腹腔镜Roux－en－Y胃旁路术

腹腔镜Roux－en－Y胃旁路术(laparoscopic Roux－en－Y gastric bypass, LRYGB)是经典的减重代谢手术术式,属于限制摄入＋减少吸收的混合型减重术式。LRYGB对于2型糖尿病有较高的缓解率,可能与其改变胃肠道激素分泌和旷置十二指肠对胰岛细胞功能的影响有关。LRYGB可以作为合并中重度反流性食管炎或代谢综合征严重的肥胖病人或超级肥胖病人的首选术式。该术式的手术要点包括：①贲门下方建立胃小囊,隔离全部胃底,严格控制胃小囊容积在30 ml以下;②建立食物支和胆胰支,两者长度之和大于200 cm;③严格控制胃肠吻合口直径在1.5 cm以下;④确切关闭系膜缺损预防内疝形成。     

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass for Morbidly Obese Chinese Patients: Learning Curve,Advocacy and Complications

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) involves a combination of both restrictive and mal-absorptive mechanisms and has become the procedure of choice for patients with morbid obesity in Western countries. However, its efficacy remains uncertain in Asian populations. We report our pilot experience with LRYGB in a Chinese population. METHODS: Between August 2005 and February 2007, 100 morbidly obese patients received LRYGB. We evaluated the learning curve for the operation, its efficacy in weight reduction, and its postoperative complications. RESULTS: Surgical time reached a plateau after about 50 cases, decreasing from 216 min for the initial 50 patients to 105 min for the final 50. The conversion rate from laparoscopic to open surgery was 2%. The mean percent body mass index loss was 33.9% after 12 months. Twenty-four complications occurred in 18 patients, but most resolved with conservative treatment without mortality. Patients with advanced age (P = 0.04) or hypertension (P = 0.03) were at increased risk for complications leading to prolonged surgical times and hospital stays. The complication rate declined as technical expertise increased. CONCLUSION: In Chinese patients with morbid obesity, LRYGB is promising procedure because of its acceptable learning curve, good efficacy, and low complication rate.     

Late Perforation and Abscess Formation at the Site of the Jejunojejunal Anastomosis Following Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

Late complications involving the site of the jejunojejunal (J-J) anastomosis are uncommon after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We present a case of a perforation at the J-J anastomosis complicated by the formation of an abscess 6 months after surgery. Following clinical and radiological evaluation, the patient underwent an exploratory laparoscopy which had to be converted to an open technique because of technical difficulties. The abscess was drained, the anastomosis was resected, and a new anastomosis was undertaken. When the surgical specimen was inspected, a perforation was found at the site of the previous J-J anastomosis. The patient had an uneventful recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the formation of an abscess due to a perforation at the site of the J-J anastomosis after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. This complication, although rare, should be taken into account in patients with abdominal pain and systemic inflammatory response syndrome after bariatric surgery. No commercial interests to disclose.     

Totally Robotic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Technique

The da Vinci^TM robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) has been used frequently for urological procedures including radical prostatectomy and pyeloplasty. Its use in bariatric surgery is limited to few high volume centres in the western world. The advantages of robotic assistance are three-dimensional vision, ergonomic advantage and improved precision. We report our experience of using this advanced technology to perform a robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a 55-year-old obese diabetic patient. We were able to reproduce our standard laparoscopic technique and all the steps of the surgical procedure were done using robotic assistance.     

