The role of nitric oxide in reflux nephropathy

Reflux nephropathy (RN) is recognized as a major cause of end-stage renal failure in children and young adults. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) exacerbates and enhanced production ameliorates tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) in experimental obstructive uropathy. NO is synthesised by NO synthase (NOS), three distinct isoforms of which have been identified: inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and neuronal (nNOS). It has been reported that iNOS induces immunologic injury to glomerular cells and enhances accumulation of extracellular matrix in the glomerulus and tubulointerstitial space. Furthermore, it has been suggested that nNOS and eNOS have beneficial effects in ameliorating TIF. We investigated the expression of different isoforms of NOS in severe refluxing kidneys in order to further understand the pathogenesis of RN in kidney specimens from nine children with severe RN obtained at nephrectomy. Control material included normal kidney specimens from three adult patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for small kidney tumours. Histochemistry for NO was performed using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase. Single-label immunofluorescence histochemistry was carried out using polyclonal antibodies to nNOS, iNOS, eNOS, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 employing laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The TUNEL method was used to assess tubular apoptosis. Strong NADPH staining was observed in the proximal tubules of RN kidneys compared to controls, where there was weak staining. Control kidneys demonstrated weak immunoreactivity for iNOS in the proximal tubules and a lack of immunoreactivity for nNOS and eNOS. RN kidneys demonstrated strong immunoreactivity for nNOS in the tubulointerstitial space, for eNOS in the glomerulus, and for iNOS in the glomerulus and proximal tubules. Strong immunoreactivity for TGF beta 1 was seen in the glomerulus and proximal tubules identical to iNOS. Increased immunoreactivity for iNOS and TGF-beta 1 strongly correlated with the severity of apoptosis in RN. Our data demonstrate that NO derived from nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS is strongly expressed in RN. The selective shunting of NO via iNOS may induce renal fibrosis in RN. The upregulation of nNOS and eNOS in RN appears to be a compensatory mechanism of ameliorating TIF.     

Insulin-like growth factor-1 expression in reflux nephropathy

Background Reflux nephropathy (RN) is recognised as a major cause of end-stage renal failure in children and young adults. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a peptide growth factor produced by collecting ducts, and its receptor, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), are present in the glomeruli and basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubular cells. Exogenous IGF-1 has been shown to enhance proliferation and reduce apoptosis of tubular cells following renal injury.Methods We designed this study to investigate the expression of IGF-1 in RN. The kidney specimens from 15 children with RN were obtained at the time of nephrectomy. Control material included normal kidney specimens obtained from adult patients during partial nephrectomy for an incidentaloma. Single-label immunofluorescence histochemistry was carried out using polyclonal antibodies to IGF-1 and IGF-1R employing laser scanning confocal microscopy. Double-label immunofluorescence histochemistry was carried out using monoclonal antibodies to vimentin and clusterin to assess tubulointerstitial fibrosis. IGF-1 and IGF-1R gene expression were evaluated by in situ hybridisation (ISH). The TUNEL method was utilised to assess tubular apoptosis.Results In the normal kidney there was strong IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivity in the proximal tubules, whereas IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivity was markedly reduced in RN specimens. Strong IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA expression was observed in the proximal tubules in normal kidneys, whereas IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA expression was undetectable in RN. Renal tubulointerstitial expression of vimentin and clusterin was markedly increased in RN kidneys. Decreased IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression in RN strongly correlated with severity of tubular apoptosis in RN compared with controls.Conclusion These data suggest that the downregulation of IGF-1 and IGF-1R may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RN, at least in part by increasing interstitial collagen deposition and tubular apoptosis.     

Immunocytochemical Studies of the Distribution of Alpha and PI Isoforms of Glutathione S-Transferase in Cystic Renal Diseases

We describe immunohistochemical studies of the expression of alpha and pi class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in normal fetal kidneys. These define, in greater detail, changes in expression of alpha isoforms in the proximal tubule. At about 36 weeks of gestation expression of alpha isoforms was down-regulated in the distal tubules and collecting ducts while pi was expressed throughout the nephron. Tubular expression of alpha isoforms was restricted to the part adjacent to the glomerulus; cells farthest from the glomerulus were negative. After 40 weeks of gestation, alpha isoforms were expressed along the entire proximal tubule, while pi was restricted to the distal tubule and collecting ducts. GST expression was also studied in multicystic renal dysplasia, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease to determine whether the patterns of expression of alpha and pi isoforms allow identification of the origin of the cysts that characterize these diseases. Cysts were lined by epithelia that were strongly positive for alpha and pi isoforms. The epithelia of noncystic nephrons in renal cystic dysplasia demonstrated delayed maturity, suggesting that GST expression was dependent on the stage of development and not length of gestation.     

