肠道淋巴瘤与EB病毒相关性研究

目的：探讨EB病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)感染在肠道淋巴瘤发病中的意义。方法：采用EBV的DNA原位杂交及S－P法免疫组化技术（第一抗体为EBV、CD3、CD20、CD43、CD45、CD45RO、CD74等），观察24例肠道淋巴瘤患者（8例肠病相关T细胞淋巴瘤、16例黏膜相关淋巴组织B细胞淋巴瘤）EBV感染情况。以20例慢性结肠炎作为对照。结果：患者年龄21－92岁（平均52．8岁），男女之比为3．8：1。临床上均以腹痛、腹胀或便血就诊。组织病理学：T细胞淋巴瘤细胞多形性、核大，不规则，嗜血管性及大片坏死；B细胞淋巴瘤细胞中等大小，多呈圆形、椭圆形、胞质较少淡染，核稍大，核分裂象多见，可见“淋巴上皮病变”。24例淋巴瘤中检出（原位杂交及免疫组化）EBV－DNA 14例（检出率为58．3％），其中T细胞淋巴瘤EBV的检出率为75％，B细胞淋巴瘤EBV的检出率为50％（P＜0．01）。结论：肠道淋巴瘤的发生与EBV的感染有明显的相关性。     

根据WHO淋巴造血系统肿瘤新分类对山西省淋巴瘤分布特点的分析

目的根据WHO淋巴造血系统肿瘤新分类标准、分析山西省恶性淋巴瘤的分布特点。方法重新阅读HE切片,选用免疫组织化学ABC法标记间变性淋巴瘤激酶（ALK）1、bcl-6、CD（1α、3、4、5、7、8、10,15、20、23、30、43、56、68、79α和99）、细胞周期蛋白（cyclin）D1、上皮膜抗原（EMA）、IgD,k,λ、潜伏膜抗原（LMP）1、PAX5、末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶（TdT）和Vs38C;原位杂交方法标记EBER RNA。按照WHO淋巴造血系统肿瘤新分类标准,对山西省肿瘤医院存档的447例淋巴瘤组织标本重新分类。结果447例淋巴瘤中,385例（86．1％）为非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）,62例（13．9％）为霍奇金淋巴瘤（HL）。68．3％NHL为B细胞来源,30．6％为T和NK细胞来源,组织细胞来源的肿瘤仅占3例（0．8％）。弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）为最常见的类型（35．1％）,其他依次为外周T细胞淋巴瘤、非特殊型（PTun,12．0％）、黏膜相关淋巴组织结外边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤（MALT淋巴瘤,11．7％）,滤泡性淋巴瘤（FL,8．6％）,前体淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤（T-LBL,7．0％）,间变性大细胞淋巴瘤（ALCL,4．2％）,小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤（B-SLL,3．6％）和套细胞淋巴瘤（MCL,2．6％）。263例B细胞淋巴瘤105例（39．9％）表达免疫球蛋白轻链,包括52例K和53例λ。263例B细胞淋巴瘤14例表达LMP-1,14例表达EBER;119例T和NK细胞淋巴瘤6例表达LMP-1,19例表达EBER,NHL中LMP-1和EBER表达具有不一致性。62例HL37例（59．7％）一致表达LMP-1和EBER RNA,包括7例富于淋巴细胞型HL、11例混合细胞型HL和19例结节硬化型HL。结论所搜集到的山西省DLBCL的比率类似于美国、澳大利亚、日本和韩国,FL的比率明显低于美国和澳大利亚。     

EBV潜伏基因产物在恶性淋巴瘤组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨EBV潜伏基因产物在恶性淋巴瘤组织中的表达及意义。方法：用免疫组化方法对565例NHL、64例HL人体标本进行LMP－1、EBNA2对比检测并选择101例NHL进行PCR检测。结果：EBV－PCR检出率（19．8％）高于LMP－1（14．9％）,PCR阴性病例LMP－1全部为阴性,EBNA2在全部病例均为阴性,在NHL,LMP－1阳性细胞主要是免疫母细胞样细胞、R－S样细胞和R－S细胞,LMP－1阳性的R－S样细胞我数表达活化分子CD30。肠道原发恶性淋巴瘤EBV检出率较高（23．1％）。T淋巴瘤EBV检出率（23．8％）高于B淋瘤（10．2％）。结论：EBV潜伏基因产物表达情况能够反映出宿主细胞的分化程度和（或）宿主的免疫监视作用。EVB在R－S样细胞形成可能起作用。EBV感染与肠道恶性淋巴瘤的发病有关。     

