围手术期康复功能锻炼对半髋关节置换术后隐性失血量的影响

目的 探讨围术期主动和被动康复功能锻炼对半髋关节置换术后隐性失血的影响。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2015年6月在南京中医药大学附属八一医院行半髋关节置换术的208例老年股骨颈骨折患者的临床资料。其中,男78例,女130例;年龄70～90岁,平均81.75岁。根据围术期患者完成康复功能锻炼的强度和方式分为A组(无或少量主动康复功能锻炼)、B组(少量主动+被动康复功能锻炼)、C组(正常主动康复功能锻炼)和D组(正常主动+被动康复功能锻炼)。根据身高、体质量、术中出血量、术后第1~5天引流和渗出量、手术前(入院当天)后(术后第5天)红细胞压积(Hct),计算患者的总失血量及其占原血容量比例、隐性失血量及其占总失血量比例,观察不同功能锻炼方式患者围术期血液观察指标的变化情况。按照平均隐性失血量占总失血量的比例将患者分为低隐性失血量组和高隐性失血量组,观察不同功能锻炼方式患者高隐性失血发生率的变化情况。结果 208例患者不同康复功能锻炼组围术期血液观察指标比较,术前Hct、术中失血量差异均无统计学意义(P值均> 0.05),而总失血量、总失血量/原血容量、隐性失血量、隐性失血量/总失血量均随着主动功能锻炼强度的增加和被动功能锻炼的加入依次降低,差异均有统计学意义(F=7.980、34.934、50.430、25.850,P值均＜0.01)。所有患者总失血量平均为976.92 mL,隐性失血量平均为452.94 mL,平均隐性失血量占总失血量的比例46.36%,＜46.36%者116例纳入低隐性失血量组,≥46.36%者92例纳入高隐性失血量组。高隐性失血发生率随着主动功能锻炼强度的增加和被动功能锻炼的加入而逐渐降低(χ²=22.430, P<0.05)。结论 半髋关节置换围手术期高隐性失血与康复功能锻炼的强度和方式紧密相关,主动功能锻炼基础上加强被动锻炼能够有效地减少关节置换围术期总失血量,降低高隐性失血的发生率。     

髓内固定和髓外固定治疗股骨转子间骨折围手术期失血量的比较

目的比较髓内固定和髓外固定治疗股骨转子间骨折围手术期失血量。方法回顾性分析了从2012年1月至2017年12月期间,我院骨科手术治疗股骨转子间骨折病例资料。共51例,其中男29例,女22例;年龄为41～91岁,平均72.8岁。根据股骨转子间骨折髓内固定和髓外固定手术方式的不同,分为髓内固定组和髓外固定组。其中髓内固定组40例,髓外固定组11例。收集患者一般资料和术前、术后的Hb、Hct,术中出血量、输血量等,计算并比较两组患者总失血量和隐性失血量。结果51例患者总失血量平均为(1 784.2±209.8)m L,隐性失血量平均为(1 580.0±215.4)m L,隐性失血量占总失血量的百分比为88.6%。髓内固定组的显性失血量(147.6±52.6)m L明显低于髓外固定组(410.5±137.8)m L,差异有统计学意义(0.05)。髓内固定组的隐性失血量为1 631.7±198.6mL,髓外固定组的隐性失血量为(1 391.9±169.2)m L,差异无统计学意义(0.05)。髓内固定组的总失血量也低于髓外固定组,但差异无统计学意义(0.05)。结论髓内固定和髓外固定治疗股骨转子间骨折围手术期的总失血量相似。股骨转子间骨折围手术期隐性失血量大,不容忽视。     

膝骨性关节炎分级与全膝关节置换后隐性失血

背景：人工膝关节置换的对象群体年龄偏高,常伴有高血压病、糖尿病等基础性疾病,身体条件较差,所以围置换期失血成为影响置换安全的重要影响因素。 目的：分析初次行人工膝关节置换围置换期的隐性失血量,以及根据膝骨性关节炎严重程度对围置换期出血量进行置换前评估的方法。 方法：对行人工膝关节置换的膝骨性关节炎患者126例进行回顾性分析,根据Kellgren和Lawrecne影像学分级把患者分为Ⅲ级组与Ⅳ级组,对两组患者的隐性失血量进行统计学分析。 结果与结论：纳入患者平均总失血量1 560 mL,其中隐性失血量865 mL(55%),Ⅲ级组平均总失血量 1 290 mL,其中隐性失血量684 mL (占总失血量53%),Ⅳ级组平均总失血量1 644 mL,其中隐性失血量 921 mL(占总失血量56%),对两组数据进行统计学分析比较,在平均总失血量与隐性失血量上差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),而在隐性失血所占比例上差异无显著性意义。结果提示膝骨性关节炎影像学分级等级越高,人工全膝关节置换围置换期平均总失血量和隐性失血量越大,而隐性失血的比例变化不明显。对不同严重程度的膝骨性关节炎患者进行关节置换前出血量预测评估,对加强患者围置换期血液管理及保证患者生命安全有积极意义。     