Longitudinal study of histocompatibility antigen expression in renal transplants followed for 10 years

Using monoclonal antibodies against class I and class II (DR antigen) major histocompatibility complex antigens, 65 renal transplant biopsies from 21 recipients whose renal transplants survived ten years or more were studied. Seven biopsies were performed while acute rejection of the renal transplant was under way. The other biopsies were carried out on a routine basis, 6 months (10 biopsies), 2 years (15 biopsies), 4 years (12 biopsies), and 10 years (21 biopsies) after transplantation. Semiquantitative evaluation of fibrous tubulointerstitial lesions was carried out on the biopsies taken after ten years. During episodes of acute rejection, strong expression of class I and class II HLA molecules by transplant tubule epithelial cells was found. When there was no acute rejection, tubule expression of class I and class II HLA molecules was more common in earlier biopsies as compared with later biopsies. In the long-term, persistence of DR antigen in tubule epithelium was associated with increased severity of fibrous tubulointerstitial lesions. A last remarkable finding in some patients was loss of expression of class I antigens in tubule cells from transplants with the longest survivals.     

百令胶囊对肾小管间质纤维化大鼠肾小管上皮-间质转分化的干预作用

目的探讨百令胶囊对小管间质纤维化大鼠小管上皮-间质转分化的干预作用。方法利用腺嘌呤诱导建立肾小管间质纤维化大鼠模型,实验SD大鼠随机分为模型组、干预组、对照组各30只,分别于实验第7周、12周、17周收获动物各10只,进行功能学和肾脏组织病理学检测和观察。利用免疫组织化学对骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(-αSMA)在肾小管间质纤维化大鼠中的表达变化进行动态观察及百令胶囊的干预影响。结果实验第7周模型组大鼠即表现出大量蛋白尿、小管损伤、间质的轻度纤维化和炎症细胞浸润(P<0.01);随病程进展,上述病变呈进行性加重(P<0.01)。百令胶囊干预组动物在实验第7周、12周功能学组织学的改善同实验组相比有明显差异(P<0.01),17周后二者无显著差异。免疫组织化学显示百令胶囊12周前能显著上调BMP-7的表达和降低-αSMA和TGF-β1在肾脏小管间质中的表达(P<0.01),12周后这种变化无差异。结论百令胶囊在发病早期通过有效干预上皮-间质转分化达到改善肾脏纤维化的作用,随着肾小管间质纤维化程度的加重,百令胶囊逐渐失去其阻断作用。     

成纤维细胞生长因子受体4在人发育肾和病理肾中的表达

目的：观察成纤维细胞生长因子受体4(Fibroblast growth factor receptor4, FGFR4) 在人发育肾组织和儿童常见肾脏疾病中的表达,研究成纤维细胞生长因子（Fibroblast growth factor, FGF）及其受体(FGFR4)在人发育肾和病理肾中的作用,为肾脏病理发生机制研究提供新思路。方法：采用免疫组化法分析FGFR4在18例8~34周龄胎儿肾组织和82例儿科常见肾脏疾病,包括原发性肾病综合征、急性肾炎、紫癜性肾炎、单纯性血尿的表达,并作与肾脏病理积分的相关性分析。结果：①肾发生带内FGFR4表达微弱,肾囊泡和S 型小体的上支和中间支,即原始肾小管上皮细胞部位有微弱表达,间充质、压缩间充质细胞未见表达,输尿管芽及其末端壶腹和C-期足细胞表达不明显。M-期肾小球和近端小管无阳性细胞染色,远端小管和集合管表达较为明显。②所有病理切片均存在FGFR4不同程度阳性的表达,较正常对照组明显增加,其中肾小球区表达微弱,主要在足细胞部位;肾小管区表达较为强烈,主要部位在远端小管,表达密集部位的小管结构明显异常,表现为细胞萎缩、管腔扩大,尤其部分近端小管更为明显。③原发性肾病综合征与其他3种肾脏疾病的各部位FGFR4表达均未见明显差异(P>0.05)。肾近端小管和远端小管各病理类型间FGFR4表达差异无显著性,足细胞FGFR4表达在紫癜性肾炎组明显高于其他各病理类型组( P<0.05)。④相关性分析发现,近端小管FGFR4表达与肾小管病理积分呈正相关,其他各部位表达均与病理积分呈负相关（均P<0.05）。结论：FGF-FGFR4对早期肾单位的形成可能不起关键作用,而是与其后期较成熟阶段肾小管和集合管发育的调控有关。FGFR4可能参与儿童原发性肾病综合征、急性肾炎、紫癜性肾炎、单纯性血尿的病理发生,表达程度增多与肾脏病理损害有一定关系,表达适度增多有利于足细胞和肾小管损伤修复,过表达则可能加重病理损害。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（2）：133-138］     

