红细胞分布宽度与冠心病相关性的性别差异探讨

目的冠心病的临床特征具有明显的性别差异,既往研究证实红细胞分布宽度（RDW）与冠心病发生与发展有一定关系。本文探讨RDW与冠心病相关性的性别差异。方法连续收集因胸痛疑诊冠心病的患者674例,根据冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果分为冠心病组499例（男性352例,女性147例）与对照纰175例（男性89例,女性86例）。分析冠心病传统危险因素在不同性别的差异,探计RDW在不同性别冠心痛患者中的分布情况。结果不同性别总体的基线资料比较中,年龄、吸烟史、家族史、血红蛋白水平有性别差异（P〈0．05）,男女两组的RDW无明显差异（P〉0．05）。不同性别的冠心病组与对照组相比,女性冠心病组与女性对照组相比,RDW显著升高[（12．9±0．7）％vs（126±0.6）％,P=0．001],男性冠心病组与男性对照组相比,RDW无统计学差异[（13．0±0.8）％vs（12.8±1．0）％,P=0．144]。女性冠心病患者多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄和RDW是女性冠心病患者的独立预测因素（OR=1．07,95％CI：1．03-1．10,P〈0．001;OR=203,95％CI：1．28-3．23,P〈0．01）。女性RDW的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）=0．63,95％CI：0．56-0．70,RDW界值为12．75％,敏感性为57．1％,特异性为66．3％。结论RDW与冠心病之相关性存在性别差异,是女性冠心病的独立预测因素之一。     

Postoperative outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND:

It is uncertain if the presence and severity of airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predictive of surgical morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS:

Retrospective study of patients who underwent CABG between 1998 and 2003 in a university-affiliated hospital for whom a preoperative spirometry was available. COPD was diagnosed in smokers or ex-smokers 50 years of age or older in the presence of irreversible airflow obstruction. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the spirometry: controls (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV₁] 80% or more, FEV₁/forced vital capacity [FVC] greater than 0.7), mild to moderate COPD (FEV₁ 50% or more and FEV₁/FVC 0.7 or less) and severe COPD (FEV₁ less than 50% and FEV₁/FVC 0.7 or less).

RESULTS:

Among the 411 files studied, 322 (249 men, 68±8 years of age) were retained (controls, n=101; mild to moderate COPD, n=153; severe COPD, n=68). The mortality rate (3.0%, 2.6% and 0%, respectively) was comparable among the three groups. Patients with severe COPD had a slightly longer hospital stay than controls (mean difference 0.7±1.4 days, P<0.05). Pulmonary infections were more frequent in severe COPD (26.5%) compared with mild to moderate COPD (12.4%) and controls (12.9%), P<0.05. Atrial fibrillation tended to be more frequent in severe COPD than in the other two groups.

CONCLUSION:

Mortality rate associated with CABG surgery is not influenced by the presence and severity of airflow obstruction in patients with COPD. The incidence of pulmonary infections and length of hospital stay were increased in patients with severe COPD.     

Coronary artery anomalies: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery and circumflex branch in two patients

Coronary anomalies may be isolated defects or accompany congenital malformations of the heart. The determination of these anomalies is important in the treatment approach and the surgical procedure in bypass and valve surgery. The present article reports on clinical and angiographic findings in two patients with coronary artery anomalies -one patient with an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right aortic sinus, and another patient with an anomalous origin of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery from the right coronary artery.     

70岁以上的高龄冠心病患者外科治疗经验

年龄〉70岁的高龄冠心病患者,常常合并高血压、Ⅱ型糖尿病、全身动脉硬化等,被列为冠心病外科手术治疗和麻醉的高危因素之一。随着人口的老年化趋势,越来越多高龄不稳定型心绞痛患者需要外科手术治疗。我院在2006年4月至2009年4月连续完成74例年龄〉70岁患者的冠心病手术治疗,现将临床经验报道如下。     

冠心病冠状动脉搭桥术后心电图的动态变化

目的　探讨冠心病冠状动脉搭桥术 (CABG)后心电图的动态变化。方法　回顾性比较 2 9例冠心病 CABG成功者术前与术后 1周、2～ 3周、2月及 3月等不同阶段 12导联心电图的变化。结果　与术前 (5 .6± 2 .6天 )比较 ,异常 Q波和 T波低平、双向的发生在术后第 1周显著增多 (16 .7%与 11.5 % ,P<0 .0 5 ,8.0 %与 2 .6 % ,P<0 .0 1) ,此后 ,异常 Q波的发生显著减少 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,T波低平或双向的发生则持续到第 2～ 3周后恢复到术前水平。 ST段压低 >1.0 m m和 T波倒置在术后第 2～ 3周、第 2月显著增多(5 .5 %、6 .3%与 2 .3% ,P<0 .0 5 ;31.3%、2 7.0 %与 17.8% ,P<0 .0 1) ,此后 ST段压低者减少到术前水平 ,T波倒置非常显著地减少 (9.2 %与 17.8% ,P<0 .0 1)。结论　冠心病病人 CABG术后出现早期一过性异常 Q波、T波低平或双向、ST段压低变化 ,此后上述改变逐渐减少恢复到术前水平。     