止血带对类风湿关节炎患者全膝关节置换围术期失血量的影响

背景：不使用止血带行全膝关节置换可以减少围术期总失血量。而诊断为类风湿关节炎的患者在行全膝关节置换术中不使用止血带会影响围术期出血量,尤其是隐性失血。目的：探讨止血带对类风湿关节炎患者在全膝关节置换围术期失血量的影响。方法：回顾分析2016年1月至2021年12月在上海市光华中西医结合医院关节外科行单侧全膝关节置换的类风湿关节炎患者80例作为研究对象,所有患者均在全麻下行全膝关节置换,试验组39例患者全程不使用止血带,对照组41例患者全程使用止血带。记录并比较两组患者总失血量、术中出血量、显性失血量、隐性失血量、隐性失血百分比、术后输血率、手术时间、术后3 d膝关节肿胀度、术后换药次数及切口延迟愈合率。结果与结论：(1)试验组术后隐性失血百分比均低于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P <0.05);试验组术中出血量、手术时间均大于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P <0.05);两组围术期总失血量、隐性失血量、显性失血量、输血率比较,差异均无显著性意义(P> 0.05);(2)试验组术后3 d膝关节肿胀度小于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P <0.05);两组术后换药次数、切口...     

微创手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的隐性失血研究

目的探讨经皮加压钢板(PCCP)内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期隐性失血的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2009年3月至2012年3月采用PCCP手术治疗的股骨粗隆间骨折136例患者临床资料,分析年龄、骨折类型、术前阿司匹林应用、合并内科疾病等对围手术期隐性失血的影响及不同血红蛋白(HGB)水平的患者分布情况。结果平均隐性失血量499 mL,占总失血量92.54%,HGB平均下降11 g/L,A2.3型与A3型骨折患者HGB80 g/L入院时发生率6.62%,术后14.70%,A2.3型(862 mL)、A3型(698 mL)平均隐性失血分别高于A1型(430 mL)、A2.1型(450 mL)和A2.2型(415 mL),P0.05为差异有统计学意义。多元线性回归分析表明,A2.3型与A3型骨折、术前阿司匹林应用是围手术期隐性失血量增加的独立危险因素。结论微创PCCP手术显性失血少,股骨粗隆间骨折是围手术期大量隐性失血的主要影响因素,A2.3型与A3型骨折是围手术期HGB80 g/L老年患者的早期预测因素。     

多模式血液管理策略在初次单侧膝、髋关节置换术中的临床应用

目的 评估多模式血液管理策略在初次单侧膝、髋关节置换术(TKA/THA)围手术期应用对减少患者围手术期输血率的有效性及安全性 。方法 纳入2015年11月—2016年10月在第四军医大学西京医院关节外科行初次单侧TKA/THA,应用多模式血液管理策略的403例患者资料为观察组(TKA 285例、THA 118例)进行前瞻性研究;收集2014年6月—2015年10月行初次单侧TKA/THA的582例患者资料为对照组(TKA 393例、THA 189例)进行对照研究,两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、术前血常规检验结果等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。两组患者均接受TKA或THA,术中均取1 g氨甲环酸行关节内注射;观察组患者另在围术期行多模式血液管理。比较两组患者围手术期输血率、Hb最大下降值、手术失血量、引流量,以及深静脉血栓、肺栓塞及其他严重术后并发症发生率。结果 术后观察组与对照组输血率分别为1.2%(5/403)和8.2%(48/582),两组中TKA患者输血率分别为0.7%(2/285)和6.9%(27/393)、THA患者输血率分别为2.5%(3/118)和11.8%(21/189),差异均有统计学意义(χ²=22.962、15.353、7.402, P值均<0.01)。TKA术后观察组与对照组患者Hb最大下降值分别为(29.62±11.36)g/L和(34.37±12.88)g/L,THA患者分别为(33.29±11.56)g/L和(37.14±9.42)g/L,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(t'=5.078、3.042, P值均<0.01);两组TKA患者手术失血量分别为(91.35±58.79) mL和(157.90±71.35) mL,THA患者手术失血量分别为(172.42±65.64) mL和 (246.12±87.89) mL,差异均有统计学意义(t'=13.271、8.378, P值均＜0.01)。深静脉血栓发生率观察组为0.74%(3/403)、对照组为0.85%(5/582),差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.039, P>0.05)。结论 采用多模式血液管理策略可明显降低初次膝、髋置换患者的术后异体输血率,提高患者术后血红蛋白水平,并且不会增加术后并发症的发病率。     