Labeled Lectin Studies of Renal Tubular Dysgenesis and Renal Tubular Atrophy of Postnatal Renal Ischemia and end-Stage Kidney Disease

Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD), with hypoplasia especially of renal proximal convoluted tubules and clinical neonatal anuria or oliguria, has been reported as a congenital familial (autosomal recessive) disease, variably with features of oligohydramnios, Potter syndrome, or pulmonary hypoplasia. A similar tubular lesion due to antenatal tubular atrophy has been reported for conjoined twins with twin-twin transfusion syndrome or acardia and in infants of mothers given antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, during pregnancy, and it has been seen as a unilateral lesion in young infants with renal artery stenosis due to arteritis or medial arterial calcinosis. The renal tubular changes in RTD are very like those of the “endocrine kidney” in experimental animals and resemble those of the renal tubular atrophy of end-stage kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial kidney disease, obstructive uropathy/pyelonephritis, graft rejection of transplanted kidneys, or the renal parenchymal changes seen with protracted dialysis therapy. Labeled lectins that differentially mark proximal convoluted, distal convoluted and connecting, and collecting tubules showed no distinctive differences in stainingpatterns of the hypoplastic renal tubules of infants and children with RTD, postnatal renal artery obstruction, or the various types of end-stage renal disease with the lectins used (PNA, GSL1, UEA, and LTA). The findings suggest that the renal tubular changes in some if not all the conditions studied are the result of renal ischemia. The reported familial RTD with hypernephronic nephromegaly may be a specific disorder, but other forms could reflect renal ischemia acquired in utero or in early or later postnatal life.     

Microdissection demonstration of the lesion of the endocrine kidney in children

Microdissection of nephrons of kidneys of children showing advanced ischemic tubular atrophy, and removed for control of hypertension, demonstrates marked proximal convoluted tubular atrophy, with formation of multiple small proximal tubular diverticula. These diverticula presumably contribute to the microscopic appearance of large numbers of small tubules lined by low epithelial cells with pale or clear cytoplasm, adjacent to glomeruli in the cortices of kidneys showing ischemic tubular atrophy (endocrine kidney). Segmentation of such atrophic tubules leads to formation of blind segments (microcysts), as demonstrated in this study and by Oliver. The distinctive microscopic appearance of the endocrine kidney, a not infrequent finding in kidneys of children with chronic renal insufficiency who require nephrectomy for control of hypertension, has not hitherto been emphasized in the literature on pediatric renal disease.     

MMP-2、MMP-9及其抑制剂TIMP-2、TIMP-1与肾脏疾病

肾脏细胞外基质(ECM)合成与降解失衡及其组织重塑导致的ECM积聚,是各种肾脏疾病发展至肾间质纤维化与肾小球硬化乃至终末期肾衰的共同病理表现.基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)是肾脏ECM降解的关键酶,金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP)-2、-1分别为MMP-2、MMP-9内源性抑制剂.在不同类型的肾脏疾病或同一疾病的不同病理发...     

Microdissection Demonstration of the Lesion of the Endocrine Kidney in Children

Microdissection of nephrons of kidneys of children showing advanced ischemic tubular atrophy, and removed for control of hypertension, demonstrates marked proximal convoluted tubular atrophy, with formation of multiple small proximal tubular diverticula. These diverticula presumably contribute to the microscopic appearance of large numbers of small tubules lined by low epithelial cells with pale or clear cytoplasm, adjacent to glomeruli in the cortices of kidneys showing ischemic tubular atrophy (endocrine kidney). Segmentation of such atrophic tubules leads to formation of blind segments (microcysts), as demonstrated in this study and by Oliver.⁸ The distinctive microscopic appearance of the endocrine kidney, a not infrequent finding in kidneys of children with chronic renal insufficiency who require nephrectomy for control of hypertension, has not hitherto been emphasized in the literature on pediatric renal disease.     