冠心病患者116例外科治疗体会

回顾应用冠状动脉旁路移植术（ｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙａｒｔｅｒｙｂｙｐａｓｓｇｒａｆｔｉｎｇ,ＣＡＢＧ）治疗冠心病的早期疗效和经验。方法１１６例病患中,９７％为多支冠状动脉病变。男性１０２例,女性１４例,年龄３５－８０岁,平均年龄６７．４岁。６３例左室射血分数≤４５％,１９例〈３０％。     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术长期预后及危险因素的探讨

目的 探讨糖尿病及其合并症对冠状动脉旁路移植术长期预后的影响。方法 将226例连续行冠状动脉主路移植术的冠心病患者分为糖尿病组（116例）和非糖尿病组（110例），应用多变量分析方法分析两组患者术前及术后的临床特征，并随访术后总死亡率及心脏性死亡的发生率，探讨糖尿病组心脏性死亡的预测因素。结果 两组术前及术后的临床特征、既往心肌梗死病史及冠状动脉病变支数等差异无显著性。结果 两组术前及术后的临床特征、既往心肌梗死病史及冠状动脉病变支数等差异无显著性。平均随访3.5年总死亡率两组差异无显著性，但心脏性死亡的发生率糖尿病组明显高于非糖尿病组（15％与3％，P＜0.01）。糖尿病和术后低左室射血分数与心脏性死亡的发生率密切相关（95％可信区间1.29-15.20)。糖尿病组的心脏性主要是猝死、心力衰竭和心肌梗死。术后低左室射血分数、女性及糖尿病肾病是主要预测因素。结论 冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术长期预后不良，特别在低左室射血分数、女性及糖尿病肾病患者心脏性死亡的发生率高，预后差。应加强对糖尿病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后心、肾功能障碍的治疗。     

70岁及以上冠状动脉旁路移植患者临床特征分析

目的 观察70岁及以上冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的手术危险因素特点及手术效果.方法 回顾分析我院2000年1月至2009年4月施行CABG的426例患者的临床资料,其中70～82岁组118例,24～69岁组308例,将两组患者手术危险因素、并发症及手术效果进行对比研究.结果 70～82岁组术前危险因素为女性、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、外周血管病变、心功能Ⅳ级、需静脉硝酸甘油治疗的不稳定心绞痛、左心室射血分数＜30%的比例、术后严重并发症的发生率、手术病死率、移植血管数和在重症监护病房时间均较24～69岁组高(P＜0.05);70～82岁组患者并存瓣膜病变和采用左乳内动脉桥较24～69岁组少,分别为16例(13.6%)和152例(49.4%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 我国70岁及以上患者手术危险因素组成特点与国外有区别,尽管施行CABG严重并发症发生率和手术病死率较高,但并未明显延长患者的手术恢复时间.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical characters in old patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods The clinical data of 426 patients undergoing CABG from January 2000 to April 2009 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. One hundred eighteen patients were 70-82 years old (older group), 308 patients were 24-69 years old (younger group). The perioperative risk factors, surgical complication and outcomes between the two groups were compared.Results The older group had higher incidences of post-operative complications than younger group.Pre-operative risk factors included the female, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vessel disease, New york heart association(NYHA) class Ⅳ, unstable angina requiring intravenous nitrates until arrival in the anaesthetic room, left ventricular ejection fraction ＜30%. The older group showed higher incidences of postoperative severe complication, operative mortality, and more grafts and longer time in intensive care unit (ICU), and had lower incidents of valve disease and less use of left internal mammary artery [16 patients (13. 6%) vs. 152 patients (49.4%), all P＜0. 05].Conclusions The many CABG risk factors in China are different from those in the western countries.Although the higher incidents of postoperative severe complication and higher operative mortality are found in the older patients, the recovery period after operation isn't obviously prolonged. The operative outcomes are satisfactory.     

Prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography have multiple uncontrolled coronary artery disease risk factors and high risk for cardiovascular events

Limited contemporary data exist on the cardiovascular risk of patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) requiring diagnostic coronary angiography. We examined the prevalence and control of coronary artery disease risk factors and the outcomes of 367 prior CABG patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography between October 1, 2004 and May 31, 2007 at the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Mean age was 65 ± 9 years, 97% were men, and the mean time from CABG to diagnostic angiography was 8.2 ± 6.1 years. Hypertension, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and obesity were suboptimally controlled in 70%, 59%, 47%, 33%, and 50%, respectively. Intake of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers was 88% and 81%, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 1.4 ± 0.8 years, the incidence of death and major cardiovascular events was 10% and 32%, respectively. In spite of significant improvement compared to previous studies and good compliance with indicated medications, contemporary prior CABG patients undergoing coronary angiography still have multiple and poorly controlled coronary artery disease risk factors and high risk for cardiovascular events. Novel pharmacologic and behavioral treatment strategies are needed.     

从冠脉造影病变程度及心血管危险因素角度探讨空腹血糖受损界值下降的临床意义

目的 通过分析不同空腹血糖(FPG)水平下的冠状动脉病变程度及心血管危险因素,探讨空腹血糖受损切点下调的意义.方法 回顾分析911例高度怀疑冠心病而行冠状动脉造影患者的临床资料,在不同FPG水平下对冠状动脉病变程度(以病变支数和冠状动脉积分表示)及心血管危险因素进行分析.结果 (1)在校正了年龄、性别、高血压等影响因素后,与FPG<5.6mmol/L组比较,FPG 5.6～6.0mmol/L组在冠状动脉病变支数上差异有显著性(P<0.05);FPG 6.1～6.9mmol/L组无论在冠状动脉病变总积分,还是冠状动脉病变累及支数上均有显著性差异(均P<0.01).(2)按FPG间隔分组,结果显示高血压、血脂紊乱、肥胖及代谢综合征的比率均随着FPG升高逐步上升;除血脂紊乱比率自5.0～5.6mmol/L组开始明显升高外,肥胖、高血压及代谢综合征的比率均自5.6～6.0mmol/L组开始显著上升(P<0.05);FPG≥5.6mmoL/L时心血管危险因素开始明显聚集.结论 (1)冠心病高危人群的冠状动脉病变程度即使在糖尿病前期已随着FPG升高逐步加重,FPG 5.6mmol/L以上冠状动脉发生病变的风险已开始增加,6.1mmol/L以上更为明显.(2)心血管危险因素在糖尿病前期已开始随FPG增高而逐步上升,自FPG 5.6mmol/L以上开始出现明显聚集.     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术围手术期的处理

目的:研究伴冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)围手术期的处理。方法:以2000年1月至2006年5月的189例冠心病行CABG患者为研究对象,按是否同时合并有糖尿病分为糖尿病组(56例)和无糖尿病组(133例),对比两组临床特点,搭桥支数,术后处理及术后并发症。结果:冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠脉病变广泛而严重(P<0.01),搭桥4支的比例明显高于非糖尿病组(56.3%∶19.63%,P<0.01)),术后并发症的发生率明显高于非糖尿病例组(P<0.01)。结论:冠心病合并糖尿病患者较无糖尿病患者冠脉病变更加严重,合并症更多,需认真、积极对待。     

Five year clinical effect of coronary stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting in renal insufficient patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: insights from ARTS trial.

AIMS: To compare coronary stent implantation and bypass surgery for multivessel coronary disease in patients with renal insufficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the ARTS trial, 142 moderate renal insufficient patients (Ccr<60 mL/min) with multivessel coronary disease were randomly assigned to stent implantation (n=69) or CABG (n=73). At 5 years, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mortality (14.5% in the stent group vs. 12.3% in the CABG group, P=0.81), or combined endpoint of death, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or myocardial infarction (MI) (30.4% in the stent group vs. 23.3% in the CABG group, P=0.35). Among patients who survived without CVA or MI, 18.8% in the stent group underwent a second revascularization procedure when compared with 8.2% in the surgery group (P=0.08). The event-free survival at 5 years was 50.7% in the stent group and 68.5% in the surgery group (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: At 5 years, the differences in mortality and combined incidence of death, CVA, and MI between coronary stenting and surgery did not reach statistically significant level. However, the occurrence of MACCE in the stent group was higher than in the CABG group, mainly driven by the higher incidence of repeat revascularization in the stent group.     

