Effect of postural change on urine volume and urinary sodium excretion in diabetic nephropathy

Fluid retention develops relatively early in the renal insufficiency of patients with diabetic nephropathy. The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of postural change on urine volume and urinary sodium excretion in diabetic nephropathy. Subjects consisted of 16 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (five with diabetic nephrotic syndrome [DNS], five with nonnephrotic overt diabetic nephropathy [NNODN], and six without overt diabetic nephropathy [ODN]) and 11 patients with nondiabetic renal diseases (five with nondiabetic nephrotic syndrome [NDNS] and six without nephrotic syndrome). Patients were studied during 60 minutes of recumbency, followed by 60 minutes of standing. Mean blood pressure decreased in the standing posture only in patients with DNS and nondiabetic renal diseases. Urine volume decreased in the standing posture in the three groups of diabetic patients. Urine volume showed no changes in the standing posture in nondiabetic patients with and without nephrotic syndrome. The decreases in mean blood pressure and urine volume and the percentage decrease in creatinine clearance were significantly larger in patients with DNS than in those with NDNS and NNODN. The increase in free water clearance was significantly smaller in patients with DNS than in those with NDNS and NNODN. Urinary sodium excretion decreased in the standing posture in diabetic and nondiabetic patients, while no differences in the magnitude of changes were noted among patients with NDNS, NNODN, and DNS. It is concluded that the standing posture causes a greater decrease in urine volume due to orthostatic hypotension in patients with DNS compared with those with NDNS and NNODN, and that the presence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with DNS is likely responsible for the greater fluid retention of this group compared with other nephrotic patients with similar degrees of hypoalbuminemia.     

Vitelline duct anomalies. Experience with 217 childhood cases

Of 217 children with vitelline duct anomalies, 85 (40%) had symptomatic lesions (mean age, 2.4 years). Forty-eight patients presented with rectal bleeding; 28, with intestinal obstruction; five, with abdominal pain; and four, with bilious umbilical drainage. An asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum was discovered incidentally at laparotomy in 132 children. Surgical therapy included bowel resection in nine patients with volvulus, four with intussusception, seven with bleeding, three with vitelline cysts, and one with a perforation. Diverticulectomy was performed in 189 cases, and excision of a patent vitelline duct was accomplished in four neonates with umbilical drainage. Ectopic gastric mucosa was present in all 48 patients with bleeding and in four of five with inflammation but in only two asymptomatic specimens. More than one third of the cases were symptomatic and presented in younger patients. This suggests that elective resection of asymptomatic vitelline remnants in early childhood is reasonable at the time of laparotomy for other conditions.     

Disease of lower cranial nerves caused by vascular compression

Between April 1989 and September 2007, 181 patients with disease of lower cranial nerves (DLCN) underwent posterior fossa exploration. As a cause of DLCN, vascular compression (VC) was present in 89 patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN), in 6 with hemifacial spasm (HFS), in 1 with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, in 1 with Meniere's disease, and in 5 with multiple DLCN. Depending on intraoperative findings, different surgical options were used: microvascular decompression (MVD), MVD with partial sensory rhizotomy (PSR) or total sensory rhizotomy (TSR). Statistic analysis was made using the Fisher's exact 2-side test. In patients with TN, excellent outcome was archived in 83 patients and good in 6. Postoperative outcome was better (p = 0.007) in cases with severe VC, but without significant correlation between used surgical option and outcome (p = 0.402). Frequency rate of relapses did not depend on severity of VC (p = 0.502) and used surgical option (p = 0.175). In 6 patients with HFS, excellent outcome was archived in 5 with arterial compression and poor in 1 with venous contact. In patients with Meniere's disease and glossopharyngeal neuralgia, MVD result with excellent outcome. In 5 patients with multiple DLCN, excellent outcome was archived in 3 and good in 2. MVD is method of choice in surgical treatment of DLCN caused by VC. Overall outcome is better with severity of VC.     