广西口腔颌面颈部原发性淋巴瘤 EBV感染及其临床病理特征分析

目的：探讨广西地区EBV感染与恶性淋巴瘤病理类型及发病的相关性。方法采用原位杂交技术检测81例口腔颌面颈部淋巴瘤的肿瘤组织中EBV编码的RNA(EBER),并分析其临床病理特征。结果(1)EBER总阳性率为44．4%,霍奇金淋巴瘤占检出率的40%,非霍奇金淋巴瘤占检出率的45．1%,不同细胞来源的非霍奇金淋巴瘤依次占检出率的75%( T细胞淋巴瘤)、87．5%( NK/T细胞淋巴瘤)、2．9%( B细胞淋巴瘤),T细胞、NK/T细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤EBER阳性率比B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤高,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。(2)淋巴结内、外淋巴瘤EBER阳性率分别为17．9%、58．5%,二者比较差异有显著性(P<0．05)。(3)50岁以上淋巴瘤患者EBER检出率(36．2%)低于50岁以下患者检出率(55．9%),差异无显著性(P>0．05)。结论广西地区口腔颌面颈部淋巴瘤与EBV感染相关,其中以发生在淋巴结外弥散淋巴组织的NK/T细胞淋巴瘤最为显著。     

B细胞淋巴瘤与EB病毒关系的观察

为了了解我国非免疫缺陷相关B淋巴瘤是否与EBV有关，我们采用EBVencodedsmallRNA（EBER－1）原位杂交对127例非免疫缺陷相关B淋巴瘤进行了研究。结果显示，其中8例瘤细胞核内有EBER－1的表达（中心母细胞型4例；淋巴浆细胞样型、浆细胞型、免疫母细胞型和不能分型的高度恶性B细胞淋巴瘤各1例），检出率为6．3％。这一结果与欧美的情况一致（5％左右）．但明显低于我国何杰金病（82％）及T淋巴细胞（62％）的检出率，因此提示EBV在非免疫缺陷B淋巴瘤发病中的作用是有限的，主要致病因素还有待进一步研究。     

EBER原位杂交检测中手工与BenchMark ULTRA自动化染色差异

正与EBV感染相关的疾病有鼻咽癌、NK/T细胞淋巴瘤、EBV相关性胃癌、淋巴上皮瘤样癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤等。原位杂交是检测组织EBV感染的金标准,与PCR和免疫组化相比,原位杂交具有高度灵敏性和特异性,组织定位明确。目前最常用的EBER原位杂交试剂分别有适用于手工和全自动免疫组化染色仪两种类型的试剂盒。本实验使用北京中杉金桥公司的手工检测试剂盒和罗氏EBER全自动检测试剂盒同时对淋巴瘤、EBV相关性胃癌、     

鼻及咽部非霍奇金淋巴瘤158例临床特点及其与EB病毒感染的关系

目的探讨鼻及咽部原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的临床特点、免疫表型及其与EB病毒感染的关系。方法对158例鼻及咽部原发性NHL进行了HE和免疫组织化学SP法（CD3、CD20、CD56、CD57）检查,按WHO2001年《造血和淋巴组织肿瘤的病理学和遗传学》标准进行分类;并对其中99例进行了EBER-1原位杂交的检测。结果158例鼻及咽部原发性NHL中,原发于鼻腔84例（53．2％）,扁桃体39例（24．7％）,咽部35例（22．1％）。结外鼻型NK／T细胞淋巴瘤101例（63．9％）、非特异性外周T细胞淋巴瘤23例（14．6％）,B细胞淋巴瘤34例（21．5％）。99例EBER-1原位杂交结果显示阳性率：结外鼻型NK／T细胞淋巴瘤为98．6％（70／71）,而非特异性外周T细胞淋巴瘤为66．7％（8／12）,B细胞淋巴瘤为43．8％（7／16）。结论鼻及咽部NHL中结外鼻型NK／T细胞淋巴瘤最为多见,与EB病毒密切相关,其病理诊断需结合其免疫表型特征及肿瘤部位。     

