岁,氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅠPR组4～7岁,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅡPK组8～12岁,氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉;ⅡPR组8～12岁,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉.ⅠPK组和ⅡPK组静脉注射氯胺酮2 mg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉诱导,静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1及间断静脉注射氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg维持麻醉.ⅠPR组和ⅡPR组静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg麻醉诱导;麻醉维持:静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1和瑞芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1,瑞芬太尼每2分钟增加0.025 μg·kg-1·min-1,直至0.2 μg·kg-1·min-1.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉诱导后冲洗眼球时、手术开始后即刻、手术开始后15 min和出手术室时,记录收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度和麻醉深度指数(CSI).记录术中和术后不良反应的发生情况.记录麻醉诱导时间、苏醒时间、意识恢复时间和总镇静时间.计算瑞芬太尼平均输注速率.结果 与麻醉诱导前比较,4组SP、DP、HR、RR和CSI均降低(P＜0.05);与ⅠPK组和ⅡPK组比较,ⅠPR组和ⅡPR组RR和CSI降低,术中体动和术后躁动发生率降低,麻醉诱导时间延长,苏醒时间和意识恢复时间缩短(P＜0.05);与ⅠPR组比较,ⅡPR组麻醉诱导时间和意识恢复时间缩短(P＜0.05).ⅡPR组瑞芬太尼平均输注速率小于ⅠPR组(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于眼科短小手术患儿麻醉可产生良好的麻醉效果,且血液动力学平稳,不良反应少,术后苏醒迅速,而不同年龄患儿瑞芬太尼用量不同.     

Single-dose dexmedetomidine reduces agitation and provides smooth extubation after pediatric adenotonsillectomy

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine has shown sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects after intravenous (IV) administration. Sevoflurane is associated with a high incidence of emergence agitation in preschool children. In this placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect of single dose dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: In a double-blinded trial, 60 children (age 3-7 years) were randomly assigned to receive dexmedetomidine 0.5 microg.kg(-1) IV or placebo, 5 min before the end of surgery. All patients received a standardized anesthetic regimen. For induction and maintenance of anesthesia we used sevoflurane. After surgery, the incidence and severity of agitation was measured 2 h postoperatively. The incidence of untoward airway events after extubation, such as breath holding, severe coughing, or straining were recorded. After surgery, the children's behavior and pain were assessed with a 5-point scale. RESULTS: The agitation and pain scores in the dexmedetomidine group were better than those in the placebo group (P < 0.05). The incidence of severe agitation (a score of 4 or more), and severe pain (a score of 3 or more) were significantly less in the dexmedetomidine group (P < 0.05). The number of severe coughs per patient in the dexmedetomidine group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Postoperative vomiting was similar in both groups. Times to emergence and extubation were significantly longer in the dexmedetomidine group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 0.5 microg.kg(-1) dexmedetomidine reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.     

脑氧饱和度监测下右美托咪定对老年胸腔镜手术患者术后谵妄及血清S100β蛋白的影响

目的 探讨脑氧饱和度监测下右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)对老年胸腔镜手术患者术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)发生率和血清S100β蛋白的影响. 方法 选取择期拟行电视胸腔镜手术的老年患者72例,年龄65～75岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,性别不限.采用随机数字表法分为两组(每组36例):Dex组(D组)和对照组(C组).D组患者麻醉诱导前给予Dex负荷剂量0.5 μg/kg,输注时间15 min,然后以0.3～0.5μg·kg-1·h-1持续输注,至手术结束前30 min停止;C组以相同方法静脉注射等容量0.9％氯化钠注射液.分别记录2组患者入室后5 min(To)、麻醉诱导前(T1)、气管插管前(T2)、气管插管后即刻(T3)、单肺通气前(T4)、单肺通气结束时(T5)、拔管前(T6)、拔管后5 min(T7)的MAP、HR、SpO2、ECG和脑氧饱和度(cerebral regional oxygen saturation,rSO2).于麻醉前5 min、术毕即刻、术后24 h、术后48 h时分别采集静脉血测定S100β蛋白浓度.于术后1、2、3d时采用谵妄评定方法中文修订版(confusion assessment method-chinese reversion,CAM-CR)量表对两组患者进行POD评估. 结果 D组患者POD的发生率明显低于C组(P＜0.05).术毕即刻、术后24 h时D组血清S100β蛋白水平明显低于C组(P＜0.05);与麻醉前5 min时比较,两组患者术毕即刻、术后48 h时血清S100β蛋白均明显升高(P＜0.05);两组患者T5时rSO2均比T0时下降明显(P＜0.05).T3时D组患者MAP明显低于C组(P＜0.05),C组患者MAP比T0时明显上升(P＜0.05).两组患者HR比T0时均有明显上升(P＜0.05),SpO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 Dex能降低老年胸腔镜手术患者POD的发生率,降低术后血清S100β蛋白的水平,具有脑保护作用.     

The effect of magnesium sulphate infusion on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia

This randomised, controlled, double‐blind study investigated the effects of intra‐operative magnesium sulphate administration on the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Seventy children were randomly allocated to receive a 30 mg.kg^?1 bolus of intravenous magnesium sulphate after induction of anaesthesia followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg.kg^?1.h^?1 or an equal volume of saline 0.9%. All children received titrated sevoflurane anaesthesia adjusted to maintain haemodynamic stability. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Score were used for the assessment of postoperative emergence agitation and pain, respectively. Emergence agitation was more common in the control group than in the magnesium group (23 (72%) and 12 (36%), respectively (p = 0.004)), with a relative risk of 0.51 (95% CI 0.31–0.84), an absolute risk reduction of 0.35 (95% CI 0.10–0.54), and number needed to treat of 3 (95% CI 2–9). Postoperative pain scores were comparable in the two groups. Magnesium sulphate reduces the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia and is not associated with increased postoperative side‐effects or delayed recovery.     

Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil protects against postoperative nausea and vomiting

The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and requirements for anti-emetic medication were assessed in 80 female patients undergoing day-case anaesthesia during assisted conception therapy. Anaesthesia was induced with alfentanil 50 micrograms.kg-1 and propofol 1 mg.kg-1; atracurium 0.5 mg.kg-1 was given to facilitate tracheal intubation. The patients were allocated to receive either total intravenous maintenance of anaesthesia with an infusion of propofol and increments of alfentanil (Group P) or inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and enflurane (Group E). Postoperative nausea, retching, vomiting, requirements for anti-emetic therapy, and unplanned admission for overnight stay in hospital were recorded. Overall incidence of nausea was 64% in group E and 39% in Group P (P less than 0.05). Incidence of vomiting was 67% in Group E and 34% in Group P (P less than 0.05). Metoclopramide was requested by 62% of patients in Group E, and 32% of those in Group P (P less than 0.05); 21% of the patients in Group E were admitted to hospital overnight, while only 5% of the patients in Group P required unscheduled admission to hospital (P less than 0.05). We conclude that total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil is superior to inhalational maintenance with nitrous oxide and enflurane in that it is associated with less nausea and vomiting, less requirement for anti-emetic medication, and a lower probability of unplanned admission to hospital after day-care gynaecological surgery.