Renal histology in Chinese patients with anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibody-positive Wegener's granulomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Proteinase-3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (PR3-ANCA) was the serological marker for Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), while myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA was the serological marker for microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). However, our previous study suggested that patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG were common in Chinese. This study aimed to analyse the renal histology of patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG. METHODS: Patients in our centre with WG were selected according to both the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) definition and American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Patients with MPA were selected according to the CHCC definition. The renal histology was compared between patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG and with PR3-ANCA positive WG as well as patients with MPO-ANCA positive MPA. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients with WG had complete renal histological data, 39/61 with positive MPO-ANCA and 22/61 with positive PR3-ANCA. Among patients with crescents in glomeruli, those with MPO-ANCA had fewer cellular crescents and more fibrous crescents than those with PR3-ANCA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy were more prevalent and severe in patients with MPO-ANCA than in those with PR3-ANCA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Compared with 44 patients with MPO-ANCA positive MPA, patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG had fewer glomeruli with crescents and more normal glomeruli (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG are common in Chinese. In renal histology, chronic lesions were more severe and prevalent in patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG than in patients with PR3-ANCA positive WG. Glomerular lesions were less severe and less prevalent in patients with MPO-ANCA positive WG than in those with MPO-ANCA positive MPA.     

Pathological findings as determinant factors of prognosis of renal cell carcinoma

Clinicopathological studies were made on 105 patients with renal cell carcinoma who visited us from January 1978 to August 1989. The results were as follows: 1. Overall 3, 5 and 10-year survival rates were 60.4%, 49.8% and 44.5%, respectively. 2. Patients in Robson stage I survived longer than those in stage III, and patients in stage II survived longer than those in stage IV with a significant difference. 3. A significant difference did not exist between patients in stages lower than pT2 and those in pT3a, while patients in pT3a survived longer than those in stages higher than pT3b. 4. Patients with grade 1 tumors survived longer than those with grade 2 tumors, and patients with grade 2 tumors survived longer than those with grade 3 tumors with a significant difference. 5. Patients with clear cell subtype survived longer than those with granular cell subtype and mixed subtype with a significant difference, while a significant difference did not exist between patients with granular cell subtype and those with mixed subtype. 6. Patients with INF alpha tumors survived longer than those with INF beta tumors with a significant difference. There was the same significant difference in patients with grade 2 tumors.     

不同手术方式对门静脉高压症病人肝功能性血流量的影响

目的　探讨TIPS、断流术、断流加分流术对肝功能性血流量的影响。方法　本组肝硬化门静脉高压症病人 37例 ,行TIPS治疗 8例、断流术 10例、TIPS +门奇静脉断流术 10例、门奇断流+脾肾分流术 9例。采用超声多普勒、D 山梨醇 (SOD)清除率和直接门静脉测压检测手术前后肝总血流量、肝功能性血流量和门静脉压。结果　术前病人门静脉、肝动脉和肝总血流量显著增加 ,肝功能性血流量显著下降 ,ChildC级病人下降更为显著。TIPS、TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术后门静脉压力和肝功能性血流量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。其中 ,TIPS术后肝功能性血流量下降显著大于TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术。断流术病人门静脉压和肝功能性血流量无明显变化。结论　肝功能性血流是评估肝脏储备功能的重要指标 ,分流术在降低门静脉压力同时减少肝功能性血流量。     

三种不同方法治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效比较

目的：比较单纯放射治疗,曲安奈德注射＋放射治疗与手术＋放射治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效。方法：回顾分析91例瘢痕疙瘩患者采用三种治疗方法的疗效,其中单纯放射治疗28例,曲安奈德注射＋放射治疗31例,手术＋放射治疗32例。结果：单纯放射治疗组治愈率为35.8%,有效率为67.9%;曲安奈德注射＋放射治疗组治愈率为64.5%,有效率为90.3%;手术＋放射治疗组治愈率为71.9%,有效率为93.8%。单纯放射治疗组的治愈率和有效率与曲安奈德注射＋放射治疗组以及手术＋放射治疗组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,曲安奈德注射＋放射治疗组与手术＋放射治疗组的治愈率和有效率比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：曲安奈德注射＋放射治疗与手术＋放射治疗对瘢痕疙瘩的疗效均优于单纯放射治疗,前两者疗效相当。     

Zinc status and its relations to growth retardation in children with biliary atresia

Zinc status was studied in 36 children with biliary atresia and in ten children with Hirschsprung's disease or anorectal anomalies. Changes in preoperative and postoperative plasma and urinary zinc levels were measured in 16 children with biliary atresia and ten children with Hirschsprung's disease or anorectal anomalies. Hypozincemia was evident in children with biliary atresia preoperatively and became severe with time when adequate zinc supplementation was not given. Follow-up studies were done in 20 children with biliary atresia aged between 9 months to 10 years. The children with poor bile excretion and impaired liver function tended to have hypozincemia and a high excretion of zinc. Growth retardation was also common in these children. Careful monitoring and appropriate supplementation of micronutrients, including zinc is probably important for normal growth in children with biliary atresia.     

