维持性血液透析患者贫血状况及其影响因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者的贫血状况,分析造成MHD患者贫血的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2013年8月至2016年1月在我院行规律透析治疗患者78例的临床资料,根据KDOQI推荐的MHD患者血红蛋白(Hb)治疗达标值(Hb≥110 g/L)分为Hb达标组和Hb未达标组,分析影响MHD患者贫血的因素,比较Hb达标组和未达标组患者全因死亡及不良心血管事件的发生情况。结果在纳入研究的78例MHD患者中,Hb达标患者31例,Hb未达标患者47例,Hb达标率为39.74%。Hb达标与未达标患者的透析龄、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、转铁蛋白饱和度(TS)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,透析龄(5年)、PTH(≥300 ng/L)、TS(20%)是影响MHD患者Hb达标的独立危险因素(P0.05)。随访1年,Hb达标组MHD患者全因死亡及不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率分别为3.2%和9.7%;Hb未达标组分别为10.6%和23.4%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MHD患者Hb达标率并不理想,透析龄、PTH、TS是导致MHD患者Hb未达标的独立危险因素。     

有氧运动对急性心肌梗死患者预后的改善研究

目的探讨12周及24周的有氧运动对急性心肌梗死患者心功能及氧代谢功能的影响。方法选取50例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死并行急诊PCI的患者,随机分为有氧运动治疗(运动组)及非运动治疗(对照组)各25例,2组患者给予相同药物治疗,于入院后第8天、第12周及24周检查无氧阈值、峰值氧耗量、以及LVEF、N末端B型钠尿肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平。结果与对照组比较,运动组第12周及24周后无氧阈值[(15.05±5.80)ml/(kg·min)vs(14.78±1.50)ml/(kg·min),(15.94±0.86)ml/(kg·min)vs(14.43±1.82)ml/(kg·min),峰值耗氧量[(22.31±2.50)ml/(kg·min)vs(19.50±2.52)ml/(kg·min),(23.06±2.13)ml/(kg·min)vs(19.79±2.89)ml/(kg·min)],LVEF[(55.8±2.8)%vs(53.3±5.1)%,(56.5±2.9)%vs(53.7±5.2)%]明显升高,而NT-proBNP[(2171.4±1014.0)ng/L vs(2922.8±1342.6)ng/L,(1628.2±740.1)ng/L vs(2476.7±964.8)ng/L]明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与同组第8天比较,2组12、24周后无氧阈值、峰值氧耗量、LVEF明显升高,而NT-proBNP明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),运动组24周较12周时NT-proBNP明显降低(P<0.05)结论有氧运动治疗可以明显改善急性心肌梗死患者的心功能及氧代谢指标。     

广西地区不同地中海贫血类型G6PD酶活性水平初步研究

目的了解广西地区不同地中海贫血类型患者的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)酶活性水平,探讨其与地中海贫血的关联性。方法对经过地中海贫血基因分析确诊阴性的113名健康人群和248例不同地中海贫血类型的患者进行G6PD酶活性检测,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果健康人群组的G6PD酶活性水平为(6.76±2.28)U/g Hb,α地中海贫血为(9.00±3.67)U/g Hb,β地中海贫血为(10.98±6.25)U/g Hb,αβ复合型地中海贫血为(9.09±2.96)U/g Hb,与健康人群组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。α地中海贫血中静止型、轻型和中间型的G6PD酶活性水平分别为(6.67±1.65)、(8.89±2.12)和(12.7±5.44)U/g Hb,β地中海贫血中轻型和中间型/重型的G6PD酶活性水平分别为(9.68±3.71)U/g Hb和(18.43±10.71)U/g Hb,α和β地中海贫血组内不同类型之间的G6PD酶活性水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同地中海贫血类型患者的G6PD酶活性水平不一样,贫血程度越重G6PD酶活性越高。     

