高原地区慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者体重对呼吸困难的影响

目的探讨高原慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)低体重(UW)和正常体重(NW)患者肺功能、呼吸肌力量和血气与呼吸困难的关系.方法对高原地区COPD缓解期体重指数(BMI)＜21kg/m2的36例和BMI在21～26kg/m2的32例两组患者测定一秒钟用力呼吸气容积(FEV1)占预计值百分比(FEV1%预计值)、FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)比值(FEV1/FVC)、口腔最大吸气压(PImax)、最大呼气压(PEmax)、最大跨膈压(Pdimax)、呼吸肌力量指数(RMS)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),并评估了呼吸困难等级.结果UW组平均BMI(17.8±1.2)kg/m2显著低于NW组(23.2±1.4)kg/m2,P＜0.01.UW组呼吸困难平均等级(3.9±0.9)显著高于NW组(2.9±0.7),P＜0.01.两组FEV1%预计值、FEV1/FVC差异无显著性(P＞0.05).UW组PaO2(53.7±6.2)mmHg显著低于、PaCO2(37.5±3.6)mmHg显著高于NW组[分别为(57.2±6.5)mmHg、(35.2±3.4)mmHg],P均＜0.05.UW组PImax(48.2±14.4)cmH2O、PEmax(62.7±16.2)cmH2O、Pdimax(54.3±15.6)cmH2O和RMS(55.5±15.1)cmH2O较NW组显著降低[分别为(61.7±15.9)cmH2O、(72.4±18.5)cmH2O、(66.9±17.2)cmH2O、(67.1±16.5)cmH2O](P＜0.01或P＜0.05).呼吸困难等级与PImax、PEmax、Pdimax、RMS、FEV1%预计值、FEV1/FVC呈显著负相关(P均＜0.01).结论高原地区COPD低体重患者呼吸困难较正常体重患者严重,其原因与营养不良所致的呼吸肌力量降低有重要关系.     

高氧液预防家兔单肺通气期间低氧血症的实验研究

目的 :探索高氧液对兔单肺通气期间低氧血症的预防作用。方法 :家兔 30只 ,随机分为对照组和高氧液组各 15只。对照组静脉输入 0 .9%生理盐水 10 0ml,高氧液组输入高氧液 10 0ml。输注完毕后即刻行单肺通气 (OLV) ,记录OLV前及OLV后15min、30min时pH、PaO2 、SaO2 、PvO2 、SvO2 等指标。结果 :与单肺通气前相比较 ,对照组在OLV后 15minSaO2 、PaO2 、PvO2 、SvO2等下降 ,PaCO2 升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;高氧液组在OLV 15min时各指标均无显著变化 ,30min时SaO2 、PaO2 降低 ,PaCO2 升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,PvO2 、SvO2 、pH等无变化。结论 :静脉输注高氧液对OLV期间低氧血症有明显的预防作用。     

小剂量多巴胺对高原老年慢性肺心病患者呼吸肌疲劳治疗作用的研究

目的 :观察多巴胺对高原地区老年肺心病患者呼吸肌功能的影响。方法 :4 8例老年肺心病患者随机分为观察组 (A组 )和对照组 (B组 ) ,每组 2 4例。A组用多巴胺 6 0mg加入 10 %葡萄糖溶液 15 0ml,以 5 μg·kg-1·min-1的速度静滴作为治疗。B组用等量 10 %葡萄糖溶液 ,以同样速度静滴作为对照。用药前、后测定肺功能、呼吸肌功能和心功能。结果 :用药前 ,两组一秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比 (FEV1%预计值 )、动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )、最大吸气压 (PImax)、最大呼气压 (PEmax)、最大跨膈压 (Pdimax)、呼吸肌力量指数 (RMS)、心脏指数 (CI )和心搏指数 (SI)差异无显著性。用药后 ,A组PI max、PEmax、Pdimax、RMS、CI、SI显著高于用药前 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,B组各项指标无显著性变化。A组用药后PImax、PEmax、Pdimax、RMS与CI呈显著正相关 (r=0 .6 74、0 .5 4 1、0 .6 6 9、0 .6 2 9,P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :小剂量多巴胺有显著增强呼吸肌功能的作用 ,可作为高原肺心病的辅助治疗。     

FEV_1%和FEV_1/FVC对判断高原地区慢性阻塞性肺疾病气流阻塞的比较研究

目的 :比较FEV1占预计值百分比 (FEV1% )与FEV1/FVC比值 (FEV1/FVC)对判断高原COPD气流阻塞的应用价值。方法 :对比分析了海拔 2 2 6 0～ 390 0m地区 86例COPD、32例限制性通气功能障碍患者和 30例健康人的FEV1%与FEV1/FVC。结果 :COPD组FEV1%与FEV1/FVC呈正相关 (r=0 .897,P <0 .0 1)。依FEV1% <82 %、FEV1/FVC <77%作为判断气流阻塞标准 ,COPD组分别为 87.2 1%和 86 .0 5 % ,限制组分别为 84.38%和 12 .5 0 % (P <0 .0 1)。作为COPD分级标准 ,FEV1%与FEV1/FVC的下降不一致 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ级FEV1/FVC显著高于FEV1% (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ,Ⅰ级略低于FEV1% (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :FEV1%和FEV1/FVC对诊断高原COPD气流阻塞均有较高的应用价值 ,FEV1/FVC能较好地区别阻塞性与限制性通气功能障碍 ,在判断气流阻塞分级时 ,FEV1%较好。     