Management of Anastomotic Leaks After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background Anastomotic leaks after bariatric surgery carry high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to describe our experience of the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass in a single institution. Methods Of 1,200 patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with manual gastrojejunal anastomosis for morbid obesity from January 2002 to January 2007, we retrospectively analyzed 59 patients with anastomotic leak. The location of the leak, day of diagnosis, diagnostic methods, clinical manifestations, treatment modalities, associated complications, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Results Leaks were located as follows: 67.8% in the gastrojejunostomy, 10.2% in the gastric pouch, 3.4% in the excluded stomach, 5.1% in the jejunojejunal anastomosis, 3.4% in the gastrojejunostomy plus pouch, 3.4% in the pouch plus excluded stomach, and 6.8% in undetermined sites. Routine upper gastrointestinal series revealed contrast extravasation in nine patients (15.3%). Leaks were asymptomatic at diagnosis in 29 patients (49.2%). Surgical reintervention was carried out in 23 patients, and conservative treatment was provided in the remaining 36. Transfer to the intensive care unit was required in 11 patients, with five deaths (0.4%). Conclusion In our experience, most anastomotic leaks can be managed with conservative measures alone. In many patients, abdominal drains are effective in the management of leaks, obviating the need for reintervention. Nasoenteral nutrition was effective in the non-operative management of gastrojejunal leaks in patients without signs of systemic toxicity.     

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Morbidly Obese Patients with Hypothyroidism

Background It is well known that obesity is accompanied by changes in thyroid function. Hypothyroidism is associated with increased body weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the operative outcomes, weight loss, and the effect of weight loss on thyroid function in morbidly obese patients with hypothyroidism who undergo laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) surgery. Methods A retrospective review of 20 morbidly obese female patients with hypothyroidism and on thyroid replacement therapy who underwent LRYGB between January 2003 and August 2006. Results Mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 47.6 kg/m² (range 38–58.5 kg/m²). Average patient age was 44.5 years (range 21–66 years). There was one early complication (pneumonia). Late complications included one death, three anastomotic strictures, and one small bowel obstruction. The patients were followed for a mean of 13.5 months (range 3–24 months). Their mean excess body weight loss was 13 kg (22%), 24.4 kg (39.4%), 33.2 kg (63.3%), 38.4 kg (65%), 41.7 kg (70%), and 43 kg (73%) at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Change in a mean BMI was the same regardless of the patient preoperative and postoperative thyroxine dose. Hypothyroidism resolved in 5(25%) patients, improved in 2(10%) patients, unchanged in 8(40%) patients, and worsened in 5 (25%) patients. Most of the five whose hypothyroidism worsened had thyroid autoimmune disease. Conclusions Hypothyroidism appears to improve in the vast majority of morbidly obese patients who undergo LRYGB, except for those whose thyroid disease is autoimmune in nature.     

Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

The aim of the present study was to report the occurrence of serious subnutrition, associated to intestinal bacterial overgrowth, in two patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Two female patients (body mass index, 49 and 50 kg/m², respectively) were submitted to Y-en-Roux gastric bypass. The first patient evolved a 52% loss of body weight within 21 months after surgery; the other, a 34% loss of initial body weight within 15 months after surgery, results corresponding, respectively, to 62 and 45 kg weight losses. However, both patients reported asthenia, hair fallout, and edema, and one also reported diarrhea, but none was feverish. Their respective albuminemias were of 24 and 23 g/l. A respiratory hydrogen test suggested bacterial hyperproliferation. Thirty days after ciprofloxacin and tetracyclin treatments, they showed improved albumin levels and nutritional states, both confirmed by results of hydrogen breath tests. Bacterial overgrowth is an important complication that can compromise clinical evolution of patients submitted to intestinal surgery like gastroplasty with Y-Roux anastomosis. In cases of clinical suspicion or a confirmed diagnosis, adequate antibiotics, sometimes requiring to be cyclically repeated, should be administered.     

The Effect of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Fibromyalgia

Background Fibromyalgia is a chronic debilitating disorder affecting 3–5% of the US population. Treatment of this disorder is a challenge. The incidental finding of improvement of fibromyalgia following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass stimulated us to study this phenomenon. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients with fibromyalgia who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Results Postoperative decrease in median of BMI from 49.4 to 29.7 was significant (p value = 0.0010). This was associated with statistically significant improvement in median of pain score (p value = 0.0010) and median points of tenderness (p value = 0.0010). Conclusion Significant weight loss following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is associated with resolution or improvement of fibromyalgia. Consequently, the bariatric surgeon should be a member of the multidisciplinary team approach for treating fibromyalgia.     

