Hemoptysis demonstrated on Tc99m-sulfur colloid scanning: a rare complication of amoebic liver abscess

We report the finding of bleeding into right lung from a ruptured amoebic liver abscess. A 25-year-old male presented with pain in the right lower chest and cough associated with expectoration of chocolate-colored sputum. Radiographs of chest showed right-sided pleural effusion. Serial images of Tc99m-sulfur colloid study revealed progressive accumulation of radiotracer in the upper photopenic area extending into the right lung region suggestive of active bleeding from the abscess cavity.     

肺韧带对下胸部疾病螺旋CT表现的影响及其解剖学基础

目的 明确肺韧带对下胸部疾病螺旋CT表现的影响及其解剖学基础。方法 观察4例尸体横断面标本的肺韧带形态及附着点，并搜集经临床和病理证实的下胸部疾病57例，采用螺旋CT增强扫描，在螺旋CT图像上，观察肺韧带对下胸部疾病的影响及其影像学表现特征。结合实体标准，分析其解剖学基础。结果 尸体横断面标本上，肺韧带位于下肺静脉下方，为连接肺下叶与纵隔的胸膜反褶，右侧附着于食管，左侧附着于食管或降主动脉，螺旋CT上，40例胸腔积液和7例气胸压迫肺下叶致肺不张，肺韧带固定肺下叶，使压缩的肺下叶不向上达肺门；40例胸腔积液中，肺韧带将胸腔积液分隔成前，后两部分；7例下叶肺癌及3例炎性病变直接累及肺韧带，使其呈结节状或鸟嘴状增厚。结论 肺韧带固定肺下叶，影响下胸部疾病（肺不张，胸腔积液和气胸等）的影像学表现；邻近肺下叶和纵隔病变可直接累及肺韧带。     

A case of pulmonary choriocarcinoma metastasis with unusual FDG-PET and CT findings: correlation with pathology

A 26-year-old female who had had a hydatidiform mole at 20?years of age showed high levels of serum human chorionic gonadotropin. Because pelvic ultrasound did not show any gestational sac in her uterus, she was suspected to have had an extrauterine pregnancy and a spontaneous abortion. About 6?months later, a pulmonary nodule in the patient??s right upper lung field was found on a routine chest X-ray film. Contrast- enhanced CT scans revealed a solitary lobulated nodule 2.0?×?1.3?×?3.0?cm in diameter in the S2 segment of the right lung. CT suggested a vessel malformation. Positron emission tomography using 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG-PET) was performed and showed weak FDG accumulation (SUVmax?=?2.0) in the nodule, which did not positively indicate malignancy. Because a follow-up CT showed a rapid increase in the size of the nodule, partial resection of S2 segment in the right upper lobe was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was a metastasis from choriocarcinoma. The tumor consisted largely of necrosis and hemorrhage, and it was considered to be a major cause of the unusual FDG-PET and CT findings.     

Well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung in a 38-year-old woman: dynamic computed tomography findings

We report a case of well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) of the lung, with emphasis on dynamic CT (computed tomography) findings. The patient was a 38-year-old woman who was found to have a mass in the left upper lung field in chest radiograph screening. Chest radiograph showed a 5.5 cm well-defined mass in the left upper lung field. CT revealed a well-circumscribed mass measuring 5.5 × 5.5 × 5.0 cm with a lobulated margin in the left upper lobe. Intratumoral enhancing vasculature was noted in the early phase of dynamic CT. In the delayed phase, persistent and plateau enhancement was seen. The tumor also had consistently unenhanced areas, suggesting the presence of necrosis. Left upper lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed. The pathology specimen contained tubular glands consisting of non-ciliated columnar cells with areas of solid nests of epithelial cells with weakly eosinophilic cytoplasm (morule) mimicking fetal lung tissue. The tumor was moderately vascularized with areas of comedo necrosis; the stroma was relatively scanty. Final pathological diagnosis was WDFA with left hilar lymph node metastasis (stage T2bN1M0). This is the first report of dynamic CT findings of WDFA, a rare lung tumor. Although these findings are non-specific, they well reflected the pathological characteristics of this tumor.     

Pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and chest tube placement after radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors: incidence and risk factors

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and chest tube placement for pneumothorax after radiofrequency (RF) ablation of lung tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, with waiver of informed consent. This retrospective study comprised 224 ablation sessions for 392 tumors in 142 patients (92 men, 50 women; mean age, 64.0 years). Multiple variables were analyzed by using the Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test for numerical values and by using the chi(2) test or the Fisher exact test for categorical values in order to assess risk factors for pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and chest tube placement for pneumothorax. RESULTS: The incidence of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and chest tube placement for pneumothorax was 52% (117 of 224 sessions), 19% (42 of 224 sessions), and 21% (24 of 117 sessions), respectively. For pneumothorax, risk factors included male sex (P = .030), no history of pulmonary surgery (P < .001), a greater number of tumors ablated (P < .001), involvement of the middle or lower lobe (P = .008), and increased length of the aerated lung traversed by the electrode (P = .014). For pleural effusion, risk factors included the use of a cluster electrode (P = .008), decreased distance to the nearest pleura (P = .040), and decreased length of the aerated lung traversed by the electrode (P = .019). For chest tube placement for pneumothorax, risk factors included no history of pulmonary surgery (P = .002), the use of a cluster electrode (P < .001), and involvement of the upper lobe (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Pneumothorax and pleural effusion can occur after RF ablation in patients with lung tumors, and chest tube placement for pneumothorax is sometimes required.     

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CT Findings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PurposeTo date, considerable knowledge gaps remain regarding the chest CT imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of results from published studies to date to provide a summary of evidence on detection of COVID-19 by chest CT and the expected CT imaging manifestations.MethodsStudies were identified by searching PubMed database for articles published between December 2019 and February 2020. Pooled CT positive rate of COVID-19 and pooled incidence of CT imaging findings were estimated using a random-effect model.ResultsA total of 13 studies met inclusion criteria. The pooled positive rate of the CT imaging was 89.76% and 90.35% when only including thin-section chest CT. Typical CT signs were ground glass opacities (83.31%), ground glass opacities with mixed consolidation (58.42%), adjacent pleura thickening (52.46%), interlobular septal thickening (48.46%), and air bronchograms (46.46%). Other CT signs included crazy paving pattern (14.81%), pleural effusion (5.88%), bronchiectasis (5.42%), pericardial effusion (4.55%), and lymphadenopathy (3.38%). The most anatomic distributions were bilateral lung infection (78.2%) and peripheral distribution (76.95%). The incidences were highest in the right lower lobe (87.21%), left lower lobe (81.41%), and bilateral lower lobes (65.22%). The right upper lobe (65.22%), right middle lobe (54.95%), and left upper lobe (69.43%) were also commonly involved. The incidence of bilateral upper lobes was 60.87%. A considerable proportion of patients had three or more lobes involved (70.81%).ConclusionsThe detection of COVID-19 chest CT imaging is very high among symptomatic individuals at high risk, especially using thin-section chest CT. The most common CT features in patients affected by COVID-19 included ground glass opacities and consolidation involving the bilateral lungs in a peripheral distribution.     

Extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma with bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma: a case report

Extranodal nasal NK/Tcell lymphoma (ENKTCL) is a relatively rare type of non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma. It is highly malignant, highly invasive, and easy to relapse. Most patients have a poor prognosis. We report a 48-year-old woman who presented with irritant dry cough that had persisted for 6 m. CT showed a mass in the right nasal cavity, with uneven density similar to soft tissue, with slight uneven enhancement. The mass and the upper, middle, and lower turbinates were not clearly demarcated, involving multiple adjacent sinus cavities, and the local bone showed osteolytic destruction; MRI showed isosignal on T1WI and slightly hypersignal on T2WI and DWI. In addition, there was a mass of soft tissue density at the bronchial opening in the right middle lobe, showing uneven and obvious enhancement; a cavity was seen in the nodule of the right lower lobe, and the adjacent pleura was stretched, showing moderate enhancement. The nasal mass was diagnosed as extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, the right middle lobe mass was diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and the right lower lobe mass was diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma. ENKTCL rarely invades the lungs. If a patient has a lung occupying lesion similar to it, biopsy confirmation should be considered to avoid misdiagnosis as a chest metastasis that affects the treatment effect.     

A case of increased 123I-IMP uptake in adenocarcinoma of the lung

It has been reported that delayed 123I-IMP lung scintigraphy shows a defect corresponding to the tumor with increased accumulation around the tumor, and that an increased accumulation is associated with atelectasis and inflammation. We presented a case of increased uptake of 123I-IMP in lung cancer. None of the other reported case of increased uptake in lung cancer, to our knowledge, occurred. A 55-year-old man had a 6 cm mass in the lower lobe of the right lung. Cytologic examination with a small curette diagnosed the case as an adenocarcinoma. The 123I-IMP scintigraphy was performed 24 hours after intravenous injection of 111 MBq of 123I-IMP. The 123I-IMP SPECT lung images showed an area of increased 123I-IMP concentration corresponding to the tumor mass. The patient's subsequent course was characterized by massive pleural effusion caused by extensive invasion to the pleura despite chemotherapy. He died about 2 months after the 123I-IMP scintigraphy. The right lung removed at necropsy confirmed that the area of high 123I-IMP concentration corresponded to the mass, which proved a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. One should note that there is an unusual case with high 123I-IMP uptake in lung cancer.     