Effects of maternal subtotal nephrectomy on the development of the fetal kidney: A morphometric study

The present study was designed to explore if maternal subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy affects the development of fetal rat kidneys using morphometric methods and examining whether there are any apoptotic changes in the fetal kidney. To generate 5/6 nephrectomized model rats, animals underwent 2/3 left nephrectomy on gestation day (GD) 5 and total right nephrectomy on GD 12. The fetal kidneys were examined on GDs 16 and 22. A significant decrease in fetal body weight resulting from maternal 5/6 nephrectomy was observed on GD 16, and a significant decrease in fetal renal weight and fetal body weight caused by maternal nephrectomy was observed on GD 22. Maternal 5/6 nephrectomy induced a significant increase in glomerular number, proximal tubular length, and total proximal tubular volume of fetuses on GD 22. Maternal 5/6 nephrectomy resulted in an increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the metanephric mesenchyme of the kidney on GD 16, and in the collecting tubules on GD 22. These findings suggest that maternal 5/6 nephrectomy stimulates the development of the fetal kidney while suppressing fetal growth.     

蛋白尿负荷幼鼠肾组织核转录因子κB、致纤维化因子及纤维连接蛋白核酸表达的研究

目的探讨幼年大鼠持续蛋白尿致肾损伤的不同时间点肾组织NF-κB亚单位P65/Rel-A及凝血酶敏感蛋白(TSP-1)、转化生长因子(TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)和纤维连接蛋白(FN)mRNA动态表达的趋势。方法3周龄幼年W istar雌性大鼠80只,分为BSA组(40只)和对照组(40只),采用BSA诱导制备蛋白负荷肾病模型;考马斯亮蓝比色测大鼠尿蛋白;HE染色评价肾组织常病理变化;原位杂交检测P65/Rel-A、TSP-1、TGF-β1及CTGF mRNA表达;Northern b lot检测FNmRNA表达。SPSS10对实验数据进行统计学处理。结果(1)BSA组大鼠至3~4周蛋白尿达大量蛋白尿程度,肾间质炎症细胞浸润,肾小管蛋白管型形成,间质水肿,间质区加宽。(2)BSA组各级肾小管上皮细胞P65/Rel-A mRNA于细胞核的表达强度趋于增加,第1、2、3、4周半定量积分分别为:2.33±0.20、2.76±0.12、2.96±0.19、3.76±0.18(F=37.34,P<0.01)。(3)BSA组TSP-1 mRNA表达第1、2、3、4周半定量积分分别为:2.60±0.28、3.39±0.41、2.77±0.08、2.71±0.13,于第2周时达高峰(F=11.14,P<0.01)。(4)伴随蛋白尿的加重,BSA组TGF-β1及CTGF的mRNA于各级肾小管上皮细胞表达趋势进行性增强,与对照组比较及自身各时间点比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(5)Northern b lot结果提示,BSA组FN mRNA于第2周明显上调,至第4周是对照组的3.6倍,是第1周的2.7倍,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论大量持续蛋白尿过程中肾组织NF-κB信号途径活化,TSP-1、TGF-β1、CTGF的异常表达,肾间质FN的合成和异常集聚,可能是促进肾间质进一步损伤的机制之一。     

