Z-5000石墨炉原子吸收光谱法快速测定农村儿童血铅

目的　建立一种简便、快速、准确的血铅测定方法 ;检测农村儿童血铅水平。方法　取全血 0 .5ml,用基体改进剂NH4H2 PO4、TritonX - 1 0 0和HNO3 进行稀释 ;用HitachiZ - 5 0 0 0石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪 ,全自动进样方法进行测定。结果　方法的测定限为 1 .4ug/L ,相对标准偏差为 1 .95 %～ 3.4 9% .。回收率为 89.99%～ 1 0 9.8% ;已用于分析 5 0 3例农村儿童血铅 ,结果满意。结论　本法为一种理想的全血铅快速测定方法     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定末梢血铅含量方法的改进

[目的]建立一种简便、快速、准确的末梢血血铅测定方法。[方法]采集末梢血100μl加稀硝酸酸化稀释,在化学改进剂磷酸氢二铵和TritonX-100作用下,经石墨炉高温原子化和氘灯背景校正,用标准加入法计算血铅值。[结果]方法的特征质量为1.9 pg/0.01,相对标准偏差为0.8%~4.4%,经国家标准物质验证,结果相符。[结论]本法为一种易为受检者接受的快速准确的微量血中铅的测定方法。     

末梢与静脉两种采血方式在儿童血铅检验中的应用分析

[目的] 探讨末梢采血与静脉采血相结合在儿童血铅检验中的应用. [方法] 对86例儿重在经过采血部位去铅处理后,应用末梢采血与静脉采血两种样本检测血铅. [结果] 两组采血方式的血铅结果存在着显著差异(P<0.05),以静脉采血方法为参考,末稍血在血铅定性检测的特异性为92.7%(76/82)、敏感性为100%(4/4)、阳性预测值为40%(4/10)、阴性预测值100%(76/76). [结论] 儿童末梢采血方法检测血铅阴性结果可作阴性诊断,而对于高血铅者则需静脉采血加以确认,采用末梢采血结合静脉采血的方式有利于儿童血铅工作的展开.     

湛江市28806例托幼机构儿童血铅水平与多动行为的关系调查

[目的]了解湛江市托幼机构各年龄段儿童血铅水平,并了解血铅水平与对多动行为的关系. [方法]自2004年1月～2007年12月对湛江市128间托幼机构每年进行体检1次,共28 806人次,体检内容包括血铅水平测定,同时对4岁以上(包括4岁)儿童进行Conners简易多动景表的测定. [结果]湛江市托幼机构儿童血铅水平均值为(68.42±37.11)μg/L,铅中毒检出率为16.71%;3岁组血铅水平均值为(68.40±36.35)μg/L,检出率为15.66%;4、5、6岁组分别为(69.08±38.44)μg/L、(68.88±37.28)μg/L、(67.36±35.67)μg/L.各年龄血铅水平经方差分析无显著性;铅中毒组儿童的多动指数明显高于非铅中毒组,差异有显著性(P<0.05). [结论]湛江市托幼机构儿童血铅水平处于全国较低水平,铅中毒儿童多动行为增多,需要引起重视.     

成都地区0～6岁儿童血铅水平变化趋势及相关危险因素分析

[目的]了解成都市0～6岁儿童血铅水平、儿童高血铅的流行情况变化趋势以及影响儿童血铅水平的因素,为采取科学防治策略提供依据.[方法]通过问卷调查了解儿童基本生活信息,抽取儿童空腹静脉血用钨舟原子吸收光谱法检测血铅水平.将2007年与2004年结果比较分析. [结果]2004年成都市0～6岁儿童血铅平均水平为63.97μg/L,高血铅检出率为12.8%;住房临街、母乳喂养、几乎每天吃膨化食品是导致儿童高血铅水平的主要危险因素(P<0.01);2007年平均水平为63.88μg/L,高血铅检出率为8.2%,代乳食品、居住临街、底楼或者平房是导致高血铅水平的危险因素(P<0.05). [结论]成都市属铅中毒中高度流行区,2007年高血铅检出率比2004年有所下降.血铅水平受居住环境、喂养方式以及饮食习惯等多种因素的影响.     

南宁市1～6岁儿童血铅水平调查

[目的]了解南宁市1～6岁儿童血铅水平现状.[方法]采用分层随机抽样方法,对南宁市1 500名1～6岁儿童进行血铅测定.[结果]血铅水平为(0.45±0.17)μmol/L;铅中毒的检出率为32.5%.[结论]南宁市1～6岁儿童血铅水平、铅中毒检出率较高,应引起高度重视.     

济南市部分2～6岁儿童血铅水平抽样调查

[目的 ]了解济南市 2～ 6岁儿童血铅水平。 [方法 ]应用BH5 10 0五通道原子吸收光谱仪对济南市市区与郊区幼儿园 2 412名 2～ 6岁儿童进行血铅测定。 [结果 ]儿童血铅几何均值为 89 9μg/L ,其中 3 5 3 %高于目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒标准 ( 10 0 μg/L) ;郊区儿童血铅水平高于市区儿童。铅中毒者所占比例有随年龄的增长而增长的趋势。[结论 ]济南市儿童血铅水平和铅中毒检出率较高 ,应引起高度重视     

硝酸-过氧化氢脱蛋白-石墨炉原子吸收法测定全血中铅

[目的]建立一种新的血铅石墨炉原子吸收快速测定法. [方法]采用含40mL/L硝酸与6mL/L过氧化氢的混合提取液,离心分离脱去全血中的蛋白,以磷酸二氢铵+硝酸镁为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接上机测定. [结果]该方法的线性范围为10～400μg/L,最低检出限为4μg/L,加标回收率为87.8％～115.3％,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.6％～8.6％. [结论]该新的血铅石墨炉原子吸收快速测定方法已成功应用于全血样品的铅测定,结果令人满意.     

儿童1490例血铅、血镉水平分析

[目的]了解门诊儿童血铅及血镉水平,为防治血铅,血镉水平过高提供参考依据.[方法]用钨舟原子吸收光谱法,对东莞市1490例门诊儿童进行血铅、血镉测定.[结果]血铅水平为(0.36±0.20)μmol/L,铅中毒的检出率为23.56%;血镉水平为(2.24±2.50)μg/L,镉中毒的检出率为6.64%.[结论]东莞市城区铅、镉污染较严重,特别是镉的污染,应引起各方的重视.     

鞍山地区0～6岁儿童血铅水平及影响因素调查

[目的]了解鞍山地区0～6岁儿童血铅水平现状及影响因素,为防治儿童铅中毒提供依据。[方法]2002年3～6月间,对鞍山地区913名儿童用石墨炉原子吸收光谱分析法,进行问卷调查和血铅水平测定。[结果]儿童血铅水平均值为145.9μg/L,高于儿童铅中毒标准(≥100μg/L)者占68.8%;儿童血铅水平存在显著的地域差异,矿山地区最高(177.5μg/L),海城最低(93.4μg/L)。儿童每日在马路上时间长,经常啃手指、吃松花蛋及爆米花,经常饮用罐头饮料等是儿童血铅水平升高的主要危险因素。[结论]目前鞍山地区儿童血铅水平较高,应引起高度关注。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.