老年无保护左主干病变置人药物洗脱支架与行冠状动脉旁路移植术的预后比较

Objective To compare the 2 years outcome of elderly patients with ULMCA stenesis undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or drug eluting stent(DES). Methods From January 2004 to June 2006, 295 patients with ULMCA stenosis and age ≥ 70 years undergoing coronary revascularization with either CABG (n = 206) or DES (n = 89) were enrolled in this analysis. All-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were recorded during 2 years follow-up. Results The cumulative rate of 2-year mortality were 10.2% (n = 21) in CABG-treated patients and 13.3% (n = 12) in DES-treated patients (P = 0.428). The survival rate during 2-year follow-up was 89.2% for CABG-treated patients and 86. 4% for DES-treated patients (P = 0.668). The incidence of 2-year myocardial infarction was 7. 8% (n = 16) in CABG-treated patients and 10.1% (n =9) in DES-treated patients (P = 0.501). The incidence of target lesion revascularization (TLR) was 4.9% (n=10) in CABG-treated patients and 13.5% (n = 12) in DES-treated patients (P=0.015). In the multivariable analysis, age (HR: 1.04,95% CI: 1.01-1.09, P=0.024), left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < 30%, HR: 4. 97,95 % CI: 1.22-24. 85, P=0.018) and type 2 diabetes (HR: 2.22, 95% CI:1.31-4.86,P=0.001) were independent predictors of 2-year mortality. Conclusion In this study, 2-yaer mortality was comparable in elderly patients with ULMCA stenesis underwent CABG or DES. However, the rate of TLR was significantly higher in patients treated with DES than that receiving CABG operation.     

非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术治疗介入术后再狭窄的临床经验

目的:探讨非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术治疗冠状动脉介入术后再狭窄的临床应用及效果。方法:回顾性分析我院心外科自2008年7月至2009年6月对109例冠状动脉介入术后再狭窄患者实施非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术前后的影像学资料及临床资料,总结手术方法选择和手术效果。结果:109例非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥平均远端吻合口(3.01±0.80)个,全部病例围术期无心绞痛发作,7例出现心力衰竭(心衰),无围术期死亡。全部患者出院前无心绞痛复发,活动量增加,心功能改善。结论:冠状动脉介入治疗术后再狭窄应积极实施非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术。     

非体外循环与常规冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗重症冠心病的对比分析

目的：探讨重症冠心病患者非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）的可行性和优越性。方法：回顾性分析425例重症冠心病的冠状动脉旁路移植术临床资料。其中非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB组）268例,占63．1％;常规体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（CCABG组）157例。比较两组术后早期死亡率及合并症的发生情况。结果：OPCAB组搭桥（4．09±0．75）支／人,CCABG组搭桥（4．17±0．86）支／人（P〉0．05）。两组新发心房纤颤、围术期心肌梗塞、肾功能不全、肺部并发症发生率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。与CCABG组比较,OPCAB组手术死亡率、呼吸机使用时间、ICU停留时间、术后输血量、二次开胸率、神经系统并发症发生率明显降低或减少（P〈0．05～〈0．01）。结论：非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术在重症冠心病患者中安全可行,临床效果好。     

Gender differences in clinical presentation and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Southwest of Saudi Arabia

Objective

Gender differences in the clinical presentation and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have been reported in different parts of the world with contradicting results. We aimed at investigating the presence of gender bias in patients admitted with ACS to Aseer Central Hospital (ACH).

Methods

A retrospective cohort of all consecutive patients admitted to ACH with the diagnosis of ACS, during the period between the 1st of June 2007 and the 31st of May 2009 was studied. Data on demographic and clinical profiles, management and outcomes of ACS patients were collected and compared for both genders.

Results

The present study included 148 females and 397 males. Females were significantly older than males (62.9 ± 14.2 vs. 60 ± 13.4, respectively, P < 0.03), were less likely ever to have smoked (0.7% vs. 26.2%, respectively, P < 0.001), less likely to have had a history of hyperlipidemia (10.8% vs. 22.2%, respectively, P < 0.003) or family history of ischemic heart disease (10.1% vs. 18.9%, respectively, P < 0.014). Female patients presented more with atypical presentation (42.6% vs. 28.9%, respectively, P < 0.003), more with unstable angina (72.3% vs. 50.4%, respectively, P < 0.001), and less with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (18.9% vs. 40.8%, respectively, P < 0.001). Furthermore, they had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin compared to males (12.9 ± 2.3 vs. 14.5 ± 2.2 g/L, respectively, P < 0.001), and higher levels of high density lipoprotein (1.1 ± 0.4 vs. 0.98 ± 0.4 mmol/L, respectively, P < 0.008). Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly higher in female patients compared to males (50.9 ± 14 vs. 45.8 ± 14, respectively, P < 0.003). Coronary angiography showed a higher rate of normal findings (29.3% vs. 8.9%, respectively, P < 0.001) and less severe disease (46.7% vs. 60.3%, respectively, P < 0.027) in women, however, they were less likely to undergo invasive revascularization procedures (31% vs. 42.8%, respectively, P < 0.013). No significant differences were found between both sexes regarding in-hospital mortality or re-infarction rates.