非霍奇金淋巴瘤中McM7、p53和Ki-67的表达

目的 探讨McM7、p53和Ki-67在非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）中表达的意义及相互关系。方法 应用组织芯片和免疫组化S-P法检测McM7、p53和Ki-67在9例反应性增生淋巴结、175例NHL组织中的表达。结果 NHL各组中McM7标记指数（1abelling index,LI）均高于Ki-67 LI;惰性组中McM7 LI和Ki-67 LI低于侵袭性组和高度侵袭性组,差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。NHL中p53表达的阳性率为23．4％,p53在惰性组、侵袭性组及高度侵袭性组之间的表达差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。Ki-67、p53和McM7三者在NHL中的表达呈平行关系（P＜0．01）。结论 McM7是反映细胞增殖的良好指标,作用优于Ki-67,其表达指数与NHL的组织分型、细胞增殖及恶性程度有关。p53基因突变在大多数NHL的发生、发展中可能并不是一个主要的分子事件。     

霍奇金淋巴瘤EB病毒感染和p53蛋白表达的关系

目的 :探讨EB病毒在霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL)潜伏感染和 p5 3蛋白表达的关系。 方法 :应用EBER 1寡核苷酸探针以原位杂交 (ISH)方法检测 72例HL组织中的EBER ;用免疫组化方法检测 p5 3蛋白表达。 结果 :发现HL中R S细胞EBER 1和p5 3蛋白的阳性率分别为 5 3 2 0 %和 47 2 2 %。HL中EBER 1检出率明显高于淋巴结反应性增生组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,同时HL中的R S细胞含有EBV潜伏感染期中高拷贝 (RNA ,EBER 1)含量丰富 ,阳性信号在核仁蛋白膜表达。检测HL淋巴细胞衰减型 p5 3的阳性率较高。结论 :HL发生可能与EB病毒潜伏感染有关。EB病毒、p5 3之间可能存在内在联系并相互影响 ,p5 3蛋白阳性者预后不良。     

脾脏非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床病理特征及其与免疫表型的关系

目的 探讨脾脏非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的临床病理特征及其与瘤细胞属性的关系。方法 复习19例NHL的临床病理资料、进行随访、并用SP法行CD45RO、CD20及髓过氧化物酶等免疫组织化学染色,对CD45RO阳性的病例加作CD8、CD56、TLA-1、CD68免疫表型检测和EBER原位杂交。结果 （1）19例均有脾脏肿大,其中52.6%(10/19)有脾脏占位病变,（2）73.7%(14/19)为B细胞性,滤泡型5例,经济危弥漫型9例;中心母细胞性8例,中心母细胞/中心细胞性3例,小细胞性4例,10例原发脾脏NHL均为B细胞性;（3）26.3%(5/19)为外周T细胞性,大细胞性4例,小细胞性1例;TLA-1阳性3例,其中CD8阳性和CD56阳性各1例,且均为EBNER1/2阳性,余1例为CD8、CD56、EBER均阴性;均为继发脾脏NHL;（4）73.7%(14/19)有随访,9例生存者中有8例为原发脾脏NHL,生存时间为8个月-10年不等;5例死亡病例均为继发脾脏NHL,生存时间为2-6个月不等。结论 脾脏NHL的临床病理表现与瘤细胞的属性有一定关系。原发脾脏NHL的预后明显优于继发脾脏NHL,对原发脾脏NHL的诊断应从严把握。     

Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3p,8p,9p and 17p in the progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

Previous molecular genetic studies of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)have shown certain chromosomal regions with recurring alterations. But studies of sequential molecular alterations and genetic progression model of laryngeal SCC have not been clearly defined. To identify the chromosomal alterations associated with the carcinogenesis of laryngeal SCC, we analyzed genomic DNA from microdissected squamous metaplasia, squamous dysplasia, invasive SCC, and metastatic carcinoma samples from 22 laryngeal SCC patients for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at microsatellite loci. Ten microsatellite markers on chromosome 3p, 8p, 9p, and 17p were used. LOH at 9p21 was observed in the all stages including squamous metaplasia, squamous dysplasia, invasive SCC and metastatic carcinoma. LOH at 17p13.1, 3p25 and 3p14.2 was observed from the squamous dysplasia, invasive SCC and metastatic carcinoma. LOH at 8p21.3-p22 was observed mainly from the invasive SCC and metastatic carcinoma. The results suggest that 9p21 in the early event, 17p13.1, 3p25 and 3p14.2 in the intermediate event and 8p21.3- p22 in the late event may be involved in the laryngeal carcinogenesis.     

IL-12: the role of p40 versus p75

Interleukin (IL)-12p75 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the product of two different genes that specify p35 and p40 subunits. The prevailing view is that IL-12 acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses and skews T-cell reactivity toward a TH1 cytokine pattern. Though the terms IL-12 and IL-12p40 are often used interchangeably, and measurements of the p40 chain are often interpreted as measurements of the intact p75 heterodimer, such interchangeable usage may be incorrect. In the following discussion, I will delineate an alternative hypothesis for the roles of the p40 and p75 proteins, suggesting specifically, that: (1) in vivo, secretion of free p40 precedes that of p75 in response to pathogens; (2) induction of p40 is a T-independent response by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to early host-pathogen interactions; and (3) IL-12p75 is a late product, whose induction requires T-dependent signals. It is made as a result, rather than as a cause, of TH1 differentiation. Thus, it is the p40 protein, either alone or paired with other polypeptides, rather than p75, that acts as an interface between the innate and adaptive immune responses.     

原发胃癌中p16和p15基因表达及甲基化异常

为检测胃癌组织中抑癌基因p16,p15及其启动子区甲基化状态和P16、P15蛋白表达情况。选择p16、p15基因及启动子区域，用PCR－SSCP、MSP（甲基化特异的PCR）和测序法对100例胃癌患者的癌组织、癌旁正常组织和5例正常组织进行检测，同时用免疫组化法检测了癌组织和正常对照组织的P16和P15的表达。结果发现癌组织p16和p15基因启动子区甲基化率显著高于癌旁正常组织和正常对照；胃癌组织中，71％的病例P16表达阴性，54％的病例具有p16基因启动子区的高甲基化，无突变和纯合缺失检出；11％的病例P15表达阴性，9％的病例具有p15基因启动子区的高甲基化，p15异常与低分化胃癌有关，p15基因内含子1和外显子1内各发现1例DNA序列改变；癌组织中p16和p15基因启动子区甲基化与其蛋白表达密切相关。结果显示p16基因启动子区域高甲基化是胃癌中p16基因失活的关键因素之一，并在胃癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用；p15基因启动子区域高甲基化在胃癌中起一定作用。     

The role of the p33:p33/p92 interaction domain in RNA replication and intracellular localization of p33 and p92 proteins of Cucumber necrosis tombusvirus

Replication of plus-stranded RNA viruses is performed by the viral replicase complex, which, together with the viral RNA, must be targeted to intracellular membranes, where replication takes place in membraneous vesicles/spherules. Tombusviruses code for two overlapping replication proteins, the p33 auxiliary protein and the p92 polymerase. Using replication-competent fluorescent protein-tagged p33 of Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV), we determined that two domains affected p33 targeting to peroxisomal membranes in yeast: an N-proximal hydrophobic trans-membrane sequence and the C-proximal p33:p33/p92 interaction domain. On the contrary, only the deletion of the p33:p33/p92 interaction domain, but not the trans-membrane sequence, altered the intracellular targeting of p92 protein in the presence of wt p33 and DI-72(+) RNA. Moreover, unlike p33, p92 lacking the trans-membrane sequence was still functional in supporting the replication of a replicon RNA in yeast, whereas the p33:p33/p92 interaction domain in both p33 and p92 was essential for replication. In addition, p33 was also shown to facilitate the recruitment of the viral RNA to peroxisomal membranes and that p33 is colocalized with (+) and (-)-stranded viral RNAs. Also, FRET and pull-down analyses confirmed that p33 interacts with other p33 molecules in yeast cells. Based on these data, we propose that p33 facilitates the formation of multimolecular complexes, including p33, p92, viral RNA, and unidentified host factors, which are then targeted to the peroxisomal membranes, the sites of CNV replication.     