口服与静脉铁剂治疗血液透析患者贫血的疗效观察

目的比较维持性血液透析患者口服和静脉补铁治疗肾性贫血的疗效,以及对促红细胞生成素(EPO)作用的影响。方法将30例病情稳定的血液透析患者随机分成静脉组和口服组2组各15例,观察期6个月。口服组口服福乃得(含硫酸亚铁525mg)1片/天,静脉组静脉补充铁剂。先按公式在2周内给予负荷剂量,以后每2周给予维持量100mg。若患者的血红蛋白(Hb)达到目标值120g/l,则将EPO的剂量减少25%。结果治疗后两组患者的Hb、红细胞压积(Hct)、铁蛋白(SF)和转铁蛋白饱和度(TSAT)进行性升高,治疗后3个月时口服组和静脉组患者的Hb、Hct、SF和TSAT均较治疗前显著升高,而静脉组升高的幅度明显高于口服组(P<0.01)。透析患者的贫血得到纠正,EPO用量开始减少,同时SF和TSAT保持在较高水平。6个月时EPO用量开始明显减少,减少的幅度明显高于口服组(P<0.01),明显高于治疗前静脉组(P<0.01)。结论长期静脉补铁不仅能及时有效地补充慢性肾衰竭血透患者贫血所需的铁剂,使贫血状况改善,而且能减少EPO用量。     

胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病的临床探讨

目的比较胰岛素泵输注速效胰岛素(该研究使用诺和灵R)与多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效对比。方法将2011年2月—2012年2月该院收治的68例血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者自愿分为胰岛素泵强化治疗组(CSII组)和多次皮下注射岛素(MDII组)各34例,比较组间治疗过程中低血糖发生率、血糖达标时间、血糖达标时胰岛素用量。结果 CSII组与对照组MDII组比较,CSII组血糖达标时间更短[(6.4±1.8)d vs(10.6±2.5)d,P0.05],胰岛素用量更小[(0.72±0.13)U/(kg·d)vs(0.94±0.25)U/(kg·d),P0.05],治疗过程中低血糖发生(次/例)更少[(0.24±0.15)vs(0.88±0.38),P0.05],两组数据差异有统计学意义。结论 CISS疗效明显优于MDII组,安全性好,血糖达标时间更短,治疗过程中低血糖发生率更小。     

腹膜透析患者皮下注射促红细胞生成素依从性的影响因素分析

目的 在健康信念模式指导下探讨腹膜透析（PD）患者促红细胞生成素（EPO）注射依从性现状及相关影响因素。方法 纳入2021年1月至6月在中山大学附属第一医院规律随访并注射EPO的PD患者244例。将EPO不依从定义为使用少于90%的处方剂量或报告漏注射的情况。根据依从性情况分为依从组与不依从组，比较组间差异，并用logistic回归分析EPO治疗不依从的影响因素。结果 患者年龄（47.1±12.4）岁，男性占46.7%，中位透析月33.3(11.6,73.9)个月。EPO不依从率为59.8%，血红蛋白达标率为63.5%。多因素logistic分析发现短透析月、注射疼痛、低药物效力满意度（P<0.05）是EPO不依从的危险因素。结论 PD患者EPO治疗存在达标率低、依从性差的现象。短透析月、注射疼痛、低药物效力满意度是EPO不依从的危险因素。     

帕金森病睡眠障碍与非运动症状的相关性研究

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者睡眠障碍与非运动症状的相关性。方法 535例PD患者先用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评测,并分为睡眠障碍组249例和非睡眠障碍组286例。分别用一般情况调查表、统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn-Yahr分级、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HMDS)、疲劳严重度量表和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)等对患者进行评分。结果睡眠障碍组较非睡眠障碍组更易出现便秘(67.5%vs 48.3%)、疲劳(79.1%vs 44.4%)、嗅觉减退(35.7%vs 23.8%)、排尿障碍(50.6%vs 11.5%)、头晕(45.4%vs 26.9%)等症状(P<0.01);睡眠障碍组各量表评分高于非睡眠障碍组[HMDS评分(16.96±10.57)分vs(9.77±7.55)分、UPDRS-Ⅰ(2.59±2.05)分vs(1.56±1.47)分、UPDRS-Ⅱ(11.27±5.81)分vs(8.63±4.51)分、UPDRS-Ⅲ(23.30±12.87)分vs(19.02±11.37)分、UPDRS总分(42.35±20.80)分vs(32.83±17.33)分,P<0.01]。2组患者Hoehn-Yahr分级、MMSE评分比较无显著差异,且其他非运动症状比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。多元logistic回归分析显示,便秘、疲劳、抑郁、排尿障碍、头晕、UPDRS-Ⅲ是PD患者伴发睡眠障碍的危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论睡眠障碍是PD患者常见的非运动症状,其与便秘、疲劳、抑郁、排尿障碍、头晕等非运动症状显著相关。     