Conclusion

We documented gender differences in both clinical presentation as well as management of patients admitted with ACS to ACH. However, there were no significant differences between both genders regarding the clinical in-hospital outcomes. Emphasis should be made to avoid such bias in the future.     

Choosing a revascularization strategy in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease: a complex decision

Diabetes mellitus is associated with well-known increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In diabetics with stable coronary artery disease, the best therapeutic option is widely discussed. Current studies comparing surgical to percutaneous revascularization have been unable to definitely demonstrate any significant advantage of one strategy over the other regarding the prevention of cardiac death or acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, even taking into account clinical and angiographic information as well as the risks determined by each type of treatment, the decision regarding the best therapeutic strategy in diabetics with stable coronary artery disease is still complex.     

Myocardial ischemia is a key factor in the management of stable coronary artery disease

Previous studies demonstrated that coronary revascularization,especially percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI),does not significantly decrease the incidence of cardiac death or myocardial infarction in patients with stable coronary artery disease.Many studies using myocardial perfusion imaging(MPI) showed that,for patients with moderate to severe ischemia,revascularization is the preferred therapy for survival benefit,whereas for patients with no to mild ischemia,medical therapy is the main choice,and revascularization is associated with increased mortality.There is some evidence that revascularization in patients with no or mild ischemia is likely to result in worsened ischemia,which is associated with increased mortality.Studies using fractional flow reserve(FFR) demonstrate that ischemia-guided PCI is superior to angiography-guided PCI,and the presence of ischemia is the key to decisionmaking for PCI.Complementary use of noninvasive MPI and invasive FFR would be important to compensate for each method's limitations.Recent studies of appropriateness criteria showed that,although PCI in the acute setting and coronary bypass surgery are properly performed in most patients,PCI in the non-acute set-ting is often inappropriate,and stress testing to identify myocardial ischemia is performed in less than half of patients.Also,some studies suggested that revascularization in an inappropriate setting is not associated with improved prognosis.Taken together,the presence and the extent of myocardial ischemia is a key factor in the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease,and coronary revascularization in the absence of myocardial ischemia is associated with worsened prognosis.     

Aspirin is insufficient in inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation early after coronary artery bypass surgery

Background Aspirin administered early after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) improves graft patency and patients survival. However, the antiplatelet effect of aspirin seems to be variable and aspirin resistance is currently still being discussed. The aim of the study was to assess aspirin efficacy in the early postoperative period. Methods Forty patients undergoing elective CABG surgery (20 in on-pump and 20 in off-pump) were enrolled in the study. Functional and biochemical responses to aspirin were evaluated by arachidonic acid (ARA)-induced platelet aggregation and urine 11-dehydro Thromboxane B₂ metabolite excretion. Samples were collected before surgery (baseline; ≥7 days after aspirin withdrawal) and on days 1, 2 and 5 after surgery. Results Median baseline ARA aggregability was 55%. On day 1, platelet aggregability decreased (12%, P < 0.001). On day 2, despite the aspirin administration, platelet aggregability exceeded the values from day 1 (38%, P < 0.001). Only on day 5, sufficient inhibition of platelet aggregation was achieved (8%, P < 0.001). Median preoperative urine concentration of 11-dehydroTxB₂ was 106 ng/mmol of creatinine. On day 1, the concentration decreased only slightly and insignificantly (97 ng/ml, P = NS), similarly as on day 2 (86 ng/ml, P = NS). Only on day 5, significant decrease in concentration of thromboxane metabolite was achieved compared to preoperative values (46 ng/ml, P = 0.001). Conclusion Aspirin did not sufficiently inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation in the early postoperative period. Thus, antiplatelet treatment strategy should be intensified or modified in patients early after bypass surgery.     

早发与晚发冠心病患者临床及冠状动脉病变特点的性别差异分析

目的:探讨早发与晚发冠心病患者临床及冠状动脉(冠脉)病变特点的性别差异.方法:收集2016年1月—2017年2月于我院心内科经冠脉造影(CAG)检查明确冠心病诊断的692例患者一般和临床资料,根据NECP-ATP Ⅲ规定将所纳入患者分为早发冠心病组(男性110例、女性83例)与晚发冠心病组(男性298例、女性201例)...