Generation of p53 Suppressor Peptide From the Fragment of p53 Protein

The p53 protein, encoded by a tumor suppressor gene, mediates growth arrest or apoptosis in response to a variety of stresses. p53-dependent apoptosis, occurring in several sensitive tissues after radiation or chemotherapy, is partially responsible for the side effects of cancer treatment, making p53 a potential target for therapeutic suppression. p53 function can be suppressed by the ectopic expression of p53-derived peptides, isolated earlier using functional selection of genetic suppressor elements (GSEs) from a library of randomly fragmented p53 cDNA (Ossovskaya et al. [1996]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 10309). The potent p53-suppressing GSE, GSE56, had been used to generate in an E. coli expression system a peptide with anti-p53 activity by fusion of the GSE-encoded sequence with penetratin, a 16-amino-acid-long peptide capable of efficient translocation through cell membranes. Fusion with penetratin does not affect the anti-p53 activity of retrovirus-transduced GSE56. The fused peptide was able to attenuate p53-mediated transactivation and apoptosis when added into culture media. Interestingly, GSE56-derived peptide with no penetratin also had accumulated in the cells and showed similar, though lower, anti-p53 activity. This study provides the rationale and methodological basis for efficient generation of biologically active peptides with therapeutic potential from GSEs isolated through functional selection.     

Molecular cytogenetic characterisation of the first familial case of partial 9p duplication (p22p24).

We report on a father and daughter with a partial 9p duplication, dup(9)(p22p24). Their phenotype, albeit mild, is characteristic of partial trisomy 9p. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used to characterise further and confirm the G banding finding. This is the first reported instance of trisomy 9p occurring in two successive generations. The duplicated segment in these two patients is among the smallest segments reported. Comparison of our two patients and 144 reported patients with trisomy 9p (partial or complete trisomy) suggests that the 9p22 region may be responsible for the observed phenotype in 9p duplication cases.     

p16 and p27 are functionally correlated during the progress of hepatocarcinogenesis

The molecular mechanism of the cell-cycle machinery in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been fully elucidated. Among the various types of cell-cycle regulators, p16 and p27 are now considered to be potent tumor suppressors. p16 is a G1-specific cell-cycle inhibitor that prevents the association of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6 with cyclin D₁. Many studies have reported that p16 is inactivated not only in aggressive types of HCC but also in preneoplastic liver cirrhosis. In many cases of HCC, p16 is mainly inactivated by extensive CpG methylation, suggesting that epigenetic changes in the p16 gene may be important events during hepatocarcinogenesis. p27, an inhibitor of CDK2, is presently regarded as a potent adverse prognostic factor in many aggressive cancers. It should be noted that some cases of HCC show increased cell proliferation despite the expression of considerable amounts of p27. In these cases, p27 is inactivated by sequestration into cyclin D₁–CDK4-containing complexes. Although the reason for the compositional changes in the p27-containing complexes is unclear, our experimental results indicate that loss of p16 following DNA methylation is closely related to the functional inactivation of p27 in HCC. We suggest that assessment of the p16 status may be useful for a precise prognostic prediction for individuals with HCCs expressing high levels of p27.     

p53-independent functions of the p19(ARF) tumor suppressor

The p19(ARF) tumor suppressor antagonizes Mdm2 to induce p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Individual TKO (triple knock out) mice nullizygous for ARF, p53, and Mdm2 develop multiple tumors at a frequency greater than those observed in animals lacking both p53 and Mdm2 or p53 alone, demonstrating that p19(ARF) can act independently of the Mdm2-p53 axis in tumor surveillance. Reintroduction of ARF into TKO mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), but not into those lacking both p53 and ARF, arrested the cell division cycle in the G1 phase. Inhibition of the retinoblastoma protein had no effect on the ability of ARF to arrest TKO MEFs. Thus, in the absence of Mdm2, p19(ARF) interacts with other targets to inhibit cell proliferation.