Ontogeny of Na+/H+ antiporter activity in rat proximal convoluted tubules

Neonates have a lower serum bicarbonate level than adults, which is caused by a lower renal threshold for bicarbonate. Eighty percent of bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule, in which proton secretion is predominantly mediated by a luminal Na+/H+ antiporter. Previous studies have demonstrated that there is a maturational increase in apical membrane rabbit proximal convoluted tubule Na+/H+ antiporter activity. However, in rat brush border membrane vesicles, Na+/H+ activity was higher in neonates than that in adult rats. To examine the maturation of Na+/H+ antiporter activity in rat proximal convoluted tubules, we perfused rat proximal convoluted tubules in vitro. Na+/H+ antiporter activity was assayed as the proton secretory rate on luminal sodium removal. Na+/H+ antiporter activity was 121.2 +/- 18.4 pmol/mm x min in neonatal and 451.8 +/- 40.6 pmol/mm x min in adult proximal convoluted tubules (p < 0.001). We next examined whether the increase in Na+/H+ antiporter activity was associated with changes in renal cortical NHE3 mRNA and brush border membrane NHE3 protein abundance. Adult renal cortical NHE3 mRNA abundance was 10-fold greater than that in 1-d-old neonates (p < 0.001). There was a comparable developmental increase in renal brush border membrane vesicle NHE3 protein abundance (p < 0.001). In summary, this study demonstrates that there is a maturational increase in rat apical membrane Na+/H+ antiporter activity, renal cortical NHE3 mRNA, and brush border membrane vesicle NHE3 protein abundance.     

Developmental Pattern of Thy-1 Immunoreactivity in the Human Kidney and the Application to Pediatric Renal Neoplasms

The localization of Thy-1, a surface membrane lipoglycoprotein, was investigated using a monoclonal antibody specific for human Thy-1 (HB-2S-1). The localization of Thy-1 during development was established in a series of five fetal, three childhood, and two adult normal kidneys. In this series, Thy-1 immunolocalization progressed from mesangial and endothelial cell staining in the 16- to 17-week fetuses to similar staining along with staining of the parietal epithelium of the capsule and proximal tubule staining in the 20- to 24-week fetuses. Glomerular mesangial cell and endothelial cell staining was absent by 9 months postnatally when the adult pattern of staining was apparent. The localization of Thy-1 during development was also compared with a series of pediatric renal tumors including 14 Wilms' tumors, 3 congenital mesoblastic nephromas, 1 clear cell sarcoma, and 1 pediatric renal cell carcinoma. Thy-1 staining was demonstrated in epithelial tubules of Wilms' tumors and in the spindle-shaped cells of congenital mesoblastic nephroma correlating with Thy-1 immunoreactivity in the kidney proximal tubule and fetal medullary stroma, respectively. Thy-1 staining was absent in the anaplastic epithelial Wilms' tumor, the renal cell carcinoma, and the clear cell sarcoma. This staining pattern fails to provide evidence that these tumors may arise from the medullary mesenchyme or the differentiated     

瞬时受体电位阳离子通道蛋白6在肾脏的表达

目的探讨瞬时受体电位阳离子通道蛋白6（TRPC6）在正常人、小鼠和大鼠肾组织及小鼠足细胞系（MPC5）的表达和分布,为研究TRPC6在肾脏的功能及其与足细胞分子间的关系奠定基础。方法1.应用免疫组织化学方法观察TRPC6在正常人、小鼠和大鼠肾组织及MPC5分布。2.通过反转录酶-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测TRPC6在小鼠肾组织和MPC5表达。3.应用免疫蛋白印迹检测TRPC6在正常人、小鼠和MPC5表达。结果1.TRPC6在正常人肾小球呈弱表达,在肾小管和肾血管表达较强,在小鼠和大鼠主要沿肾小球毛细血管袢和系膜区分布,肾间质也有少许表达。TRPC6在MPC5的荧光染色为阳性,在分化态细胞主要分布于胞膜表面。2.在小鼠肾组织及MPC5均检测到特异性TRPC6的PCR产物条带。3.在正常人、小鼠肾组织及MPC5均检测到特异性的相对分子质量为106的TRPC6蛋白条带。结论TRPC6在正常人、小鼠和大鼠肾小球均有表达,在mRNA及蛋白水平均证实MPC5能表达TRPC6,为从离子通道的角度利用MPC5探讨蛋白尿发生的分子机制奠定基础。     