Open vs Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Comparison of Operative Morbidity and Mortality

Background: Open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) has proven to be an effective method for weight control for the morbidly obese patient. With technologic and surgical skill advancement in the application of laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic RYGBP has also been found to be of value in surgical control of obesity. Risk/benefit ratios in comparison of the 2 methods are undergoing definition by experience. Methods: 779 patients who underwent RYGBP between March 1, 2000 and June 30, 2002 were evaluated retrospectively. 328 patients underwent laparoscopic RYGBP (Group A) and 451 underwent open RYGBP (Group B). All charts and hospital records of these patients were reviewed. Questionnaires were mailed to all patients who had undergone RYGBP. Follow-up was 5-29 months. Results: 89 patients in Group A and 162 patients in Group B experienced significant morbidity. There were no surgical deaths in Group A and one surgical death in Group B.Weight loss profiles were the same. Significant differences in morbidity were noted with respect to gastrojejunal stenosis (Group A = 11.6%, Group B = 4.7%, P=.0012), occurrence of ventral incisonal hernia (A=0%, B=10%, P<.00013), and wound problems (abdominal wall hematoma A=1.5%%, B=0%, P=.013; wound infection A=1.2%, B=6.2%, P=.00037). Gastrojejunal perforation was not significantly different (A=1.5%, B=0.89%, P=.50), as was true of small bowel obstruction (A=2.7%, B=3.3%, P=.68). Conclusions: Each operative approach has associated problems.Wound care problems and ventral hernias are more common in Group B (open) and anas tomotic stenoses are more common in Group A (laparoscopic). Anastomotic leaks and small bowel obstruction are troublesome but not statistically different in occurrence.     

Internal Hernias and Nonclosure of Mesenteric Defects During Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background  Internal hernias have been described after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) as a major problem. Thus, many routinely close defects during LRYGB. In our technique, we do not close any defects. We hypothesize that not closing the defects would not cause a significant internal hernia rate diagnosed during reoperations. Methods  Patients who were reoperated after LRYGB were included in this study. Only patients who had a laparoscopic or open exploration focused on inspecting for internal hernias are reported here. The LRYGB technique that was utilized included an antecolic, antegastric gastrojejunostomy, minimal division of the small bowel mesentery, a long jejunojejunostomy performed with three staple lines, adequate division of the omentum, and placement of the jejunojejunostomy above the colon in the left upper quadrant. Results  There were a total of 387 patients who had LRYGB from 2002 to 2007 utilizing this particular technique. Fifty-four patients had a reoperation at an average of 24 (Range: 1–60) months postoperatively. The procedures were abdominoplasty, cholecystectomy, diagnostic laparoscopy, and lysis of adhesions. While two patients had a defect present, no patient had an internal hernia despite aggressive attempts to diagnose one. Conclusions  Internals hernias are not common after our particular method of LRYGB. Before adopting and advocating routine closure, surgeons should consider the surgical technique and the true associated incidence of internal hernias. We do not recommend routine closure of these defects with our technique. Presented in part at International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity annual meeting; August 2006; Sydney, Australia.     

Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background and Objectives:

As bariatric surgery becomes more widespread, atypical complications will be seen with more frequency. In this case series, we report on 3 cases of superior mesenteric artery syndrome after gastric bypass and the laparoscopic treatment.

Methods:

This is a case series of 3 patients who presented with the persistent postprandial symptoms of pain and nausea after gastric bypass, and through an extensive workup were eventually diagnosed with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. All 3 patients had dramatic weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypasses. Gastric remnant distention was not a consistent finding, but persistent postprandial nausea, epigastric pain, and computed tomographic findings of a narrowed angle between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta were consistently found. Two patients were treated with a laparoscopic gastroduodenal jejunostomy anastomosis, and one patient had a duodenojejunostomy, all with resolution of their symptoms.

