颅脑损伤患者术后癫痫发作情况及丙戊酸钠预防性抗癫痫效果分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤患者术后癫痫的发作情况以及丙戊酸钠预防性抗癫痫发作的临床效果。方法选取2014年9月至2016年9月我院收治的颅脑损伤患者164例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,每组82例。观察组患者术前、术中、术后给予丙戊酸钠预防性抗癫痫治疗,对照组患者不给予预防性抗癫痫治疗。观察计算患者术后1个月内癫痫发生率、不同损伤类型患者癫痫发生率、不同损伤严重程度患者癫痫发生率;比较观察组和对照组患者术后1个月内的癫痫发生率。结果颅脑损伤患者164例中,术后1个月内癫痫发作32例,发生率为19.51%。闭合性脑损伤患者术后癫痫发生率(5.0%)低于开放性脑损伤(42.2%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);重度颅脑损伤患者术后癫痫发生率(39.3%)显著高于轻中度颅脑损伤患者(7.8%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。观察组患者术后1个月癫痫发生率(1.2%)显著低于对照组(37.8%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论颅脑损伤患者术后癫痫的发生率较高,术前、术中、术后给予丙戊酸钠预防性抗癫痫治疗可显著降低患者术后癫痫发生率,促进患者康复。     

卒中后相关性癫痫的临床分析

目的探讨脑卒中后相关性癫痫的临床特点。方法对1979例脑卒中病例中173例继发癫痫的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果卒中后相关性癫痫的发生率为8.74%,其中有61.27%在卒中早期出现癫痫,晚期癫痫发作38.73%。卒中后癫痫的发生率与病灶部位(皮质/皮质下)及病灶的大小有统计学意义(P<0.01),与卒中的年龄、性别、类型差异不明显(P>0.05)。结论脑卒中累及皮质和大灶病变是重要致痫因素,早期和晚期癫痫发作的机制、治疗、预后不同。     

硬脑膜扩大修补后行早期自体颅骨修补对晚期外伤性癫痫的预防作用

目的 探讨硬脑膜扩大修补后行早期自体颅骨修补对晚期外伤性癫痫的预防作用.方法 对120例重度颅脑外伤行去骨瓣减压术的患者随机分为实验组:行硬脑膜扩大修补后行早期自体颅骨修补,并随访观察;对照组:只行硬脑膜悬吊,中心敞开,6个月左右行颅骨修补.统计分析两组方法对晚期外伤性癫痫的预防作用.结果 实验组晚期外伤性癫痫发生率为18.7%,而对照组为37.3%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组术后并发症差异无统计学意义.结论 硬脑膜扩大修补后行早期自体颅骨修补有助于减少晚期外伤性癫痫的发生.     

脑出血后继发性癫痫患者脑电图动态监测结果分析

目的探讨脑电图动态监测对脑出血后继发性癫痫的诊断价值。方法选取2016年3月至2019年2月我院收治的脑出血后继发性癫痫患者60例(观察组)和同期收治的脑出血后未发生癫痫的患者60例(对照组)为研究对象。比较两组患者脑电图异常情况;比较观察组患者中继发性癫痫早期发作患者(早期发作组)和晚期发作患者(晚期发作组)的脑电图异常情况。结果对照组患者的脑电图异常率(43.3%)显著低于观察组患者(65.0%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者中癫痫晚期发作组患者的脑电图轻度异常率、中度异常率、重度异常率、癫痫样放电发生率与早期发作组患者相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对脑出血后患者进行脑电图动态监测,对继发性癫痫的诊治具有重要的意义,但对判断患者继发性癫痫发作的早晚情况作用不大。     