原发性肺肉瘤样癌的临床病理特征及其影像表现

目的 探讨原发性肺肉瘤样癌各亚型的临床病理特征及影像表现.方法 回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实为原发性肺肉瘤样癌患者的临床病理资料及X线胸片和CT表现.术前14例行胸部CT检查,其中10例行CT增强扣描,9例行胸部X线平片检查.结果 15例中周围型肿瘤14例,中央型1例;肿瘤直径2.5～9.5 cm,病变位于右肺上叶5例、中叶3例、下叶4例、左肺上叶3例.X线胸片和CT均表现为肺内实质性肿块,3例肿瘤内可见偏心性不规则空洞,肿块边界光整6例、模糊2例、分叶4例、毛刺3例,另1例因中央型肿块伴阻塞性肺炎致边界不清.10例CT增强扫描患者均显示肿块周边厚薄不均的环形强化,肿块中央强化不明显或呈不均匀强化.7例侵及胸膜或胸壁组织,4例可见肺门和(或)纵隔淋巴结肿大,2例有远处转移.手术病理诊断为多形性癌8例,梭形细胞癌2例,巨细胞癌3例,肺母细胞瘤2例.结论 肺肉瘤样癌的X线胸片和CT表现无明显特异性,各亚型的病理组织学表现具有一定特征性,是确诊的依据.     

原发性肺肉瘤样癌的临床病理特征及其影像表现

目的 探讨原发性肺肉瘤样癌各亚型的临床病理特征及影像表现.方法 回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实为原发性肺肉瘤样癌患者的临床病理资料及X线胸片和CT表现.术前14例行胸部CT检查,其中10例行CT增强扣描,9例行胸部X线平片检查.结果 15例中周围型肿瘤14例,中央型1例;肿瘤直径2.5～9.5 cm,病变位于右肺上叶5例、中叶3例、下叶4例、左肺上叶3例.X线胸片和CT均表现为肺内实质性肿块,3例肿瘤内可见偏心性不规则空洞,肿块边界光整6例、模糊2例、分叶4例、毛刺3例,另1例因中央型肿块伴阻塞性肺炎致边界不清.10例CT增强扫描患者均显示肿块周边厚薄不均的环形强化,肿块中央强化不明显或呈不均匀强化.7例侵及胸膜或胸壁组织,4例可见肺门和(或)纵隔淋巴结肿大,2例有远处转移.手术病理诊断为多形性癌8例,梭形细胞癌2例,巨细胞癌3例,肺母细胞瘤2例.结论 肺肉瘤样癌的X线胸片和CT表现无明显特异性,各亚型的病理组织学表现具有一定特征性,是确诊的依据.     

儿童肺炎支原体性肺脓肿的CT表现（附12例分析）

目的:研究儿童肺炎支原体性肺脓肿的CT表现.方法:回顾性分析本院12例肺炎支原体性肺脓肿患儿的临床资料和胸部CT表现.结果:12例早期均表现为肺实质渗出性痛变,随病程进展出现液化坏死及大小、数目不等的空洞;11例为单侧肺叶受累,1例为两侧肺受累;6例右肺受累,5例左肺受累;2例合并有胸腔积液及胸膜增厚.随访4～18个月10例肺实变完全吸收,肺坏死及空洞消失;2例仍有局限性肺不张,呈纤维条索样改变;2例胸腔积液完全吸收.结论:儿童肺炎支原体性肺脓肿早期表现为肺实变,随病程进展出现液化坏死及空洞,可有胸腔积液及胸膜反应,经积极治疗大部分可吸收好转.     

Recognition of pleural effusion on supine radiographs: how much fluid is required?