Results:

A laparoscopic gastroduodenal (or duodeno-) jejunal bypass was performed in each case, which resolved the obstruction caused by the superior mesenteric artery syndrome.

Conclusions:

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome can be caused by the dramatic weight loss induced by a gastric bypass. This post weight loss surgery phenomenon may be far more prevalent and underdiagnosed than reported, and should be considered in all patients with greater than average weight loss at one year and who have persistent postprandial nausea and epigastric pain. This can be successfully treated by bypassing the obstruction, while maintaining the weight loss induced by the Roux-en-y gastric bypass.     

Predicting Stricture in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Logistic Regression Analysis

Gastrojejunostomy stricture after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass occurs in 3 to 27% of morbidly obese patients in the USA. We questioned whether preoperative patient characteristics, including demographic attributes and comorbid disease, might be significant factors in the etiology of stricture. In this study from November 2001 to February 2006 (51 months), at a high-volume bariatric center, of the 1,351 patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass, 92 developed stricture (6.8%). All but two were treated successfully by endoscopic dilation. All patients stopped nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications 2 weeks prior to surgery and did not restart them. The operative procedure included the use of a 21-mm transoral circular stapler to create the gastrojejunostomy; the Roux limb was brought retrogastric, retrocolic. In an effort to reduce our center’s stricture rate, late in the study, U-clips used at the gastrojejunostomy were replaced by absorbable sutures, and postoperative H₂ antagonists were added to the treatment protocol. The change to absorbable polyglactin suture proved to be significant, resulting in a lower stricture rate. The addition of H₂ antagonists showed no significant effect. Following the retrospective review of the prospective database, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with the development of stricture. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and age were each shown to be statistically significant independent predictors of stricture following laparoscopic gastric bypass. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 20–24, Los Angeles, CA (poster presentation).     

Laparoscopic Repair of a Staple-line Disruption after an Open Uncut Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

The technique of gastric bypass has undergone an evolution over the last 20 years, although it is often individualized based on surgeon preference. Whereas many surgeons divide and separate the gastric pouch from the distal bypassed stomach, some surgeons choose to staple, but not cut and separate the pouch. Staple-line failure resulting in a gastrogastric fistula and weight regain is a worrisome complication. We discuss a case of a patient with an obvious staple-line failure, which resulted in complete weight regain. She underwent laparoscopic repair and was discharged on postoperative day 1. Laparoscopic repair of a staple-line disruption after an open uncut gastric bypass is feasible. Presented at the World Congress of the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity, Sydney, Australia, August 31, 2006.     

Clinical Pathway for Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass

Background Patients undergoing bariatric surgery are ideal candidates for a clinical pathway, as it is a standardized, common, and elective procedure and most patients have a predictable clinical course. Objective The aim of developing this clinical pathway is the result of a wide consolidated experience with patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the purpose of which is to minimize complications without affecting patient care or the outcome of the procedure. Patients and Method The clinical pathway was applied to the 311 patients that received a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The clinical pathway includes a temporary matrix, which shows the sequence of events that will occur on each of the days between patient admission and discharge. It also includes medical interventions, nursing care, medication, determinations, physical activity, diet, and information for the patient. Results Complications occurred in 36 patients (11.5%): 14 patients (4.5%) during admission and 22 patients (7%) after discharge. Of the 22 patients presenting with complications after discharge, 12 required readmission to hospital (3.8%), and the other 10 were treated on an ambulatory basis. Conclusions We can say that, because of its frequency and predictability, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is nowadays a procedure for systematization using a clinical pathway, providing it is controlled by a team with a wide experience in bariatric surgery. This clinical pathway is to offer our patients with morbid obesity a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with the smallest possible range of complications.     