癫痫患者减停抗癫痫药物后发作间期癫痫样放电对复发风险的研究

目的探究并分析发作间期癫痫样放电(interictal epileptiform discharges,IED)对癫痫患者减停抗癫痫药物(antiepileptic drugs,AED)后复发的影响。方法选取2015年7月~2016年7月在解放军总医院神经内科诊治≥2年无发作的癫痫患者100例,按国际抗癫痫联盟1981年推出的癫痫发作分类分为IED组51例和无IED组49例,又根据年龄分为老年组21例,非老年组79例。所有患者至少随访1年,通过门诊复诊或电话随访。结果 100例癫痫患者中,不同发作类型两两比较,肌阵挛、复杂部分发作和≥2种发作类型的癫痫患者IED发生率并无明显差异,但明显高于强直-阵挛、失神和简单部分发作的癫痫患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。IED组癫痫复发37例(72.5%),无IED组癫痫复发16例(32.7%)。logistic回归分析显示,病程(OR=1.165,95%CI:1.022~1.329,P=0.022)和IED(OR=2.794,95%CI:1.040~7.509,P=0.042)可能是减停AED后癫痫复发的危险因素。老年组病程明显长于非老年组[(10.10±7.55)年vs(5.97±4.04)年,P=0.001]。结论发作类型和病程对长期无发作的癫痫患者减停AED后是否复发具有可靠的预测价值和临床意义。     

脑卒中后癫痫的临床特征及其预后分析

目的探讨脑卒中后癫痫的临床特征及预后。方法对我院2016年1月至2016年6月收治的31例脑卒中后继发性癫痫患者为研究对象,统计相关临床资料进行总结性分析,使用流行病学原理探究其发作时间、发作类型、卒中类型与病灶部位的关系、治疗与预后等。结果脑卒中后癫痫发生率为6.54%,早发性癫痫发生率1.05%,迟发型癫痫5.49%(P0.05);皮下病灶继发癫痫发生率32.26%,皮层病灶继发癫痫发生率67.74%(P0.05);14例血性卒中继发性癫痫,17例缺血性卒中继发性癫痫(P0.05);在患者预后情况中发现,此次研究41例患者中,早发性癫痫在药物治疗过程中未出现癫痫发作,迟发性癫痫患者在治疗过程中出现7例偶发症状,两组差异比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑卒中后癫痫主要为迟发性癫痫,普遍为全面性皮层发作,出血性卒中发生癫痫率较高,患者预后较好。     

P波离散度及心率变异指数与阵发性房颤射频消融术后复发的关系

目的探讨P波及心率变异指标与阵发性房颤消融术后复发的相关性。方法因阵发性房颤住院患者32例,进行环肺静脉线性消融术治疗,并依据术后14 d内患者是否房颤复发将患者分为房颤早期复发组(15例)和未复发组(17例),依据3个月后是否出现房颤复发将患者分为房颤晚期复发组(10例)及未复发组(22例)。对各组患者P波改变、平均心率(Mean HR)律及心率变异(HRV)等指标进行分析。结果 32例患者均达肺静脉电隔离,早期心律失常再发率为46.87%(15例),12例为房颤。心律失常发作于末期的比例为10例,9例为心房纤颤,1例为心房扑动。术前及术后最大P波时限(Pmax)与P波离散度(Pd)相比无统计学意义(P>0.05);与未复发组相比,术前和术后复发组Pmax及Pd较高(P<0.05)。与术前相比,术后复发组Pmax较低(P<0.05),不存在复发组术后Pmax、Pd和复发组Pd较术前降低趋势。HRV指标中,与复发组相比,未复发组早期Mean HR、HRV指标较低,低频功率/高频功率(LF/HF)较高(P<0.05);与复发组相比,晚期未复发组反映迷走神经的指标较低,LF/HF较高(P<0.05)。结论阵发性房颤射频消融术治疗后,迷走神经可作为术后房颤再发作的检测指标。     

脑卒中后癫痫发作的临床特点和视频脑电图分析

目的分析脑卒中后继发癫痫的临床和视频脑电图特征。方法对102例脑卒中后癫痫患者的临床特点和视频脑电图特征进行回顾分析。结果脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血患者癫痫发生率明显高于脑梗死(69.4%vs79.6%vs 35.3%,P<0.05)。早发型癫痫为68.6%,其中蛛网膜下腔出血以部分性发作继发全面性发作多见。迟发型癫痫为31.4%,其中脑梗死占64.7%,部分性发作占23.5%(P<0.05);病灶在脑叶皮质者癫痫的发生率为82.4%;102例患者出现脑电图特异性异常54例(52.9%)。结论脑卒中后以早发型癫痫多见,早发型癫痫以蛛网膜下腔出血多见,迟发型癫痫以脑梗死多见。病灶在脑叶皮质者癫痫发生率高。脑卒中后继发癫痫发作形式早期以部分性发作继发全面性发作多见,迟发型癫痫以部分性发作多见。脑电图出现周期性一侧癫痫样放电预后差。     