A prospective analysis of supine radiographs in 40 patients with pleural effusions was undertaken to determine the radiographic manifestations of pleural effusion on supine radiographs and the quantity of fluid that may be detected in the supine position. The presence of pleural effusion was predicted from supine radiographs using the following signs: increased homogeneous density superimposed over the lung fields, obliteration of the silhouette of the diaphragm, meniscus sign, apical capping, and accentuation of the right minor fissure. The supine radiographic findings were correlated with findings on subsequent standing erect posteroanterior and lateral radiographs. This study indicates that effusion of sufficient quantity to produce blunting of the lateral costophrenic angle on an erect posteroanterior radiograph (175-525 ml) will produce a noticeable increase in the density of the lower lung zone on supine radiographs. As the quantity of effusion increases, the abnormality of the supine chest radiograph increases in a stepwise manner. The classical findings of increased density over the entire hemithorax and apical capping described in pleural effusion on supine radiographs are late findings seen typically in large effusions.     

儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部X线及CT表现

目的 初步探讨儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部X线及CT表现特点.方法 回顾性分析6例经病毒核酸检测确诊的重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像资料,病初6例摄胸部X线片,其中4例复查,1例行胸部CT检查.结果 6例病初胸部X线表现为肺纹理增多、增粗,均有不同程度的肺实质浸润和间质改变,其中实质浸润累及双肺3例,左肺3例;肺门增大3例.病程中复查4例,影像表现变化较快,与临床表现一致.CT检查表现为双肺中内带实变和磨玻璃密度影、胸膜下小结节影,肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大,右侧胸腔积液.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部X线及CT表现有一定特点.最终诊断需结合流行病学和实验室检查.     

Two cases of thoracopancreatic fistula in alcoholic pancreatitis: clinical and CT findings

We report two patients who were long-time habitual consumers of alcohol and suffered from thoracopancreatic fistula. The first patient, a 52-year-old man with no symptoms, underwent chest CT scan for a medical check-up and was revealed to have left small pleural effusion. A month later, he suddenly experienced severe cough and back pain. The immediate CT scan showed massive pleural effusion and mediastinal pseudocyst, and the amylase level in the aspirated pleural effusion proved to be elevated. He was successfully treated with medication and drainage of the effusion. The second patient, a 39-year-old woman, underwent CT scan for a medical check-up, and it disclosed that she had a small pleural effusion in the left lower thorax. Follow-up CT two months later revealed the pleural effusion to be resolved, however, it demonstrated that a narrow tract derived from the pancreatic secretion located just posterior to the pancreatic tail extended to the mediastinum along the left hemidiaphragmatic crus. She experienced severe cough and sputum four months later. CT scan showed massive pleural effusion in the left thorax and revealed that the pancreaticopleural fistula was located in the same position as the small tract that had been detected by the previous CT scan. The patient received conservative treatment and eventually recovered from the severe chest complications. We consider that asymptomatic left small pleural effusion in these patients who were habitual drinkers is a potential precursor to symptomatic pancreatitis. The patients developed mediastinal pseudocyst and pancreaticopleural fistula in association with chronic pancreatitis within a few months, and therefore intensive follow-up should be undertaken to minimize or prevent chest complications in association with the subsequent symptomatic pancreatitis.     

原发性肺透明细胞癌的影像学表现与临床病理对照

目的:探讨原发性肺透明细胞癌(PCCCL)的影像学表现与临床病理特点。方法:回顾分析经手术和/或病理证实的7例PCCCL影像学和临床病理的特点,并复习文献。结果:PCCCL影像学上主要表现为右肺周围性肿块或结节(6/7),结节边缘可见毛刺征,无胸膜凹陷征、空泡征;肿块较大时,边缘光滑,无棘状突起、空洞等征象,1例左肺上叶中心性分叶状肿块,边缘光滑,酷似其它类型肺癌。结论:PCCCL罕见,临床无特异性,病灶较大时,仅有相对影像学特征,确诊依赖病理检查。     

Use of natural language processing to translate clinical information from a database of 889,921 chest radiographic reports

PURPOSE: To evaluate translation of chest radiographic reports by using natural language processing and to compare the findings with those in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A natural language processor coded 10 years of narrative chest radiographic reports from an urban academic medical center. Coding for 150 reports was compared with manual coding. Frequencies and co-occurrences of 24 clinical conditions (diseases, abnormalities, and clinical states) were estimated. The ratio of right to left lung mass, association of pleural effusion with other conditions, and frequency of bullet and stab wounds were compared with independent observations. The sensitivity and specificity of the system's pneumothorax coding were compared with those of manual financial coding. RESULTS: The system coded 889,921 reports on 251,186 patients. On the basis of manual coding of 150 reports, the processor's sensitivity (0.81) and specificity (0.99) were comparable to those previously reported for natural language processing and for expert coders. The frequencies of the selected conditions ranged from 0.22 for pleural effusion to 0.0004 for tension pneumothorax. The database confirmed earlier observations that lung cancer occurs in a 3:2 right-to-left ratio. The association of pleural effusion with other conditions mirrored that in the literature. Bullet and stab wounds decreased during 10 years at a rate consistent with crime statistics. A review of pneumothorax cases showed that the database (sensitivity, 1.00; specificity, 0.996) was more accurate than financial discharge coding (sensitivity, 0.17; P =.002; specificity, 0.996; not significant). CONCLUSION: Internal and external validation in this study confirmed the accuracy of natural language processing for translating chest radiographic narrative reports into a large database of information.     