无症状性脑梗死患者危险因素的随访研究

目的观察无症状性脑梗死(silent brain infarction,SBI)患者危险因素的长期控制状况。方法选择SBI患者145例,给予控制危险因素并随访1年;按照控制顺应性分为规范控制组108例和不规范控制组37例;并对随访前后危险因素的分布、治疗率及达标率进行比较。结果随访1年,SBI患者高脂血症、心房颤动、高同型半胱氨酸血症的用药率均较基线时明显提高(92.3%vs 82.4%,92.3 vs 46.2%,95.8%vs 56.3%,P<0.05);高同型半胱氨酸血症、戒烟、戒酒等的控制达标率较基线时的明显提高(89.6%vs 54.2%,91.0 vs 53.8%,97.9%vs 76.6%,P<0.01)。与不规范控制组比较,规范控制组血糖、同型半胱氨酸血症控制达标率明显改善;空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、同型半胱氨酸水平明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 SBI患者危险因素多,但多可通过规范化生活方式及药物治疗来控制并达标。     

老年女性急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者临床特征分析

目的探讨老年女性急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的临床特征。方法回顾性分析2015年11月~2017年2月我院心血管内科连续收入的老年STEMI患者108例,根据患者性别分为男性组63例和女性组45例。比较2组患者的临床基线资料、PCI及院内预后情况。结果与男性组比较,女性组发病年龄显著升高[(75.13±7.27)岁vs(69.81±9.16)岁,P<0.01],肾小球滤过率显著降低[(62.39±27.34)ml/(min·1.73m2)vs(77.37±26.36)ml/(min·1.73m2),P<0.05)]。女性组典型胸痛比例、LVEF显著低于男性组,而B型钠尿肽、左心室舒张末内径、CRUSADE评分显著高于男性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与男性组比较,女性组3支病变比例更高(69.2%vs 35.0%,P<0.01),支架直径偏细[(2.81±0.28)mmvs(2.97±0.29)mm,P<0.05];而再灌注治疗后,女性组平均住院天数更长,心肌梗死后心绞痛、反复发作心力衰竭比例显著升高[(10.60±3.61)d vs(7.67±2.44)d,P<0.01;15.6%vs 3.2%,P<0.05;26.7%vs 3.2%,P<0.01]。结论老年女性STEMI患者年龄偏大,临床症状不典型,病变较重,心功能更差,心肌梗死后并发症增多,且出血风险增高。     

老年血液透析和腹膜透析患者的死亡原因分析北大核心CSCD

目的比较北京医院肾内科近10年间死亡的老年血液透析(HD)患者和腹膜透析(PD)患者的死亡原因和生存时间。方法收集我中心2010年1月至2019年1月期间死亡的60岁以上的老年血液净化患者,详细记录患者性别、年龄、原发病、有无糖尿病、开始透析时间、死亡时间及导致死亡的直接原因等。结果共有153例患者,平均年龄为(76.6±7.7)岁,中位透析时间为54.1(26.9,86.4)月,其中有83例患者合并糖尿病(54.2%)。根据透析方式将患者分成HD(114例)和PD(39例)两组,HD和PD患者的平均年龄分别为(77.1±7.9)岁和(75.0±7.0)岁,中位透析时间分别为56.5(27.4,104.2)月和48.3(26.3,66.6)月。HD和PD患者的原发疾病均主要为糖尿病肾病(DN,32.5%和48.7%)、慢性肾小球肾炎(29.8%和17.9%)和高血压肾损害(21.1%和10.3%),HD和PD患者前三位的死亡原因均为心血管疾病(32.4%和43.6%)、感染(29.8%和28.2%)和脑血管疾病(11.4%和15.4%),两组患者间原发疾病和死亡原因的构成相似,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。生存曲线分析发现合并糖尿病的透析患者存活时间短于不合并糖尿病的患者(χ2=12.829,Log Rank P<0.001),HD患者的总体生存时间长于PD患者(χ2=8.161,Log Rank P=0.004)。在不合并糖尿病的透析患者中,HD患者的生存时间长于PD患者(Z=-2.716,P=0.007);在合并糖尿病的透析患者中,HD和PD患者的生存时间相当(Z=-0.581,P=0.561)。结论老年透析患者中糖尿病肾病的占比高,老年透析患者主要的死亡原因是心、脑血管疾病和感染;老年HD患者总体生存时间优于PD患者。     

Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus MR imaging survey

In an attempt to compare the sensitivity of bone radiographs and bone marrow magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for bone lesion detection in patients with stage III multiple myeloma (MM) and to evaluate the possible consequences of the replacement of the conventional radiographic skeletal survey (RSS) by an MR survey of the spinal and pelvic bone marrow in these patients, we obtained MR studies of the thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis and proximal femurs in addition to the conventional RSS (including radiographs of the skull, entire spine, pelvis, ribs, humerus and femurs) in 80 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed stage III MM according to the Durie and Salmon staging system (based on blood tests and on the RSS). The performance of MR and radiographic studies to detect bone lesions in given anatomic areas and in given patients were compared. The consequences on MM staging following the substitution of the RSS by the MR survey were assessed. MR imaging was superior to radiographs for lesion detection in the spine (76% v 42% of patients) and pelvis (75% v 46% of patients). The RSS was superior to the limited MR imaging survey for the detection of bone involvement in the patient population (87.5% v 79% of patients). If the RSS had been replaced by the MR imaging survey for patient staging, 7/80 patients would have been categorized as stage I and one as stage II MM on the basis of normal MR findings and biological findings consistent with these stages. Substitution of the RSS by a limited spinal and pelvic marrow MR survey would lead to 'understaging' of 10% of patients with otherwise stage III MM on the basis of blood tests and the conventional RSS.     

Tramadol in musculoskeletal pain--a survey

The three-step analgesic ladder, originally proposed for cancer pain relief by the World Health Organization (WHO), is now widely employed for all types of pain, including the chronic pain of musculoskeletal disease. Tramadol, an analgesic with weak opioid receptor affinity and possessing monoaminergic activity, has proved suitable for use at Step 2 of the WHO ladder. Owing to its pharmacological properties, tramadol is more appropriate than NSAIDs for patients suffering from gastrointestinal and renal problems. Importantly, the analgesic potency of tramadol is greater than that of NSAIDs and of other weak opioids (codeine, dextropropoxyphene). It also causes fewer opioid-type adverse effects, e.g. nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, dry mouth and constipation. In chronic musculoskeletal pain it is recommended that tramadol should be given by mouth and by the clock; the initial dose should be titrated upward gradually to reach the individual level required for suitable pain control. This dosage strategy will also minimise the usual opioid-type adverse effects encountered with tramadol. Four recent publications are reviewed to illustrate the efficacy of tramadol, alone or in conjunction with an NSAID, in the management of low back pain, osteoarthritis pain and breakthrough pain.     

Tuberculin survey in Ethiopia.

For planning and implementation of effective national tuberculosis control programme (NTP) in Ethiopia, it is essential to know the real magnitude of tuberculosis problem. Previous tuberculin survey carried out during the period from 1953 to 1955 revealed the annual risk of infection 3.0%, and since then, there has been no survey. A new tuberculin survey was thus conducted during the period from December 1987 to April 1990. In order to get a sample of 47 previously BCG unvaccinated children, aged 6 to 10 years, selected from each 480 representative clusters of randomly selected 16 Woredas (districts), a total of 26,529 children, approximately 55 in each cluster, were given tuberculin intradermal injection, and the reaction was read in 26,269 children (99.0%). A scar survey was done, and 23,695 had no BCG scar, while 2,574 (10.1%) had BCG scar. Out of the former, 2,503 children (10.6%) were positive, and the annual risk of infection thus calculated was 1.4%. Out of the latter, 591 (23.0%) were positive. The results of these two surveys indicate that tuberculosis showed decline in the past 37 years with the annual reduction rate of 2.2%, however, the trend might change in the future due to present pandemic of HIV infection.     

Mosquito survey in Tripura.

Vector survey carried out in Tripura revealed the presence of 17 species of anophelines with a density of 92.39 per trap night. Major malaria vector encountered was Anopheles philippinensis which formed 30% of the total collection and is exophagic in nature. Another efficient malaria vector An. minimus which formed 5% of the total collection prevails equally both indoors and outdoors. The high parity rate of An. philippinensis (59%) and An. minimus (63.9%) gives a strong indication about their vectorial status in Tripura.