脑卒中后癫痫76例临床分析

对840例脑卒中患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，其中76例继发癫痫，卒中后癫痫发生率为9．05％，早期癫痫发作5．88％，晚期癫痫发作3．28％，以全身强直一阵挛性发作最常见（47．86％）。卒中后癫痫的发生率与病灶部位有关，与卒中类型无关。卒中早期癫痫发作的主要致病因素为脑水肿，晚期为胶质疤痕所致。对卒中发作癫痫患者进行系统治疗可取得良好疗效。     

心房颤动肺静脉电隔离术后早期复发的临床意义

目的:总结分析心房颤动(房颤)肺静脉电隔离术后早期(2周内)房颤复发者的随访结果.方法:105例房颤患者[平均年龄(55±12)岁],采用导管进行环肺静脉电隔离治疗,其中阵发性房颤78例,持续性房颤27例.实施环肺静脉电隔离共358根.结果:在术后早期随访[平均(3.9±2.6)d]中,105例患者中38例(36%)复发房颤.阵发性房颤与持续性房颤者早期房颤复发的发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(35%∶41%,P>0.05).在后期随访[平均(208±125)d]中,67例早期未复发患者中58例(87%)、38例早期房颤复发患者中13例(34%)无房颤发生,二者成功率比较,P<0.01.结论:肺静脉电隔离术后2周内大约36%患者房颤复发,早期房颤复发患者较早期未复发者后期成功率低.     

老年癫痫患者常见病因与临床特征的分析

目的探讨老年癫痫患者的常见病因、临床特点及预后。方法选择1993～2012年我院收治的癫痫患者87例,回顾性分析患者的发病临床特点、临床结局等。结果 87例患者的平均发病年龄(78.5±10.4)岁,年龄>75岁占73.6%。住院期间并发癫痫占73.6%,全身性发作占75.9%,部分性发作占12.6%,记录不详占11.5%。老年人癫痫发作的主要原因为脑血管病(42.5%),其余主要为代谢性疾病、颅内肿瘤、脑变性病和脑外伤等。所有患者中有47例进行了脑电图检查,占54.0%,放电阳性率仅为6例,占12.8%,主要表现为背景和节律异常,弥漫或局限性慢波活动,散在性棘波、尖波等。结论脑血管病为老年人癫痫的主要原因,全身性发作是主要的癫痫发作形式。老年癫痫患者行常规脑电图检查的比例并不高,且癫痫放电阳性率低。     

Seizure management at Auckland City Hospital Emergency Department between July and December 2009: time for a change?

Aims: To assess the management of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus in adult patients at Auckland City Hospital emergency department. This information will form the basis of future seizure management protocols and further research on the management of status epilepticus. Methods: The prehospital and acute hospital management of all adult seizure patients seen between 1 July 2009 and 31 December 2009 was reviewed with respect to seizure type, presence of first seizure, pre‐existing epilepsy diagnosis and disposition from the emergency department. Results: Two hundred and fifty‐five seizure events were identified in 227 patients. Nineteen patients presented twice during the study period and three patients presented three or more times. Generalised seizures were much more common than focal seizures. There were 75 presentations with first seizure (29.4%). Thirty‐seven patients (49.3%) with a first seizure received treatment with an anti‐epileptic drug. Status epilepticus occurred on 12 occasions (4.7%) with only three patients receiving lorazepam as treatment. The majority of seizure patients were managed by emergency department staff (58.4%) while general medicine (17.6%) and neurology (11.8%) teams managed fewer patients. Phenytoin was used in 56 patients (22%) with the majority (n= 43) receiving intravenous phenytoin. Many of the patients who received intravenous phenytoin were not subsequently discharged on that medication (46%). Conclusions: More patients than would be expected received treatment after their first seizure. Phenytoin was a widely used anti‐epileptic drug. There was a wide variability in the management of status epilepticus, and intravenous lorazepam was underutilised.     

Strategies for successful management of older patients with seizures

The incidence of seizures increases dramatically with age, making epilepsy in the older patient a common clinical presentation in the primary care practice. In the case of a single seizure or when the underlying cause can be corrected, antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy may not be warranted. For recurrent seizures, single AED therapy should be initiated at a low dose and gradually titrated upward. Control of seizure frequency is dependent on appropriate AED selection and compliance, drug-drug interactions, and minimization of side effects. Monitoring of AED serum levels is imperative for effective AED therapy. Conventional AEDs remain the standard initial anticonvulsants for epilepsy in older patients. The newer AEDs have demonstrated efficacy as adjunctive therapy and may offer reduced side-effect profiles and fewer drug-drug interactions.     

3D打印聚醚醚酮材料在颅脑损伤后颅骨成形术中的应用疗效分析

目的对比分析聚醚醚酮（PEEK）和钛网在颅脑损伤（TBI）后颅骨成形术中的临床疗效,并探讨PEEK材料的潜在优势。 方法选取解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院神经外科自2017年1月至2021年1月行颅骨成形术的48例TBI患者为研究对象,按照使用材料的不同将患者分为PEEK组（20例）和钛网组（28例）。比较2组患者手术出血、平均手术时间、住院时间、术后并发症、塑形效果及总治疗费用方面的差异。术后随访12个月,采用Karnofsky功能状态（KPS）评分评估患者的远期效果。 结果所有患者均于术后12~14 d拆除缝线,且切口为甲级愈合。2组患者手术出血、手术时间及住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PEEK组术后总的并发症发生率（65.00%）与钛网组（60.71%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;2组术后颅内迟发性出血、术区硬膜下积液、术区颅内感染、癫痫及迟发性脑积水的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;钛网组患者的皮下积液发生率及治疗费用均低于PEEK组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者术后的平均满意度均较高,但PEEK组优于钛网组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后随访12个月,2组患者均未出现迟发性切口感染及材料外露,KPS评分比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论应用3D打印PEEK材料对TBI患者行颅骨成形术,总体并发症发生率与钛网材料相比无明显差异,但3D打印PEEK材料与颅骨契合更加完美,适合儿童、青少年及女性患者在经济情况好的条件下使用。     

老年人癫痫发作的临床特征分析

目的探讨老年人癫痫发作的临床表现、病因及其诊断与鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析139例患者的临床资料,其中癫痫发作125例,非癫痫发作误诊为癫痫发作14例。结果主要病因为脑血管病(46.4%),其次为病因不详(29.6%)。125例癫痫发作患者中,部分性发作86例(68.8%),全面性发作39例(31.2%);53例行常规脑电图检查,12例(22.6%)出现非特异性异常,1例(1.9%)出现癫痫样电发放;43例行长程视频脑电图检查,38例(88.4%)出现癫痫样电发放。14例非癫痫发作均误诊为癫痫发作。结论脑血管病是老年患者癫痫发作最常见的病因,部分性发作为老年患者癫痫发作最常见的发作形式。Todd麻痹和非抽搐性癫痫持续状态为癫痫发作的特殊形式,极易误诊。代谢障碍性疾病、晕厥、短暂性全面性遗忘、短暂性脑缺血发作所致的非癫痫发作与癫痫发作的鉴别诊断较为困难。     

颅脑损伤后癫痫发作的研究进展

颅脑损伤（TBI）后癫痫发作是严重TBI后常见的并发症,根据发作时间可分为即刻或早期的（≤7 d）TBI后抽搐发作和晚期的（>7 d）TBI后继发性癫痫。癫痫发作不仅导致TBI后早期并发症和死亡率升高,而且也是TBI后数年死亡的主要原因。许多对TBI后癫痫发作机制的研究取得了成果,但仍有很多等待解决的问题。药物预防主要用于早期癫痫发作,但对TBI后晚期癫痫几乎没有预防效果。对于TBI后药物难治性癫痫,可以考虑进行癫痫灶切除或神经调控手术。     

Risk factors associated with postoperative seizures in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received tranexamic acid: a case-control study

Antifibrinolytic agents are used during cardiac surgery to minimize bleeding and reduce exposure to blood products. Several reports suggest that tranexamic acid (TA) can induce seizure activity in the postoperative period. To examine factors associated with postoperative seizures in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received TA. University-affiliated hospital. Case-control study. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) between January 2008 and December 2009 were identified. During this time, all patients undergoing heart surgery with CPB received TA. Cases were defined as patients who developed seizures that required initiation of anticonvulsive therapy within 48 h of surgery. Exclusion criteria included subjects with preexisting epilepsy and patients in whom the convulsive episode was secondary to a new ischemic lesion on brain imaging. Controls who did not develop seizures were randomly selected from the initial cohort. From an initial cohort of 903 patients, we identified 32 patients with postoperative seizures. Four patients were excluded. Twenty-eight cases and 112 controls were analyzed. Cases were more likely to have a history of renal impairment and higher preoperative creatinine values compared with controls (1.39 ± 1.1 vs. 0.98 ± 0.02 mg/dL, P = 0.02). Significant differences in the intensive care unit, postoperative and total lengths of stay were observed. An association between high preoperative creatinine value and postoperative seizure was identified. TA may be associated with the development of postoperative seizures in patients with renal dysfunction. Doses of TA should be reduced or even avoided in this population.     