Hyponatremia in Kawasaki disease

Although hyponatremia frequently occurs in Kawasaki disease (KD), the clinical characteristics of KD patients with hyponatremia and the pathogenesis of hyponatremia in KD remain unknown. The aims of this study were to define the clinical characteristics of KD patients with hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mEq/l) and to determine the factors associated with its development. One hundred and fourteen patients with KD were included in this study. Fifty-one patients (44.7%) had hyponatremia. Coronary artery lesions and dehydration were significantly more common in patients with hyponatremia. The duration of fever was significantly longer in patients with hyponatremia. Pyuria and hematuria were present significantly more often in patients with hyponatremia. The serum concentrations of potassium, chloride and total cholesterol were significantly lower in patients with hyponatremia. Serum C-reactive protein and alanine aminotransferase were significantly higher in patients with hyponatremia. Some patients with pyuria and hyponatremia exhibited increased excretion of urinary tubular epithelial cells and urinary casts. There was no difference in the incidence of diarrhea between patients with hyponatremia and patients without hyponatremia. These results indicate that hyponatremia in KD occurs in patients exhibiting severe inflammation. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the pathogenic mechanisms of hyponatremia in patients with KD.     

Pharyngeal acid reflux in patients with single and multiple otolaryngologic disorders

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of pharyngeal acid reflux (PAR) events in single and multiple otolaryngologic disorders. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with otolaryngologic symptoms and objective findings and 34 healthy control subjects were studied with an ambulatory 24-hour, 3-site pharyngoesophageal pH monitoring technique. Otolaryngologic diagnosis included isolated posterior laryngitis (PL) in 28 patients, isolated chronic rhinosinusitis (SIN) in 12, combined PL and SIN (PL+SIN) in 6, PL plus laryngotracheal stenosis (PL+LTS) in 12, and PL plus vocal cord nodules (PL+VCN) in 9. RESULTS: PAR events were documented in 68% of patients with PL, 34% of patients with SIN, 67% of patients with PL+SIN, 67% of patients with PL+LTS, 78% of patients with PL+VCN, and 21% of controls. The prevalence of PAR events in patients with isolated PL as well as those with PL combined with other disorders was significantly higher than that in patients without PL and that in controls. As a group, patients with PL had a greater number of PAR events and acid exposure time than other patients and controls. Distal and proximal esophageal reflux parameters were not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PAR is significantly higher in patients with isolated PL compared to patients with other isolated otolaryngologic disorders and in controls. The prevalence of PAR in isolated otolaryngologic disorders other than PL is similar to that in healthy controls. The prevalence of PAR is significantly higher in patients with both PL and other otolaryngologic disorders than in controls and in patients with isolated otolaryngologic disorders.     

High resolution computed tomographic assessment of asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the distribution and configuration of lung opacities in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and asbestosis by high resolution computed tomography. METHODS: Eighteen patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and 24 with asbestosis were studied. Two independent observers assessed the type and distributions of opacities in the upper, middle, and lower zones of the computed tomogram. RESULTS: Upper zone fibrosis occurred in 10 of the 18 patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and in six of the 24 patients with asbestosis. A specific pattern in which fibrosis was distributed posteriorly in the lower zones, laterally in the middle zones, and anteriorly in the upper zones was seen in 11 patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and in four with asbestosis. Band like intrapulmonary opacities, often merging with the pleura, were seen in 19 patients with asbestosis but in only two with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Areas with a reticular pattern and a confluent or ground glass pattern were the commonest features of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (15 and 14 patients respectively) but were uncommon in asbestosis (four and three patients). Pleural thickening or plaques were seen in 21 patients with asbestosis and in none with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. CONCLUSION: Apart from showing pleural disease high resolution computed tomography showed that confluent (ground glass) opacities are common in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and rare in asbestosis whereas thick, band like opacities are common in asbestosis and rare in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.     

