可视化椎间孔成形术治疗老年侧隐窝型腰椎管狭窄症的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜可视化椎间孔成形术治疗老年侧隐窝型腰椎狭窄症的临床效果。方法选取2017年9月至2018年12月诊断为侧隐窝型腰椎狭窄症的老年患者共54例,根据患者及其家属意愿将其分为可视化椎间孔成形术组(可视化组) 28例和标准TESSYS椎间孔成形术组(TESSYS组) 26例,比较2组患者的术中透视次数、椎间孔成形时间、手术时间、手术前后VAS、并发症发生率和术后6个月改良Macnab疗效评定。结果可视化组术中透视次数、椎间孔成形时间和手术时间少于TESSYS组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); 2组术后VAS较术前降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); 2组并发症发生率、术前和术后2 d、3个月、6个月的VAS以及术后6个月改良Macnab疗效评定比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论可视化椎间孔成形术和标准TESSYS椎间孔成形术治疗老年侧隐窝型腰椎狭窄症的近期疗效相近,但可视化椎间孔成形术可明显减少患者术中透视次数、椎间孔成形时间及手术时间。     

经皮椎间孔镜下选择性减压与切开减压内固定术治疗老年性腰椎管狭窄的临床分析

目的探究经皮椎间孔镜下选择性减压与切开减压内固定术在老年性腰椎管狭窄中的临床治疗效果。方法选择2015年7月至2016年12月惠州市第三人民医院收治的老年性腰椎管狭窄患者86例,其中男性53例,女性33例;年龄60~78岁。按照患者选取手术方式不同将其分为经皮椎间孔镜组(TESSYS组,36例)和传统手术组(TS组,50例),其中TESSYS组患者采用经皮椎间孔镜下选择性减压术治疗,TS组患者采用切开减压内固定术治疗。统计两组患者手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、住院时间及术后并发症等,评估两组患者术前、出院时、术后1个月、术后3个月、术后6个月及术后12个月时Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分及改良MacNab疗效评定,比较两组患者围手术指标及临床疗效。结果 TESSYS组患者手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、住院时间及术后并发症发病率明显优于TS组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。TESSYS组手术优良率(94.44%)明显优于TS组(84.00%),差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。两组患者术后不同时间段的VAS评分、ODI评分均优于术前[VAS评分,TESSYS组术后12个月(1.43±0.38)分vs (7.45±1.54)分,TS组术后12个月(1.81±0.49)分vs (7.42±1.12)分;ODI评分,TESSYS组术后12个月(6.34±4.08)分vs (65.84±13.89)分,TS组术后12个月(9.75±3.78)分vs (64.87±14.28)分],且呈逐渐好转趋势,差异具有统计意义(P 0.05);两组术前患者VAS评分、ODI评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);TESSYS组术后各时间段VAS评分、ODI评分均优于TS组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。TESSYS组术后并发症发生率(2.78%)小于TS组术后(12.00%),差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论经皮椎间孔镜下选择性减压治疗老年性腰椎管狭窄在手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、住院时间、术后并发症等方面具有明显优势,并且对脊柱稳定性影响较小,症状改善明显,术后恢复较快,疗效确切。但其手术视野有限,对施术者操作性要求较高,需要严格把握手术适应证。     

经皮椎间孔镜和椎板开窗减压术治疗 腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效对比

目的 对比经皮椎间孔镜技术和椎板开窗减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法 收集我院2017年2月~12月住院手术治疗的腰椎间盘突出症患者60例,随机分为经皮椎间孔镜组和椎板开窗组,每组30例。经皮椎间孔镜组采用经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗,椎板开窗组采用椎板开窗髓核摘除手术治疗。对比两组患者手术切口长度、术中出血量和手术时间,于术前、术后7 d、术后1个月、术后3个月和术后6个月采用VAS评分评价患者疼痛程度,采用ODI指数评价患者脊柱活动功能,末次随访时行Macnab疗效评级。结果 与椎板开窗组比较,经皮椎间孔镜组的手术切口长度缩短,术中出血量减少,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者术后VAS评分、ODI指数均较术前降低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。经皮椎间孔镜组术后7 d和术后1个月的VAS评分、ODI指数低于椎板开窗组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组治疗有效率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 经皮椎间孔镜和椎板开窗减压术均可有效治疗腰椎间盘突出症,经皮椎间孔技术更有利于术后早期疼痛症状缓解和脊柱功能恢复。     