Optimal timing of same-admission orthotopic heart transplantation after left ventricular assist device implantation

AIM To investigate the impact of timing of same-admission orthotopic heart transplant(OHT) after left ventricular assist device(LVAD) implantation on in-hospital mortality and post-transplant length of stay.METHODS Using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2011, we identified patients 18 years of age or older who underwent implantation of a LVAD and for whom the procedure date was available. We calculated in-hospital mortality for those patients who underwent OHT during the same admission as a function of time from LVAD to OHT, adjusting for age, sex, race, household income, and number of comorbid diagnoses. Finally, we analyzed the effect of time to OHT after LVAD implantation on the length of hospital stay post-transplant.RESULTS Two thousand and two hundred patients underwent implantation of a LVAD in this cohort. One hundred and sixty-four(7.5%) patients also underwent OHT duringthe same admission, which occurred on average 32 d(IQR 7.75-66 d) after LVAD implantation. Of patients who underwent OHT, patients who underwent transplantation within 7 d of LVAD implantation("early") experienced increased in-hospital mortality(26.8% vs 12.2%, P = 0.0483) compared to patients who underwent transplant after 8 d("late"). There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex, race, household income, or number of comorbid diagnoses between the early and late groups. Post-transplant length of stay after LVAD implantation was also not significantly different between patients who underwent early vs late OHT. CONCLUSION In this cohort of patients who received LVADs, the rate of in-hospital mortality after OHT was lower for patients who underwent late OHT(at least 8 d after LVAD implantation) compared to patients who underwent early OHT. Delayed timing of OHT after LVAD implantation did not correlate with longer hospital stays post-transplant.     

Poststroke seizures in the elderly

Strokes are the most common cause of epilepsy in the elderly. Seizures after an acute stroke have been estimated to occur in 5% to 10% of cases. A distinction between early and late seizures should be made. Early seizures are more common, occur very early in the evolution of the stroke, and tend to be focal motor, brief, and isolated. They are likely to be the result of an acute local brain metabolic alteration induced by the cerebrovascular event, and once these derangements are reversed, seizures disappear. Epilepsy usually does not follow early seizures, but the risk is probably increased. Late seizures occur months to years after the stroke and are probably due to structural brain abnormalities leading to the development of an epileptic focus. The majority of these cases develop epilepsy. The risk of seizures is markedly increased when the cerebrovascular event involves the cerebral cortex. Deep-seated hemispheric or infratentorial lesions rarely produce seizures or epilepsy. It is possible that hemorrhagic stroke carries a higher incidence of seizures, but the issue remains controversial. It has also been suggested that embolic infarction has a higher incidence of seizures that does thrombotic infarction, but definitive evidence is lacking. The presence of seizures in an acute stroke does not seem to correlate with the size of the lesion, functional outcome, or mortality. Prophylactic treatment with antiepileptic drugs is probably not indicated in most types of strokes, except for subarachnoid hemorrhage after a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. When early seizures develop, treatment is indicated but may not be necessary for a prolonged period of time. If late seizures develop, chronic anticonvulsant therapy is recommended.     

Pulmonary hemorrhage induced by epileptic seizure

We report a 35-year-old man who presented with pulmonary hemorrhage induced by an epileptic seizure. He had experienced recurrent episodes of massive hemoptysis after epileptic seizures since the age of 28 years. He was admitted to Kyoto University Hospital with massive hemoptysis and hypoxia after an epileptic seizure of a few minutes' duration. Radiographic signs of infiltrations and hemorrhagic bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed. He was intubated and successfully treated with anti-epilepsy drugs and corticosteroids. Epileptic seizures may have induced increased pulmonary vascular permeability and structural damage to the blood-gas barrier, which may have caused pulmonary hemorrhage. Pulmonary hemorrhage could be in the list of differential diagnoses of hemoptysis in patients with epilepsy.