胆囊结石病家系遗传特征的初步研究

目的: 探讨胆囊结石病家系的遗传特征. 方法: 胆囊结石病家系定义为家系内至少有2名患者;采用B超检查和问卷调查方式了解上海地区胆石病家系成员的疾病史和发病情况,系谱分析胆石病的遗传特点. 结果: 被调查家系总数93个,涵盖家庭成员563人,患者总数304人,患病率达54.0%.女性患病率(占61.0%)显著高于男性(占44.3%)(P=0.003).64个家系含有≥3个患者(即67.7%的胆石病先证者)具有两名以上(含两名)胆石病一级亲属;双亲之一或两者均为胆石病患者的家系占74.2%;先证者的同胞患病率达58.0%,双生子均发病;年龄大于60周岁的先证者,其子女的胆石病患病率达59.0%.胆石病家系中有高脂血症家族史为36.6%,高血压家族史为66.7%,糖尿病家族史为29.0%.男女性别间的子代发病率无差异,男性受遗传因素的影响可能性较大,母亲对后代的影响大于父亲. 结论: 胆石病是多基因遗传疾病,存在明显的家族聚集性,具有常染色体显性延迟遗传的特点,与代谢相关的多基因疾病关系密切.     

Intraosseous hypertension and pain in the knee.

The intraosseous pressure in the femur and tibia near the knee and in the internal saphenous vein at knee level was measured in fifty-three patients with suspected knee lesions. There were four groups: with and without degenerative osteoarthritis and with and without aching rest pain of the knee region. Low intraosseous pressures were found in patients with neither osteoarthritis nor rest pain, and in half the patients with osteoarthritis but without rest pain. Low pressures were found in the tibia, but very high intraosseous pressures were found in the femur in most patients with osteoarthritis and rest pain. Patients with no osteoarthritis but with rest pain mostly had high pressures in both the tibia and the femur.     

肾脏有免疫复合物沉积的小血管炎的临床病理特点

目的 回顾性总结分析肾脏有免疫复合物沉积的ANCA相关系统性血管炎(AASV)患者的临床和病理特点。方法 将近5年在北京大学第一医院住院诊断为AASV且肾活检免疫荧光显示系膜区有免疫复合物沉积(免疫球蛋白≥++)的患者与同期少免疫复合物沉积的患者的临床和病理进行比较。结果 肾脏有免疫复合物沉积者8例(IgM沉积5例,IgA沉积2例,IgG沉积1例),肾脏少免疫复合物沉积者32例。2组在性别、年龄、ANCA类型、起病至肾活检的时间、临床表现以及短期肾脏存活率方面差异均无显著性意义,仅前组患者在有前驱感染方面显著多于后组(P<0.05)。结论 肾脏有免疫复合物沉积的AASV的临床与病理特点与普通的AASV基本一致,应引起高度重视,而需要针对AASV的强化免疫抑制治疗。     

Prognosis of patients with carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus, with special reference to the number of metastatic lymph nodes and their metastatic portions

One hundred and sixty two patients (69 patients without lymph node metastases and 93 patients with positive node metastases) out of patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma resected within the past 12 years were studied regarding prognostic factors, with special reference to the number of positive nodes and their metastatic portions. Among patients with positive nodes, 5 years survival rates were 14.5% in patients with one or two positive nodes, 16.3% in patients with positive nodes only in the abdomen, 14.3% in patients with positive nodes only in the thorax, and 17.8% in patients with regional lymph node metastases (n1(+) and n2(+)). While among patients with distant lymph node metastases (n3(+) and n4(+)), with more than three positive nodes, or with positive nodes both in the thorax and abdomen, almost all of them expired due to recurrence within three years. Patients with one or two positive nodes and with positive nodes only in the abdomen who underwent postoperative irradiation combined with chemotherapy had a better prognosis than patients treated with postoperative irradiation alone or patients receiving no combined therapy.     

Neutrophil activation in acute renal failure and sepsis

Neutrophils are activated during sepsis. To find out whether granulocytes are further activated during hemodialysis with cellulosic and noncellulosic membranes, we compared the plasma levels of the main granulocyte components in patients with chronic uremia who were undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment and patients with acute renal failure with and without sepsis. During hemodialysis with cuprophane dialyzers, plasma-granulocyte elastase, in complex with alpha-proteinase inhibitor, and lactoferrin levels increased in patients who were undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment, but these levels increased further in patients with acute renal failure who did not have sepsis. Maximal neutrophil degranulation was observed in patients with acute renal failure and sepsis. There was only mild degranulation in all three groups during dialysis with dialyzers made of polysulfone. Our data demonstrate that neutrophil activation is increased in patients with acute renal failure, and it is increased further by superimposed sepsis. Cellulose-containing dialysis membranes introduce a further activation of neutrophils.     