椎间孔镜BEIS技术治疗合并腰椎侧凸的老年人腰椎间盘突出症的观察

目的观察经皮椎间孔镜BEIS技术治疗同时合并腰椎侧凸的老年性腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年3月本科收治的合并腰椎侧凸的老年性腰椎间盘突患者40例。其中,治疗组21例,应用椎间孔镜BEIS技术行髓核摘除射频消融术;对照组19例,行腰椎后路椎板开窗减压单纯髓核摘除术。40例均通过门诊及电话进行1年的随访,对两组的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间进行对比;观察患者的术前、术后1 d、1个月、1年的JOA(Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores)评分及冠状位Cobb角的变化,评价两组的临床疗效。结果治疗组的手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量及住院时间显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者在术后疼痛JOA评分等方面相比于术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组组间比较术后疼痛方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但冠状位Cobb角差异明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮椎间孔镜BEIS技术和单纯髓核摘除治疗合并腰椎侧凸的老年人椎间盘突出症的疗效相近,但前者恢复更快,具有创伤小、手术时间短、出血少、住院时间短及腰椎畸形恢复更佳等优势,值得临床推广。     

两种TLIF术式治疗单节段腰椎退行性疾病临床对比研究

目的探讨开放与微创TLIF术式对单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者围手术期临床指标、ODI评分及术后并发症的影响。方法选取我院2011年8月~2014年5月收治单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者共140例,以随机数字表法分为开放组(70例)和微创组(70例),分别采用开放与微创TLIF术式治疗;比较两组患者围手术期临床指标,术前、术后3,12,24个月VAS评分、JOA评分、ODI评分、椎间植骨融合率及术后并发症发生率等。结果两组患者手术用时比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);微创组患者术中出血量、术后出血量及术后首次下地活动时间均显著优于开放组(P0.05);微创组患者术后3个月VAS评分,JOA评分及ODI评分均显著优于开放组、术前(P0.05);两组患者术后12个月和24个月VAS评分,JOA评分及ODI评分比较,差异无显著性(P0.05);微创组患者术后椎间植骨融合率显著高于开放组(P0.05);两组患者术后并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创TLIF术式治疗单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者手术创伤小,术后恢复时间短,可快速缓解腰腿疼痛,改善肢体活动功能,且未增加术后并发症发生几率,价值优于开放TLIF术式。     

经皮椎间孔镜BEIS术治疗老年腰椎狭窄症合并腰椎滑脱患者的疗效评价

目的:探究经皮椎间孔镜BEIS(Broad easy immediate surgery,BEIS)术、椎间孔入路椎间融合术(Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)治疗老年腰椎狭窄症合并腰椎滑脱患者的应用价值.方法:将武陟济民医院94例腰椎狭窄症合并腰椎滑脱患者随机分为TLIF组、BEIS组,各47例.对比手术指标、并发症情况、以视觉模拟量表(Visual analogue scales,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)分别评估疼痛及腰椎功能.结果:BEIS组手术时间、住院时间短于TLIF组,术中出血量低于TLIF组(P<0.05);术后3、6个月BEIS组VAS评分、ODI评分均低于TLIF组(P<0.05).结论:与TLIF术比较,经皮椎间孔镜BEIS术治疗老年腰椎狭窄症合并腰椎滑脱患者能改善手术情况,缓解疼痛,改善腰椎功能,且不增加并发症风险.     