伴和不伴类风湿性关节炎患者腰椎管狭窄后路减压融合过程中隐性失血的对比

背景:腰椎管狭窄症后路手术除术中出血和术后引流外,还存在大量的"隐性失血"。合并类风湿性关节炎患者可能会影响围术期出血尤其是隐性失血,此前并无报道。目的:针对合并类风湿性关节炎的腰椎管狭窄患者与非类风湿性关节炎行腰椎后路手术时术中出血量、术后引流量以及隐性失血情况进行对比,并探讨类风湿性关节炎患者隐性失血的危险因素。方法:回顾性纳入了65例合并类风湿性关节炎的腰椎管狭窄患者(类风湿性关节炎组),筛选87例未合并类风湿性关节炎的腰椎管狭窄患者(非类风湿性关节炎组),所有患者均采取椎弓根螺钉+钛棒+椎间融合器内固定系统进行腰椎后路减压融合和后外侧融合治疗,术中行自体骨后外侧植骨。提取信息包括人口统计学信息、类风湿性关节炎信息(如类风湿性关节炎病史、Steinbrocker分级、抗类风湿性关节炎药物)、手术信息以及出血量相关指标。以术中出血量、术后引流量和隐性失血作为主要指标;以手术时间、术前术后红细胞压积和血红蛋白及其变化值、手术前后贫血数量、术后新发贫血数量、自体血和异体血输注量等作为次要指标。结果与结论:①类风湿性关节炎组腰椎管狭窄患者平均年龄为(65.97±8.02)岁,平均体质量指数为(25.76±3.68)kg/m^2,非类风湿性关节炎组中患者在性别比例、年龄和手术节段数上均与之匹配;②类风湿性关节炎组中患者平均病程为(16.78±12.73)年,其中单药或联合口服改变病情抗风湿药者最常见,2组在椎弓根螺钉数和椎间融合器置入数量上差异均无显著性意义,围术期并发症发生率2组差异亦无显著性意义;③主要结果对比显示2组在总失血量、术中出血量和术后引流量方面差异无显著性意义,而隐性失血以及隐性失血所占总失血量比例在非类风湿性关节炎组中更低(P<0.001,0.012);根据手术节段数进行分层分析,长节段(≥3节段)手术中非类风湿性关节炎组中隐性失血和隐性失血所占总失血量比例均优于类风湿性关节炎组;④次要指标对比红细胞压积改变值(P=0.021)在非类风湿性关节炎组小于类风湿性关节炎组但血红蛋白减小值2组差异无显著性意义;术后2组新发贫血以及贫血加重情况相比差异无显著性意义,异体血输注和手术时间相比差异也无显著性意义;⑤对类风湿性关节炎组患者隐性失血进行多元线性回归分析显示,类风湿性关节炎的Steinbrocker级别高、未服用改变病情抗风湿药、血红蛋白变化和输注异体血为隐性失血的独立危险因素;⑥提示类风湿性关节炎组和非类风湿性关节炎组在总失血量、术中出血、术后引流和手术时间上无差异,而隐性失血以及隐性失血所占总失血量比例类风湿性关节炎组高于非类风湿性关节炎组,尤其是长节段手术;类风湿性关节炎组的Steinbrocker分级高、未服用改变病情抗风湿药、血红蛋白改变较多以及输注异体血为隐性失血的独立危险因素。     