Increased expression of fibroblast growth factors in segmental renal dysplasia

 Renal dysplasia (RD) is a disorganized development of renal parenchyma that results in a deficit of functional renal tissue. Dysplastic renal tissue is characterized by primitive tubular epithelium associated with increased mesenchyme. Several polypeptide growth factors (GF), which interact with target cells through a cell-surface membrane receptor, have been reported to be involved in the regulation of urothelial cell growth in normal and neoplastic states. Recent reports have demonstrated that basic fibroblast GF (bFGF, FGF-2) is a mitogen for renal proximal-tubule epithelial cells. Keratinocyte GF (KGF, FGF-7), which belongs to the FGF family, is believed to be a paracrine mediator of epithelial-cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoactivity of bFGF and KGF and their receptors in the dysplastic kidney in order to further understand the pathogenesis of RD. Specimens of dysplastic upper poles of duplex kidneys were surgically resected from ten patients. Age-matched control material included six kidney specimens taken at autopsy from patients without evidence of urologic disease. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using the Strept-ABC method with four antibodies: bFGF, KGF, FGF receptor (flg), and KGF receptor (bek). There was absent or weak bFGF, KGF, flg, and bek immunoreactivity in normal kidneys. In the dysplastic kidneys, there was strong immunoreactivity of bFGF and KGF and their receptors in the epithelium of primitive tubules. Increased local expression of bFGF and KGF and their receptors in primitive tubules suggests that bFGF and KGF may play an important role in the development of RD.     

Glycogen Accumulation in the Pars Recta of the Proximal Tubule in Fanconi Syndrome

We reviewed the renal pathology in 10 cases of renal Fanconi syndrome. Five cases showed the Armanni-Ebstein lesion, i.e., clear glycogen-filled cells limited to the pars recta of the proximal tubules. The 5 cases included 2 siblings with a unique syndrome characterized by death in infancy, severe Fanconi syndrome, severe rickets, carnitine deficiency, and atrophy of the exocrine pancreas. Two other siblings had glycogen storage disease type XI. One of 4 cases of putative tyrosinemia had the lesion. The ultrastructure was studied in 2 cases. The Armanni-Ebstein lesion in these cases was morphologically indistinguishable from that seen in diabetic patients dying after prolonged hyperglycemia. Glycosuria is the only common factor in both diabetic hyperglycemia and the varied proximal tubular diseases studied. The mechanism of the glycogen accumulation in this short parts recta segment of the proximal renal tubule was further investigated by reviewing the renal histology in cases of glycogen storage disease types I, II, III, and VIII None showed the Armanni-Ebstein lesion, but type I showed glycogen deposition throughout the proximal tubule. Thus, the Armanni-Ebstein lesion is not the result of an enzymatic deficiency for glycogen synthesis in the convoluted tubules.     

Glycogen accumulation in the pars recta of the proximal tubule in Fanconi syndrome

We reviewed the renal pathology in 10 cases of renal Fanconi syndrome. Five cases showed the Armanni-Ebstein lesion, i.e., clear glycogen-filled cells limited to the pars recta of the proximal tubules. The 5 cases included 2 siblings with a unique syndrome characterized by death in infancy, severe Fanconi syndrome, severe rickets, carnitine deficiency, and atrophy of the exocrine pancreas. Two other siblings had glycogen storage disease type XI. One of 4 cases of putative tyrosinemia had the lesion. The ultrastructure was studied in 2 cases. The Armanni-Ebstein lesion in these cases was morphologically indistinguishable from that seen in diabetic patients dying after prolonged hyperglycemia. Glycosuria is the only common factor in both diabetic hyperglycemia and the varied proximal tubular diseases studied. The mechanism of the glycogen accumulation in this short parts recta segment of the proximal renal tubule was further investigated by reviewing the renal histology in cases of glycogen storage disease types I, II, III, and VIII. None showed the Armanni-Ebstein lesion, but type I showed glycogen deposition throughout the proximal tubule. Thus, the Armanni-Ebstein lesion is not the result of an enzymatic deficiency for glycogen synthesis in the convoluted tubules.     

儿童C1q肾病10例临床与病理分析

目的探讨C1q肾病的临床与病理改变的关系。方法对10例经肾活检确诊为C1q肾病患儿临床表现、肾小球、肾小管及免疫病理特征进行分析比较,6例肾病综合征中环磷酰胺冲击治疗3例,环胞素、霉酚酸酯和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗各1例。结果临床表现为单纯性血尿2例,肾炎综合征、急性肾炎各1例,肾病综合征6例;病理类型为轻微病变、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎各2例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5例,新月体肾炎1例;肾小管间质1例无改变,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;免疫荧光:系膜区均有娃著的以C1q为主的沉积。10例患儿平均随访25.7个月;6例肾病综合征均对激素抵抗,加用免疫抑制剂治疗,5例缓解,1例无效,肾功能渐减退。结论C1q肾病临床病理改变多样化,临床以肾病综合征为主,病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,对激素多不敏感,预后与间质损害程度相关,与C1q沉积无相关性。