椎间盘镜手术和经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床疗效分析

目的比较椎间盘镜手术和经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床价值。方法选择2016年1月至2019年1月于我院就诊治疗的96例腰椎间盘突出症患者作为研究对象,按照随机法分为对照组(椎间盘镜)和观察组(经皮椎间孔镜),每组各48例。比较两组患者治疗结果。结果观察组患者手术时间较对照组长,但术中出血量和术后住院时间均少于对照组,手术切口长度也较对照组明显短(P0.05);两组患者术后VAS评分和ODI指数均较术前降低,且两组患者术后各时间点VAS和ODI比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论椎间盘镜手术和经皮椎间孔镜髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床疗效均较好,但经皮椎间孔镜手术其微创性更好,术后住院时间更短,患者更易接受。     

后路椎间融合钉棒系统内固定与传统手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床对比分析

目的 比较分析后路椎间融合钉棒系统内固定术与传统手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及优缺点.方法 联合治疗组48例腰椎间盘突出症采用后路椎间融合器(PLIF)并椎弓根螺钉系统进行治疗;常规治疗组60例腰椎间盘突出症以传统常规开窗手术治疗.比较2组手术时间、出血量、住院时间;根据手术前后X线片、CT检查、Macnab评分,判定该2种术式的临床效果.结果 联合治疗组手术时间,术中出血量高于常规治疗组,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而联合治疗组的术后总体疗效明显高于常规手术组,同时住院时间少于常规治疗组,均有统计学意义( P＜0.05).结论 后路椎间融合钉棒系统内固定术治疗老年椎间盘突出症可以提高优良率和骨性融合率,明显改善临床症状.     

ERAS在经椎间孔腰椎间融合术治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病中的应用*

目的 研究加速康复外科（ERAS）在经椎间孔腰椎间融合术（TLIF）治疗腰椎退变性疾病中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年6月50例行腰椎单节段经椎间孔椎间融合术的患者,其中25例实施ERAS管理（ERAS组）,25例实施传统围术期管理（对照组）。比较两组患者住院时间,手术前后血红蛋白、CRP,术中出血量,术后1 d引流量,采用视觉疼痛模拟评分法（VAS）评估围术期疼痛情况,采用腰椎JOA评分评估手术前后功能改善情况。结果 两组患者术前一般资料、VAS评分、JOA评分差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。ERAS组住院时间、术后血红蛋白、CRP、术中出血量、术后1 d引流量均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。ERAS组术后1、2、3 d VAS均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两组间术后JOA评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 在单节段经椎间孔融合术围术期采用ERAS管理可有效减少术中及术后血液丢失,缩短患者住院时间,减轻患者术后疼痛。     

经椎间孔椎体间融合术与后路椎体间融合术治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症的疗效比较

目的 比较经椎间孔椎体间植骨融合内固定术(TLIF)与后路椎体间融合内固定术(PLIF)治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2013年1月—2014年6月第二军医大学附属长征医院脊柱外科,经手术治疗、术后随访时间超过1年的152例多节段腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床资料,按手术方式分为TLIF组(80例)和PLIF组(72例),比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量,并采用腰痛VAS和JOA评分标准进行疗效评定。结果 TLIF组和PLIF组术中出血量分别为(658±225)mL和(772±324)mL,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.534, P＜0.01);手术时间分别为(3.84±1.00)h和(3.94±0.99)h,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.596, P＞0.05)。两组患者术前及末次随访时腰痛VAS评分差异均无统计学意义(t=1.080、-0.770,P值均>0.05),但术后3个月时TLIF组VAS评分(3.6±1.4)分较PLIF组(4.3±1.1)分低,差异有统计学意义 (t=-3.351, P<0.05)。两组间JOA评分术前、术后3个月及末次随访时比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.122、0.522、-1.070, P值均>0.05)。两组术后3个月和末次随访时腰痛VAS评分和JOA评分均较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论 TLIF和PLIF治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症均能取得满意的临床疗效,TLIF具有术中出血少、术后腰痛恢复更快的优点。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.