Bleeding peptic ulcer after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery

A retrospective study of 112 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and 232 with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) demonstrated that 16.7% of those with AAA and 1.6% of those with ASO had a history of gastroduodenal ulcer; 83% of these lesions with AAA were gastric ulcers. Ulcer bleeding after vascular reconstruction developed in seven patients with AAA and one with ASO. Serum fibrinogen levels and platelet counts were significantly lower in patients with AAA than in those with ASO or controls. A prospective study showed that 25 (52.1%) of 48 patients with AAA and six (20.0%) of 30 patients with ASO had endoscopically proved gastroduodenal lesions before vascular reconstruction. None of them developed postoperative bleeding after treatment of both their gastroduodenal lesions and coagulopathy. Furthermore, the significant decrease in blood flow and prostaglandin content of gastric mucosa was demonstrated in patients with AAA.     

Urachal anomalies and tumor: clinical investigation of 14 cases

Diseases associated with persistent urachus are relatively rare. During the past 9-year period, there have been 14 patients with urachal disease consisting of 10 with urachal abscess and 4 with urachal cancer. The 10 patients with urachal abscess consisted of 7 males and 3 females aged 19-77 years (mean, 46 years). The 4 patients with urachal cancer consisted of 2 males and 2 females aged 48-81 years (mean, 57 years). As symptoms, lower abdominal pain was frequently observed in the patients with persistent urachus with abscess and gross hematuria in those with urachal cancer. Echo and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were useful for visualizing the lesion. Computed tomogtaphic (CT) scanning could not visualize the lesion in 2 patients. Nine patients underwent MRI, which visualized the lesion in all of them. As urachal abscess, an umbilical fistula was observed in 3 patients, urachal cyst in 4, and urachal diverticulum in 1. The preoperative diagnosis was urachal cancer in 6 patients, and pathological examination showed 4 patients with adenocarcinoma, 1 with inflammatory granuloma, and 1 with pseudosarcoma. Urachal abscess was treated by resection of the abscess in 6 patients, transurethral resection in 1, and resection of the umbilicus and urachus and total cystectomy in the other. Of the patients with urachal cancer, 1 underwent total cystectomy and the other 3 underwent total urachal resection and partial cystectomy. In 2 patients with persistent urachus with abscess, the differentiation between abscess and malignant tumor was difficult.     

产前超声发现胎儿透明隔腔异常的临床意义

目的分析产前超声发现胎儿透明隔腔(CSP)异常的临床意义。方法回顾性对比分析53胎产前超声发现CSP异常胎儿的超声及头部MRI。结果产前超声检出53胎CSP异常,包括26胎CSP未显示、18胎CSP狭小、6胎CSP增宽及3胎CSP形态异常,其中12胎产前超声及头部MRI均提示神经系统发育异常。产前超声未能显示CSP的26胎中,8胎存在神经系统异常,包括单纯性完全型胼胝体缺如3胎,完全型胼胝体缺如合并脑膨出和四肢长骨短小1胎,完全型胼胝体缺如伴脑裂畸形或叶状前脑无裂畸形各1胎,脑积水或额叶多小脑回致CSP受压未显示各1胎。产前超声显示CSP狭小的18胎中,1胎为单纯性部分型胼胝体缺如并经MRI证实。产前超声发现CSP增宽的6胎中,MRI均未检出其他神经系统异常。3胎超声显示CSP形态异常胎儿中,MRI示2胎孤立性透明隔部分发育不良及1胎部分型胼胝体缺如。结论产前超声发现胎儿CSP异常是诊断神经系统发育异常的重要线索。     

老年人颈椎过伸性损伤致颈髓损伤的治疗策略

目的探讨颈椎过伸性损伤致颈髓损伤手术治疗效果。方法对23例合并颈脊髓损伤的颈椎过伸性损伤老年患者行减压后植骨融合内固定术,其中前路手术18例,后路手术5例。结果23例均获随访,时间8～36个月。末次随访时脊髓功能Frankel分级：A级1例恢复至B级;B级7例恢复至c级2例、D级4例、E级1例;C级10例恢复至D级5例、E级5例;D级5例均恢复至E级。结论对颈椎过伸性损伤致颈髓损伤的老年患者,早期行手术减压、植骨融合内固定,疗效满意。