Procedural Changes to Decrease Complications in Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass

Methods:A retrospective review of all procedures performed by a fellowship-trained surgeon (MK) from December 1, 2000, to October 31, 2013, identified patients who underwent LRYGB. We evaluated perioperative outcomes in 1117 patients and examined the impact of modification of surgical techniques on complications. The patients were divided into 4 groups: cases 1–100 (group 1), cases 101–400 (group 2), cases 401–700 (group 3), and cases 701-1117 (group 4).Results:Operating time decreased significantly after the initial 100 cases, from 179.1 minutes for group 1 to 122.1 minutes for group 4. With experience, early complication rates improved from 25.0% to 5.0%, but the rates of early reoperation increased from 1.0% to 2.2% over the 4 case groups. Late complication and reoperation rates increased from 4.0% to 10.5%. However, rates of bleeding, early stricture, internal hernia, and wound infection all decreased after the modification of surgical techniques.Conclusions:Operating time and early complication rates decreased with operative experience, but late complication and early and late reoperation rates increased. However, after modifications of surgical technique, common complications of LRYGB decreased to rates lower than those reported in several gastric bypass case series in the literature. The findings in this study will be helpful to fellow bariatric surgeons who are refining their strategies for reducing morbidity related to LRGYB.     

Refractory Gastroparesis After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Surgical Treatment with Implantable Pacemaker

Abstract Background Gastroparesis is a rare complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We evaluate the role of gastric electrical stimulation in medically refractory gastroparesis. Methods Patients with refractory gastroparesis after gastric bypass for morbid obesity were studied. After behavioral and anatomic problems were ruled out, the diagnosis of disordered gastric emptying was confirmed by radionuclide gastric emptying. Temporary endoscopic stimulation was used first to assess response before implanting a permanent device. Results Six patients, all women with mean age of 42 years, were identified. Two patients ultimately had reversal of their surgery with gastro-gastrostomy, while another had a total gastrectomy with persistence of symptoms in all three. Five of the patients evaluated had insertion of a permanent gastric pacemaker, with pacing lead implanted on the gastric pouch (2), the antrum of the reconstructed stomach (1), or the proximal Roux limb (2). Nausea and emesis improved significantly postoperatively; mean total symptom score decreased from 15 to 11 out of 20. There was also a persistent improvement in gastric emptying postoperatively based on radionuclide testing. Conclusion If medical therapy fails, electrical stimulation is a viable option in selected patients with gastroparesis symptoms complicating gastric bypass and should be considered in lieu of reversal surgery or gastrectomy. Presented at SSAT meeting, Washington, DC, May 2007.     

Different Effect of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Open Biliopancreatic Diversion of Scopinaro on Serum PYY and Ghrelin Levels

Background  The impact of bariatric surgery on levels of peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin is still under discussion. We undertook a simultaneous evaluation of the serum changes in PYY and ghrelin depending on the specific type of bariatric surgery. Methods  Total PYY and ghrelin were analyzed in 29 healthy persons and in morbidly obese persons undergoing open biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) of Scopinaro (n = 38) or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB; n = 13). Results  RYGB resulted in a significantly greater loss of weight and body mass index than BPD. Both RYGB and BPD were associated with a significant increase in PYY, significantly greater for BDP (p = 0.001). Ghrelin rose significantly after RYGB (p = 0.022) but not after BPD. After surgery, PYY correlated positively with weight (r = 0.416, p = 0.009). Ghrelin did not correlate significantly with any of the variables studied. Analysis of variance showed that only the type of surgery contributed significantly to explain the variances in the PYY (p = 0.002) and ghrelin (p = 0.018). Conclusions  BPD results in a greater increase in PYY and a lower weight loss than RYGB. However, only RYGB was associated with a significant increase in ghrelin. The differing weight loss according to the type of bariatric surgery does not seem to be explained by changes arising in PYY and ghrelin.