全膝关节置换后高负压引流下的隐性失血

背景：通常评价关节置换患者出血量主要是记录置换中的出血量和置换后的引流量,这些只是显性失血量,研究表明隐性失血量可达到并超过总量的50%。 目的：比较全膝关节置换高负压引流和普通负压引流失血量,评价高负压引流对全膝关节置换隐性失血的影响。 方法：60例单侧全膝人工关节置换患者根据置换后采用的负压吸引不同分为高负压引流组和普通负压引流组(对照组),每组30例。通过Gross方程推算,对膝关节置换后总失血量(显性失血量+隐性失血最)和输血量进行分析,并对两组置换后并发症及功能恢复状况进行比较。 结果与结论：高负压引流组患者总失血量为(646±184) mL,隐性失血量为(215±128) mL;对照组患者总失血量为(867±296) mL,隐性失血量(457±268) mL;高负压引流组总失血量及隐性失血量均明显少于对照组(P < 0.05)。高负压引流组平均输血量224 mL,对照组平均输血量467 mL。单侧全膝关节置换后采用高负压引流,总失血量、隐性失血量及置换后输血量均少于对照组,尤其是隐性失血量的减少,有利于病情的观察、处理,规避潜在的风险,有利于置换后膝关节功能的恢复。     

全髋关节置换修复髋关节骨性关节炎和股骨颈骨折:隐性失血的对比

背景:总失血量、隐性失血量是否与病因相关,在不同病因下行全髋关节置换的患者其总失血量、隐性失血量是否不同,以及是否应针对某一特定病因行术前干预,仍缺乏相关的临床研究。目的:对比分析髋关节骨性关节炎和股骨颈骨折患者全髋关节置换后隐性失血量。方法:收集分析2013年6月至2015年1月行单侧全髋关节置换治疗的150例患者的临床资料,其中髋关节骨性关节炎患者54例(男30例,女24例),股骨颈骨折患者96例(男41例,女55例)。对患者置换前、置换后血常规及置换过程中、置换后出血、输血情况进行记录,并对患者围置换期隐性失血情况进行评估。结果与结论:全部患者总失血量为(1 616±216)m L,隐性失血量为(699±102)m L,隐性失血量占总失血量的43.3%。髋关节骨性关节炎组总失血量为(1 742±254)m L,隐性失血量为(758±127)m L,隐性失血量占总失血量的44.6%;股骨颈骨折组平均总失血量为(1 470±189)m L,隐性失血量为(625±98)m L,隐性失血量占总失血量的42.1%。髋关节骨性关节炎组的总失血量及隐性失血量均显著高于股骨颈骨折组(P0.05),但两组之间隐性失血量占总失血量的比例差异无显著性意义(P=0.419 3)。提示在两种病因前提下行全髋关节置换的患者,其总失血量及隐性失血量是不同的。因此在全髋关节置换前应充分考虑到患者的原发病因,预估总失血量及隐性失血量,及时采取相应的预防处理措施,确保置换过程的安全性。     

髓外与髓内固定治疗高龄稳定股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期隐性失血的对比研究

目的探讨不同内固定方式对高龄稳定股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期隐性失血的影响。方法分析2010年1月至2015年12月应用髓外固定(dynamic hip screw,DHS)与髓内固定(proximal femoral nail anti-rotation,PFNA)治疗128例股骨粗隆间骨折患者资料,年龄80～95岁,髓外组56例,髓内组72例。比较不同内固定方式对围手术期隐性失血的影响,比较手术时间、骨折愈合时间、髋关节功能评分(FRS)及术后并发症。结果 128例患者随访12～36个月,平均18.2个月。髓外组手术时间(77.8±8.4)min和显性失血量(154.4±45.3) m L大于髓内组(70.5±11.8) min和(123.2±32.1) mL(P0.001);髓外组总失血量(747.3±134.3) mL和隐性失血量(592.9±134.3) mL小于髓内组(906.8±143.6) mL和(783.6±141.3) m L(P0.001)。髓外组术后第1、3、5 d血红蛋白和红细胞压积均高于髓内组(P0.05)。髓外组部分负重时间(9.59±2.04)周、完全负重时间(13.43±1.55)周大于髓内组(8.11±1.39)周和(11.99±1.48)周(P0.001);髓外组骨折愈合时间(14.30±1.53)周、FRS评分为(76.32±8.56)分,髓内组为(13.97±1.73)周和(76.75±8.96)分(P0.05)。髓外组出现8.9%肺部感染,3.6%因心、肺、感染等并发症而死亡,1.8%下肢深静脉血栓,5.4%螺钉切割,7.1%髋内翻;髓内组分别为12.5%、5.6%、1.4%、2.8%、4.2%(P0.05)。结论在治疗高龄稳定股骨粗隆间骨折时,髓外与髓内固定均可获得满意的临床结果,但髓外固定在减少围手术期隐性失血上有优势,若采用髓内固定应尽量避免远端扩髓,术后3 d应严密监测血红蛋白和红细胞压积变化,准确评估隐性失血情况,及时纠正贫血状态,减少高龄患者术后严重贫血带来的并发症。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.