呼吸肌训练对脑卒中患者呼吸功能的影响

目的 探讨呼吸肌训练对脑卒中患者呼吸功能的影响.方法 选择脑卒中偏瘫患者52例,用随机数字法分为观察组及对照组,每组26例.对照组进行常规康复训练,观察组除常规康复训练外进行呼吸肌训练.比较两组患者治疗前后动脉血气分析(动脉血pH值、Pa0 2、PaCO2数值),肺通气功能测定(FVC、FEV1、FEV1％、PEF、MVV％数值),随访3个月后肺部感染及再发脑卒中的发生率.结果 治疗后两组患者的PaO2 、PaCO2数值之间,FVC、FEV1、FEV1％、PEF、MVV％数值之间,差异具有显著的统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组患者的PaO2、PaC0 2数值和FVC、FEV1、FEV1％、PEF、MVV％数值,治疗前后的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组患者的PaO 、PaC0 2数值和FVC、FEV1、FEV1％、PEF、MVV％数值,治疗前后的差异也具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组的改善情况优于对照组.治疗结束后随访3个月,两组患者的肺部感染率之间,存在显著的统计学差异(x2=7.77,P＜0.01),而再发脑卒中发生率比较,两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对脑卒中患者进行及时、有效的呼吸肌训练,能有效改善肺通气功能,提高动脉氧分压,降低二氧化碳分压,促进呼吸功能恢复,降低肺部感染率.     

吸入纯氧对快速进入高原猪血流动力学及血气的影响

目的 :了解吸入纯氧对高原急性缺氧的治疗作用 ;方法 :对快速进入高原猪吸入纯氧 3 0min,设时相点 ,在各时相点观察急性缺氧动物血流动力学及血气各指标的变化情况 ;结果 :吸入纯氧后高原急性缺氧动物肺动脉压 (PAP)、肺动脉压楔压 (AWP)及肺血管阻力 (PVR) ,均较吸纯氧前显著下降 (P值均 <0 .0 0 5) ,体动脉SaO2 、PaO2 及PaCO2 显著升高 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;结论 :吸入纯氧可明显降低高原急性缺氧动物肺动脉压 ,提高SaO2 、PaO2 及PaCO2 。     

高原地区慢性肺心病痰中P物质浓度与病情及肺通气功能的关系

目的 :探讨P物质在高原地区慢性肺心病发病中的作用及其与病情及肺功能的关系。方法 :用放射免疫分析法检测高原地区 (海拔 2 2 6 0～ 330 0m) 30例健康受试者 ,30例慢性肺心病患者急性加重期和缓解期痰中P物质浓度 ,同时检测肺功能 ,分析痰中P物质含量与一秒钟用力呼气容积 (FEV1)占预计值百分比 (FEV1% )、FEV1/用力肺活量 (FVC)比值的相关关系。结果 :肺心病组急性加重期痰中P物质浓度 ( 73.8± 12 .5 )pmol·L-1显著高于缓解期 ( 5 7.3± 10 .1)pmol·L-1(P <0 .0 1) ,并显著高于健康对照组 ( 8.2± 2 .2 )pmol·L-1(P <0 .0 1)。肺心病组急性加重期和缓解期痰中P物质浓度与FEV1%、FEV1/FVC比值均呈显著负相关 (r值分别为 - 0 .6 5 4、- 0 .5 98、- 0 .6 6 7、- 0 .5 76 ,P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :神经源性炎症可能参与了高原慢性肺心病气道炎症过程及随后的气道狭窄     

呼吸操辅助治疗慢性阻塞性肺病疗效观察

目的：观察呼吸操对慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）患者肺通气及肺功能的影响.方法：将52例 COPD 患者随机分成两组,在抗炎及对症治疗条件下,观察组加入呼吸操锻炼,对照组不加入呼吸操锻炼;分别测定入院时及3个月后 PaO2、PaCO2、FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、MVV.结果：加入呼吸操辅助治疗后,COPD 患者 PaO2升高、PaCO2 下降,肺功能显著提高.结论：呼吸操能改善 COPD 患者肺功能及缺氧,提高生活质量.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗西宁地区COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的 :了解BiPAP呼吸机治疗高海拔地区COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法 :1 2例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗基础上采用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气作为治疗组 ,并取同期达同样标准而采用常规治疗的 1 5例COPD患者作为对照组。结果 :两组治疗后动脉血氧分压(PaO2 )都明显上升 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但治疗组上升更高 ,治疗组血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )比治疗组明显下降 ,治疗前后相差非常明显 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,对照组PaCO2 治疗前后相差不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组临床症状缓解例数也明显多于对照组。结论 :用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气 ,对高原地区COPD合并轻、中度呼吸衰竭疗效肯定 ,可降低PaCO2 ,提高PaO2 ,减轻症状 ,有利于呼吸肌疲劳的恢复 ,缩短了住院时间 ,提高了生活质量     

口服螨液免疫治疗过敏性哮喘

目的　观察舌下给药口服螨液免疫 (脱敏 )治疗过敏性哮喘的效果。方法　 42例患者随机分观察组 2 2例 ,对照组 2 0例。对照组按常规给予治疗 ,观察组在常规治疗基础上采用逐日递增法加服螨液 ,半年为 1疗程。疗程结束后进行症状评分、FEV1 %测定、血清螨sIgE检测。结果　症状评分 :观察组治疗后 ( 0 .8± 0 .4)分与对照组 ( 1 .8±0 .4)分对比有非常显著差异(P <0 0 1 )。FEV1 %观察组治疗后为 ( 86± 4%) ,对照组为 ( 65± 6%) ,两组对比差异很明显(P <0 0 1 )。血清螨sIgE :观察组转阴率为 83 %,对照组为 1 0 %,两者对比有非常显著差异(P <0 0 1 )。结论　螨液舌下给药口服脱敏对于控制患者临床症状 ,改善肺功能 ,促使螨slgE转阴 ,均有明显效果     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.