培养基对小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7诱导分化破骨细胞的影响

目的 探讨培养基对小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7向破骨细胞分化的影响。方法 实验分为3组：高糖DMEM培养基组（DMEM组）;高糖DMEM/α-MEM培养基组（DMEM/α-MEM组）;α-MEM培养基组（α-MEM组）。按常规方法采用上述3种培养基进行破骨细胞培养,培养5 d后,采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP）染色观察各组破骨细胞的形成情况,并采用实时荧光定量PCR方法观察破骨细胞分化相关标志物NFATc-1、c-Fos和TRAF-6 mRNA的表达;培养11 d后采用甲苯胺蓝染色进行骨陷窝面积分析,观察破骨细胞骨吸收功能情况。结果 3组均可以观察到典型的TRAP+破骨细胞。与DMEM组相比,DMEM/α-MEM组、α-MEM组TRAP+破骨细胞数量明显增加（P<0.01）,但各组形态略有不同。在骨吸收功能上,与DMEM组和DMEM/α-MEM组相比,α-MEM组骨陷窝面积明显增加（P<0.01）。在破骨细胞分化相关调控因子表达上,与DMEM组相比,α-MEM组NFATc-1、c-Fos 和TRAF-6 mRNA表达显著增加（P<0.01,P<0.05）;DMEM/α-MEM组NFATc-1 mRNA表达显著增加（P<0.01）,c-Fos 和TRAF-6 mRNA表达有增加的趋势,但差异无统计学意义;α-MEM组与DMEM/α-MEM组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 高糖DMEM培养基、高糖DMEM/α-MEM培养基、α-MEM培养基均可用于小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7诱导分化破骨细胞的实验;从破骨细胞数量、状态及功能来看,α-MEM培养基更适合做为破骨细胞分化培养基。     

Resistance to transforming growth factor-beta occurs in the presence of normal Smad activation

BACKGROUND: Resistance to the growth inhibitory actions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is common in human cancers. This resistance can be a result of decreased expression of TGF-beta receptors. Downregulation of c-Myc by TGF-beta is critical for TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. In this study we hypothesized that decreased TGF-beta receptor expression leads to reduced Smad signaling and overexpression of c-Myc in intestinal epithelial (RIE) and transformed intestinal epithelial cells (RIE-Tr) cells. METHODS: RIE (TGF-beta-sensitive) and RIE-Tr (TGF-beta-resistant) cells were treated with and without fetal bovine serum and TGF-beta. Western blot analysis was performed to detect levels of c-Myc, Smad2, Smad4, and phosphorylated Smad2 in RIE and RIE-Tr cells. Smad complex formation was analyzed by immunoprecipitation-coupled Western blotting. RESULTS: c-Myc is overexpressed in RIE-Tr cells. TGF-beta-mediated downregulation of c-Myc is abrogated in RIE-Tr cells. Smad expression and activation is normal in RIE-Tr cells. We found that Smad2, Smad4, and Smad6 expression remained constant in RIE and RIE-Tr cells with or without serum or TGF-beta treatment. In addition, TGF-beta induced similar Smad2 phosphorylation and Smad complex formation in both RIE and RIE-Tr cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that Smad signaling is preserved in the face of decreased TGF-beta receptor levels. We also demonstrate that Smad signaling is not sufficient for TGF-beta-mediated c-Myc repression.     

Treatment with hydrogen molecules prevents RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation associated with inhibition of ROS formation and inactivation of MAPK,AKT and NF-kappa B pathways in murine RAW264.7 cells

The bone protective effects of the hydrogen molecule (H₂) have been demonstrated in several osteoporosis models while the underlying molecular mechanism has remained unclear. Osteoclast differentiation is an important factor related to the pathogenesis of bone-loss related diseases. In this work, we evaluated the effects of incubation with H₂ on receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. We found that treatment with H₂ prevented RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells and BMMs. Treatment with H₂ inhibits the ability to form resorption pits of BMMs stimulated by RANKL. Treatment with H₂ reduced mRNA levels of osteoclast-specific markers including tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K, metalloproteinase-9, carbonic anhydrase typeII, and vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPase. Treatment with H₂ decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, suppressed NADPH oxidase activity, down-regulated Rac1 activity and Nox1 expression, reduced mitochondrial ROS formation, and enhanced nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation and heme oxygenase-1 activity. In addition, treatment with H₂ suppressed RANKL-induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 and c-Fos. Furthermore, treatment with H₂ suppressed NF-κB activation and reduced phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, and protein kinases B (AKT) stimulated with RANKL. In conclusion, hydrogen molecules prevented RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation associated with inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation and inactivation of NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT pathways.     

转化生长因子-β与新生血管形成

文章综述近年来对TGF-β及其受体和信号传导通路在血管新生中的作用,包括:两条TGF-β信号级联反应,ALK1-Smad1/5通路和ALK5-Smad2/3通路同时存在于内皮细胞表面,使TGF-β对血管新生呈现相反的作用;TGF-β作用的剂量依赖性;细胞外环境对其作用的影响以及血管新生化与脑缺血的研究进展.     

Interplay of glucagon-like peptide-1 and transforming growth factor-beta signaling in insulin-positive differentiation of AR42J cells

The differentiation of pancreatic exocrine AR42J cells into insulin-expressing endocrine cells has served as an important model for both endogenous in vivo beta-cell differentiation as well as potential application to beta-cell engineering of progenitor cells. Exogenous activin, possibly working through intracellular smad 2 and/or smad 3, as well as exogenous exendin-4 (a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist) have both been shown to induce insulin-positive/endocrine differentiation in AR42J cells. In this study, we present evidence of significant interplay and interdependence of these two pathways as well as potential synergy between the pathways. In particular, insulin-positive differentiation seems to entail an exendin-4-induced drop in smad 2 and elevation in smad 3 in RNA levels. The latter appears to be dependent on endogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoform release by the AR42J cells and may serve as a mechanism to promote beta-cell maturation. The drop in smad 2 may mediate early endocrine commitment. The coapplication of exogenous exendin-4 and, specifically, low-dose exogenous TGF-beta1 led to a dramatic 20-fold increase in insulin mRNA levels, supporting a novel synergistic and codependent relationship between exendin-4 signaling and TGF-beta isoform signaling.     

增生性瘢痕中TGF-β受体表达的研究

目的了解TGF-β受体在增生性瘢痕中的表达,进一步认识TGF-β及其受体在增生性瘢痕形成过程中的作用.方法应用免疫组化技术对正常皮肤和增生性瘢痕中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型TGF-β受体染色,并用图像分析系统进行半定量分析.结果增生性瘢痕Fb中能检测到Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型受体, 而且随着病程的延长,受体表达逐渐减弱,直至消失;正常皮肤Fb未见受体表达阳性者.[ HT5"H〗结论①在增生性瘢痕形成过程中,不仅TGF-β增高,Fb表面Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型TGF-β受体也增高,使TGF-β作用放大;②增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩中Fb出现表型变异 ,而且Fb表型随病程发生变化.     

Latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1, a component of latent transforming growth factor-beta complex,accelerates the migration of aortic smooth muscle cells in diabetic rats through integrin-beta3

Aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of diabetic animals have unique properties, including the overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor, fibronectin, and platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor. TGF-beta1 is produced and secreted as latent high-molecular weight complex consisting of mature TGF-beta1, latency-associated peptide (LAP), and a latent TGF-beta1 binding protein (LTBP-1). LAP has an important function in the latency of TGF-beta complex, but the role of LTBP-1 is not known in diabetic angiopathy. SMC migration from the medial layer to the intimal layer of an artery is an initial major process of the formation of intimal thickening of an artery. Migration activities of SMCs from diabetic rat with 1-500 pg/ml of LTBP-1 increased significantly compared with that without LTBP-1. LTBP-1 at 10-500 pg/ml stimulated the migration of diabetic SMCs more than SMCs from control rat. An anti-integrin-beta(3) antibody reduced LTBP-1-stimulated migration of diabetic SMCs to 51% compared with no antibody, but it did not reduce that of control SMCs. Furthermore, cross-linking experiments show that LTBP-1 binds integrin-beta(3) in diabetic SMCs much more than in control SMCs in coincidence with the increase of integrin-beta(3) in diabetic aorta by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, these observations suggest that LTBP-1 plays a critical role in intimal thickening of diabetic artery through the acceleration of SMC migration via integrin-beta(3).     

增生性瘢痕中TGF-β受体表达的研究

目的　了解TGF - β受体在增生性瘢痕中的表达 ,进一步认识TGF - β及其受体在增生性瘢痕形成过程中的作用。方法　应用免疫组化技术对正常皮肤和增生性瘢痕中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型TGF - β受体染色 ,并用图像分析系统进行半定量分析。结果　增生性瘢痕Fb中能检测到Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型受体 ,而且随着病程的延长 ,受体表达逐渐减弱 ,直至消失 ;正常皮肤Fb未见受体表达阳性者。结论　①在增生性瘢痕形成过程中 ,不仅TGF - β增高 ,Fb表面Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型TGF - β受体也增高 ,使TGF - β作用放大 ;②增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩中Fb出现表型变异 ,而且Fb表型随病程发生变化     

Autocrine secretion of transforming growth factor-beta in cultured rat mesangial cells.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) recently has been shown to modulate mesangial cell growth and to stimulate mesangial matrix synthesis by mesangial cells. Here we examined whether mesangial cells expressed TGF-beta mRNA and secreted mature TGF-beta, and we investigated the role of TGF-beta in mesangial cell growth. Cultured rat mesangial cells expressed 2.5 kb TGF-beta mRNA, and removal of fetal calf serum (FCS) for two days decreased the TGF-beta mRNA level, which was then stimulated by re-addition of 17% FCS reaching the maximum at nine hours. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), one of the phorbol esters, markedly increased the mRNA level and reached the maximum at six or nine hours. Immunoblot analysis of the conditioned media using specific anti-TGF-beta 1 antibodies revealed single 12.5 kDa proteins, the size compatible with mature TGF-beta subunits. By means of bioassay using CCL-64 cell line, TGF-beta production rate by mesangial cells was estimated to be 22.1 +/- 6.5 (mean +/- SD) ng/10(6) cells/24 hours, 96% of which was in latent forms. Exogenously added TGF-beta inhibited mesangial cell growth at 10 pM or higher. Moreover, addition of anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibodies augmented mesangial cell growth, indicating that the secreted TGF-beta actually exerted a growth-inhibitory action. In summary, mesangial cells produce and secrete substantial amounts of TGF-beta but mostly in latent forms, and the secreted TGF-beta may regulate mesangial cell growth and differentiation. We conclude that TGF-beta may function as an autocrine factor in mesangial cells.     

胆管癌组织Smad4和转化生长因子β1及Ⅱ型受体的表达及意义

目的探讨Smad4和转化生长因子β1(TGFβ1)及Ⅱ型受体(TGFβRⅡ)在胆管癌组织中的表达及与胆管癌生物学行为及预后的关系.方法应用免疫组织化学SP及SABC法检测47例胆管癌及癌旁正常胆管组织中的Smad4和TGFβ1、TβRⅡ的表达,并分析比较与胆管癌患者的临床分期、病理分级等的关系.结果 47例胆管癌组织中TGFβ1阳性表达36例(76.6%),较癌旁正常胆管组织高,而Smad4和TGFβRⅡ表达减低,分别为14(29.8%)、28(59.6%)例(P<0.05).TGFβ1表达与胆管癌临床分期及淋巴结转移和肝转移相关(均P<0.05),与组织学分级无关(P>0.05);TGFβRⅡ表达与胆管癌临床分期相关(P<0.05),与组织学分级及淋巴结转移和肝转移无关(均P>0.05);Smad4表达与胆管癌组织学分级、临床分期及是否淋巴结和肝转移相关(均P<0.05).结论Smad4、TGFβRⅡ和TGFβ1的表达与胆管癌组织学分级、临床分期及是否淋巴结转移、肝转移有一定的相关性.联合检测三者有助于判断胆管癌的恶性程度和预后.     

Transforming growth factor-beta induces osteoclast formation in the absence of RANKL

Apoptosis plays an important role in the regulation of bone turnover. Previously, we showed that 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D, may increase osteoblast survival by inhibiting apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. Human osteoblasts express the Fas receptor on their surface and its interaction with Fas ligand has been closely associated with human osteoblast apoptosis. To investigate the mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibition of apoptosis in osteoblasts isolated from human calvaria, cells were exposed to Fas antibody. Visualization of apoptotic cells using annexin V revealed a significant decrease in apoptosis at 48 h in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 (14 +/- 4%, P < 0.04) compared with non-treated cells (52 +/- 4%). Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of TUNEL-labeled osteoblasts showed a significant decrease in apoptotic cells in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cultures (12 +/- 2%) at 48 h compared with non-treated cultures (44 +/- 3%, P < 0.04). Additionally, cells treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 survived longer as found by MTS analysis. To further explore the mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, we examined the changes in activation of death domain proteins, cleavage of caspases and mitochondrial regulators of apoptosis by Western blot analysis. A significant inhibition of caspase-8 cleavage and activity in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells was observed in conjunction with a decrease in the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax with a significant increase in the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, the levels of p21Cip1/WAF1, which inhibits the cleavage of caspase-8, was found to be highly induced in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells. In summary, these results demonstrate that the anti-apoptotic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 in human osteoblasts after the activation of Fas-ligand is mediated by the regulation of components of both the mitochondrial and Fas-related pathways.     

CTGF对破骨前体细胞RAW264.7增殖及碳酸酐酶Ⅱ分化的影响

目的研究结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)对体外培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7增殖及对核因子Kappa B配体受体(RANKL)诱导体外培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7分化为成熟多核破骨细胞的影响。方法使用200 ng/mLCTGF干预培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7,采用3H-TdR掺入法检测RAW264.7细胞增殖率;使用200 ng/mL CTGF与RANKL单独或共同处理RAW264.7细胞,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色观察TRAP阳性多核细胞,Western blot检测碳酐酶Ⅱ蛋白的表达。结果 CTGF可显著促进RAW264.7细胞增殖;200 ng/mLCTGF与RANKL共同处理RAW264.7细胞可促进RAW264.7细胞分化为成熟多核破骨细胞;200 ng/mL CTGF与RANKL共同处理RAW264.7细胞可促进RAW264.7细胞碳酐酶Ⅱ蛋白的表达。结论 CTGF促进体外培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7增殖,促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7分化为成熟多核破骨细胞。     

The contribution of platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, and insulin-like growth factor-I in platelet-rich plasma to the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells in vitro. PRP was prepared using a centrifuge; the number of platelets (n = 32) and the levels of platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were measured (n = 16). For the proliferation assay, SaOS-2 was cultured in the presence of platelet-poor plasma (PPP), whole blood, or PRP. The cell number was counted after 36 and 72 hours. To investigate the effect of each growth factor, the cells were cultured with PRP in the absence or presence of neutralizing antibodies, and counted as described. The mean platelet count of PRP was 1546.36 +/- 382.25 x 10(3)/microL, and the mean levels of PDGF-AB, TGF-beta1 and IGF-I were 0.271 +/- 0.043, 0.190 +/- 0.039, and 0.110 +/- 0.039 ng/1500 x 10(3) platelets, respectively. Cell proliferation was enhanced in all PRP groups in a dose-dependent manner, and all neutralizing antibodies significantly suppressed proliferation compared with the PRP group, lacking antibody, at 36 hours. However, at 72 hours, the neutralizing antibodies of PDGF and TGF-beta1, but not IGF-I, significantly suppressed proliferation. These results show the beneficial abilities of PRP in the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells from the standpoint of growth factors, including the contribution of each factor.     

Chondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells sequentially exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 in monolayer and insulin-like growth factor-I in a three-dimensional matrix.

This study evaluated chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor stem cells (MSCs) cultured initially under pre-confluent monolayer conditions exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and subsequently in three-dimensional cultures containing insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Bone marrow aspirates and chondrocytes were obtained from horses and cultured in monolayer with 0 or 5 ng of TGF-beta 1 per ml of medium for 6 days. TGF-beta 1 treated and untreated cultures were distributed to three-dimensional fibrin disks containing 0 or 100 ng of IGF-I per ml of medium to establish four treatment groups. After 13 days, cultures were assessed by toluidine blue staining, collagen types I and II in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, proteoglycan production by [35S]-sulfate incorporation, and disk DNA content by fluorometry. Mesenchymal cells in monolayer cultures treated with TGF-beta1 actively proliferated for the first 4 days, developed cellular rounding, and formed cell clusters. Treated MSC cultures had a two-fold increase in medium proteoglycan content. Pretreatment of MSCs with TGF-beta1 followed by exposure of cells to IGF-I in three-dimensional culture significantly increased the formation of markers of chondrocytic function including disk proteoglycan content and procollagen type II mRNA production. However, proteoglycan and procollagen type II production by MSC's remained lower than parallel chondrocyte cultures. MSC pretreatment with TGF-beta1 without sequential IGF-I was less effective in initiating expression of markers of chondrogenesis. This study indicates that although MSC differentiation was less than complete when compared to mature chondrocytes, chondrogenesis was observed in IGF-I supplemented cultures, particularly when used in concert with TGF-beta1 pretreatment.     

Participation of thrombospondin-1 in the activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta in malignant glioma cells

Malignant glioma cells secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and can activate latent TGF-beta. However, the mechanism of the latent TGF-beta activation has not yet been determined. This study examined whether thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) secreted by malignant glioma cell lines participates in the activation of latent TGF-beta secreted by the glioma cells. Western blot analysis revealed that TSP-1 was present in both the cell lysates and the culture supernatants of all three malignant glioma cell lines (T98G, A172, and U251). A bioassay for TGF-beta activity revealed that all malignant glioma cell lines used in this study could activate latent TGF-beta by themselves. Latent TGF-beta 1 activation, evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was inhibited by more than 50% by the addition of neutralizing anti-TSP-1 monoclonal antibody or anti-TSP-1 polyclonal antibody. These results indicate that TSP-1 has a predominant role in the activation of latent TGF-beta in malignant glioma cells.