Loeffler's syndrome in a child: A rare radiological and histopathological diagnosis

Loffler syndrome is an uncommon, self-limited, benign pulmonary eosinophilia that usually lasts less than a month. Abnormal chest radiography occurs in 95% of patients; however, computed tomography findings are not well described. We present clinical features, radiological, and pathological findings of Loeffler''s syndrome with secondary bacterial pneumonia in a child. He presented with dry cough, hemoptysis 2 times, chest pain for 1 week. Blood tests revealed high C-reactive protein levels and eosinophilia. On the initial computed tomography (CT) scan, a lesion was discovered at the upper edge of the right lung hilum. The lesion developed in size, together with right pleural effusion, on the repeated CT scan. A lung biopsy revealed a substantial number of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils and neutrophils. After ruling all other possibilities, Loffler''s syndrome was confirmed. As a result of antibiotic treatment, favorable outcomes were confirmed by improving clinical symptoms and follow-up chest CT scans. A close combination of pulmonary symptoms, peripheral blood eosinophilia, abnormal chest imaging, and histopathological findings must be taken to confirm the diagnosis of Loeffler''s syndrome.     

The radiology of Askin tumours.

The Askin tumour is a highly malignant primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) of the chest wall occurring in children and young adults. We describe three cases to illustrate the clinical and radiological aspects of this tumour, which are not well documented. Patients present with a chest wall mass, pain and constitutional symptoms. Radiology demonstrates a large soft tissue chest wall mass, local rib erosion and pleural effusion. Recurrence tends to be local chest wall, pulmonary or skeletal. The prognosis is poor. Askin tumours must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest wall masses in children and young adults.     

小儿支原体肺炎54例胸部CT影像分析

目的分析总结小儿肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)胸部CT影像学特点。方法回顾性分析本院儿科2010年9月—2011年2月间明确诊断的54例MPP患儿的临床资料及胸部CT。结果胸部CT显示病变部位:单侧者39例(72.22%),双侧者15例(27.78%);单侧中右侧者20例(51.28%),左侧者19例(48.72%);多个叶段受累30例(55.56%)多于单个叶段受累24例(44.44%),各受累叶段分布情况为:右下叶18例(33.33%),左下叶15例(27.78%),左上叶11例(20.37%),右上叶7例(12.96%),右中叶7例(12.96%),左中叶2例(3.70%);病变性质显示为大片实变影31例(57.41%),斑点状及斑片状实变影22例(40.74%),云絮状或磨玻璃样或网格样密度增高影各1例(1.85%),双肺散在斑片影7例(12.96%),其中非单个叶段受累者大片实变与斑点状及斑片状实变多同时存在。其他病变还有胸腔积液14例(25.93%),肺门淋巴结肿大7例(12.96%),肺不张7例(12.96%),心包积液1例(1.85%)。婴幼儿MMP胸部CT以散在斑片影为主,年幼儿以斑点状及斑片状实变影为主,年长儿则多表现为大片实变影。结论小儿MPP单侧病变多于双侧,右肺病变多于左肺,大片实变影最多,其次为斑点及斑片状实变影,也可见双肺散在斑片影。其影像学特点与年龄有关。胸部CT影像学特点有助于婴幼儿及年幼儿MPP的诊断及儿童MPP的早期诊断。     

Pulmonary Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma: Report a Case and Review of CT Findings

A pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is an extremely rare tumor that is considered to be a cystic variant of mucin-producing lung adenocarcinoma. We present a case of pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in a 54-year-old woman. Chest CT scans showed a 4.3-cm-sized, lobulated, well-defined, and homogeneous mass in the right middle lobe with peripheral stippled calcifications that demonstrated low-attenuation with no enhancement after contrast administration; ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT demonstrated mild heterogeneous FDG uptake. The mass was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma with mucin production by transbronchial lung biopsy. Right middle lobectomy was performed, and the pathologic examination disclosed a pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma.