Cauda equina syndrome secondary to an improperly placed nucleotome probe.

Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy has been shown to be a low morbidity procedure in the treatment of contained herniated lumbar discs. Described in this paper is a complication, i.e., a cauda equina syndrome secondary to a Nucleotome probe improperly placed in the thecal sac. The authors reemphasize the landmarks for the thecal sac, i.e., the medial border of the pedicles, and discuss the preventable nature of this type of complication.     

一氧化氮在突出腰椎间盘中的表达及其意义

目的 :研究一氧化氮 (NO)在突出腰椎间盘组织中的含量及组织学定位 ,并对其意义进行探讨。方法 :对 32例腰椎间盘突出患者的突出间盘组织采取两种方法进行研究 :(1) 12例做体外培养 ,用分光光度法测定培养液上清中NO含量 ;(2 ) 2 0例用免疫组化方法对产生NO的细胞类型及组织学定位进行研究。同时对取自 4具新鲜尸体的 12个正常椎间盘采用相同方法做为对照。结果 :突出腰椎间盘组织产生NO的量为 2 0 0 70± 6 5 5 5nmol/g ,正常对照组的NO量为 76 31± 19 49nmol/ g ,两者统计学有显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。免疫组化结果发现 ,2 0例患者椎间盘组织中一氧化氮合成酶表达阳性 16例 ,12个正常椎间盘组织中无表达阳性细胞。结论 :诱导型一氧化氮合成酶主要由突出椎间盘周围的肉芽组织产生 ,阳性细胞主要以成纤维细胞、软骨细胞及淋巴细胞为主。腰椎间盘可自身合成NO ,NO可能在椎间盘退变中起重要作用 ,突出腰椎间盘中的NO主要由突出腰椎间盘周围的肉芽组织产生。     

腰椎间盘突出CT扫描三维定位诊断

目的：研究椎间盘突出的三维定位,为腰椎间盘突出患者提供更精确的诊断依据。方法：对40例椎间盘突出CT扫描后进行多平面重建,得到矢状位图像。用1－4四个数字代表突出髓核在横断位上的位置,在横断位或矢状位上测量髓核后突的程度,在矢状位上测量髓核上下移位的长度。按照左右、前后、上下的顺序来描述髓核突出的部位、后突程度和长度,并与手术结果对照。结果：三维定位提供的部位、程度和长度与手术结果相符。结论：多平面重建图像和三维定位方法是可靠的,可为椎间盘突出的诊断提供更精确可靠的依据。     

白细胞介素—6在突出的腰椎间盘中的表达及其意义

目的对白细胞介素-6(IL-6)在突出的腰椎间盘组织中的含量及产生IL-6的组织细胞类型进行研究,并对其意义进行探讨.方法对12例正常及突出腰的椎间盘组织进行体外培养,用放免方法测定培养液上清中IL-6含量;并在20例突出的腰椎间盘组织中用免疫组化方法对产生IL-6的细胞类型及组织学定位进行研究.结果突出的腰椎间盘组织产生IL-6的量为(987.53±594.44)pg/g,正常对照组IL-6的量为(114.21±63.91)pg/g,两者统计学有显著性差异(P＜0.001),免疫组化结果显示白细胞介素-6阳性细胞在突出椎间盘周围的肉芽组织中表达最强,主要以成纤维细胞、淋巴细胞及软骨细胞为主.结论腰椎间盘组织可自身合成IL-6,IL-6在突出的腰椎间盘组织明显增高,其IL-6主要由突出的腰椎间盘周围的肉芽组织所产生.     

Effect of the transligamentous extension of lumbar disc herniations on their regression and the clinical outcome of sciatica

STUDY DESIGN: Magnetic resonance imaging of symptomatic herniated lumbar discs was investigated longitudinally and prospectively for the presence of tear in the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). OBJECTIVES: To clarify the effect of transligamentous extension through the PLL of herniated disc on its regression and to determine the factors contributing to a successful clinical outcome. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Greater regression of the herniated fragment has been noted with larger initial disc herniations. The exposure of herniated disc materials to the epidural vascular supply through the ruptured PLL has been suspected to play a part in the mechanism of disappearance of the herniated nucleus pulposus. However, it had not been shown clinically. METHODS: Clinical outcomes and magnetic resonance images of 36 patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniations, treated conservatively, were analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups: subligamentous, transligamentous, and sequestered herniations. The size of the herniated disc was measured by herniation ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the area of herniated disc to that of the thecal sac on the axial view. Factors associated with the natural regression of herniated disc and the successful clinical outcome were explored. RESULTS: Of the 36 herniated discs, 25 decreased in size. Ten (56%) of 18 subligamentous herniations, 11 (79%) of 14 transligamentous herniations, and all 4 (100%) sequestered herniations were reduced in size. The average decreases in herniation ratio of the subligamentous, transligamentous, and sequestered disc groups were 17%, 48%, and 82% respectively. The decrease in herniation ratio was related to the presence of transligamentous extension but was not related to the initial size of herniation. Successful outcome correlated with a decrease in herniation of more than 20%. CONCLUSION: Transligamentous extension of herniated disc materials through the ruptured PLL is more important to its reduction in size than is the initial size of the herniated disc. Decrease in herniation ratio of more than 20% seems to correspond to successful clinical outcome.     

磷脂酶A2在腰椎间盘突出症髓核中的表达及相关临床研究

目的：探讨磷脂酶A2（PLA2）在腰椎间盘突出症中的作用机制。方法：1．在术前和术中收集35例因腰椎间盘突出而手术的病人的疼痛程度、直腿抬高试验度数、突出病理征象等临床资料，采集突出组和对照组（8例）的血清和髓核标本。2、应用微孔比色法测定PLA2的活性。3．将获得的数据和临床资料进行统计学分析。结果：突出组髓核中的PLA2活性高于对照组，血清中两组无差异。髓核PLA2活性在破裂型或游离型中同在凸起型中的表达有差异（P＜0．05），与直腿抬高试验度数呈负相关（r=-0.344)，与疼痛存在相关性（P＜0．05）。结论：腰椎间盘出症髓核的PLA2活性高于正常腰椎间盘，化学性炎症机制在腰椎间盘突出症根性疼痛中发挥着可能比机械压迫更重要、更直接的作用，PLA2抑制剂有望成为治疗腰椎间盘突出症新一类药物。     

小波变换的图像增强技术在腰椎间盘突出症定位诊断中的应用研究

目的：应用小波变换图像增强技术（ＷＴＩＥ）把Ｘ线片上特定部位的椎间盘突出轮廓从周围结构中分离出来，使原Ｘ线片上细微或模糊、肉眼不易分辨的椎间盘突出轮廓经过增强处理后，显示出突出椎间盘的形态特点，定位诊断腰椎间盘突出症。方法：利用ＷＴＩＥ对５０例腰椎间盘突出症住院病人的脊柱Ｘ线片进行处理，获得腰椎间盘突出节段椎管局部的额状面数字图像，根据该图像显示椎间盘突出的形态，定位诊断腰椎间盘突出症，并与ＣＴ及手术所见进行对比。结果：腰椎管局部感兴趣区的额状面数字图像定位诊断腰椎间盘突出症准确率达８８．５％。结论：本方法简便、实用，定位诊断准确率高，有临床推广应用的价值     

Cauda equina compression due to posterior epidural migration of extruded lumbar disk

Posterior migration of herniated lumbar disk through epidural space to the posterior aspect of the caudal sac is reported in a 58-year-old man with cauda equina compression.     

经皮穿刺切吸治疗腰椎间盘突出症

方法：本文通过１９６例腰椎间盘突出症的ＡＰＬＤ治疗及平均１２个月的临床观察,优良率达９５．４％,从适应症选择,禁忌症,髓核切吸量与疗效关系,再次切吸问题,并发症发生及预防措施等方面,详细论述了该技术运用中的一些具体问题。强调了伴有椎间盘钙化和椎体后缘骨赘形成时,仍可选择就诊前病史中有缓解期,本次发病不超过６个月的病例做为适应症。结论：认为该技术与保守治疗,传统手术一样,将成为治疗腰椎间盘突出症的主     

腰椎间盘突出症的临床解剖学分型及其意义(1106例回顾性研究)

目的：对不同方向突出的椎间盘从解剖学角度给予区域界定,以便明确分型,利于术式选择。方法：通过对离体干化腰椎的解剖研究,结合临床术中测量及１１０６例回顾研究,将突出椎间盘进行明确解剖界定之分型。结果：同区域的突出椎间盘产生一组相似的临床表现,基于此,将椎间盘突出症分为５型,即：中央型、偏侧型、椎间管型、椎间管外型及侧方型。分别占发病间盘的３３４％、５１％、８５％、４５％、２４％。结论：解剖界定明确的分型,对腰椎间盘突出症临床诊断和术式选择有重要意义     

Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects

The relationship between herniated lumbar disc and abnormalities of the transverse process of the lumbosacral junction was investigated. Two hundred consecutive patients with positive myelographic findings of herniated lumbar disc were reviewed. Sixty patients presented abnormalities of the transverse process to satisfy the criteria for lumbosacral transitional vertebra. A new classification of lumbosacral transitional vertebra is presented based upon the morphologic and clinical characteristics with respect to herniated nucleus pulposus. Type I represents a "forme fruste" of lumbosacral transitional vertebra and shows no difference in the incidence of the location of herniations. In types III and IV, there are no herniations at the level of the lumbosacral transitional vertebra and no increase in the incidence of herniations just proximal to the lumbosacral transitional vertebra. The Type II lumbosacral transitional vertebra presents herniated lumbar disc at the level of transition. It also presents a greater than normal incidence of herniations at the level just above the lumbosacral transitional vertebra.     

经皮腰椎间盘切除术的中期疗效及并发症的防治

目的 探讨83例经皮腰椎间盘切除术(PLD)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中期疗效及其主要并发症的防治.方法 对83例确诊为腰椎间盘突出症患者进行PLD术,并进行3年随访,观察近、中期疗效和并发症.结果 术后PLD有效率:术后6个月92%,术后3年为86.7%.术后并发症主要有:穿刺点血肿2.4%(2/83).后腰背部疼痛3.6...     

Traumatic lumbar hernia

An unusual case of lumbar hernia is described, in which the iliac crest had been avulsed from the iliac bone producing a muscular defect through which the small bowel had herniated and become obstructed.     

Large Vessel Injury following Operation for a Herniated Lumbar Disc

Major vascular injury can occur during an operation for a herniated lumbar disc due to the intimate anatomical relation between the lumbar vertebrae and major vessels. Although occurrence is infrequent, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is suspected when early signs of retroperitoneal hemorrhage appear, but may often be delayed for weeks or years. Formation of a pseudoaneurysm or an arteriovenous (A-V) fistula may be of gradual onset and produce initially only a few symptoms. We report here six cases of large vessel injury, which consisted of active bleeding from an injured common iliac artery, or a pseudoaneurysm of the common iliac artery with or without an A-V fistula that occurred following an operation for a herniated lumbar disc and was successfully treated by radiologic intervention and/or surgery. Angiography with the intention of intervention is considered the first step of treatment for a large vessel injury following an operation for a herniated lumbar disc at the level between fourth and fifth lumbar or between fifth lumbar and first sacral intervertebral space.     

Automated percutaneous discectomy

Automated percutaneous discectomy is a new, safe procedure for treating herniated lumbar discs still contained by the annulus or posterior longitudinal ligament. In 1985, one of the authors reported a percutaneous nucleus aspiration technique using a 2-mm aspiration probe. This small probe produced minimal tissue damage, allowing the procedure to be done on an outpatient. In this series, 518 patients were treated using this technique for an overall success rate of 85%. Compensation patients, elderly patients, and patients with previous surgery were treated successfully using percutaneous discectomy on an outpatient basis. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred.     

腰椎间盘突出症手术失败的再手术治疗

目的:本文报告20例腰椎间盘突出症手术失败再手术的病人,目的在于分析手术失败的原因和再手治疗的有关问题。方法:回顾1989年至1996年间的1218例腰椎间盘突出症手术病人,选择其中20例因初次手术失败而接受再次手术的病人,对其再手术的原因和手术治疗进行回顾性研究。结果:初次手术失败的原因主要是突出间盘切除不全和术后发生疤痕性椎管狭窄,另外,马尾损伤、腰椎骨质增生、软骨板破裂及腰骶神经节椎管内异位畸形等亦是手术失败的原因。结论:作者强调首次手术应采用开窗术进行椎管减压和髓核摘除。再次手术难度较大,但病变显露应从正常解剖部位开始,仔细地去除疤痕和其它致病因素,以免神经根或神经组织的损伤。     

Surgical treatment of herniated intervertebral discs in children and teenagers]

The authors present early results od surgical treatment of herniated intervertebral discs in children and teenagers. Five cases of herniated intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine in teenagers were treated surgically between 2000 and 2002. The paper presents early results of surgical treatment, as well as the indications for it. It is the authors' opinion that the indications for surgery of herniated lumbar discs among children and teenagers do not differ form indications among adults. Postponing surgery because of young age seems to be unjustified.     

前列腺素E2在突出腰椎间盘中的表达及其与坐骨神经痛的关系

目的探讨前列腺素(PG)E2在突出腰椎间盘组织中的表达及其在坐骨神经痛发病机制中的作用。方法 42个突出椎间盘标本取自42例腰椎间盘突出并有坐骨神经放射性疼痛症状的手术治疗患者,其中膨隆型12例,破裂型15例,游离型15例,取材部位为紧贴神经根突入椎管的椎间盘组织(A部位)和椎间隙内残存的椎间盘组织(B部位)。术前采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)对所有患者坐骨神经痛严重程度进行评分。应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测PGE2含量。结果 A部位PGE2含量自膨隆型、破裂型至游离型逐渐升高,差异有显著性(P<0.01);A部位PGE2含量高于B部位(P<0.01);PGE2含量与患者坐骨神经痛VAS评分存在明显相关性(r=0.848,P<0.01)。结论 PGE2参与了腰椎间盘退变、突出的发病机制,PGE2含量与坐骨神经痛程度呈正相关性。     

Epidural injections for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar herniated discs

Epidural steroid injections are widely used as part of the conservative care for symptomatic herniated lumbar discs. There are studies showing their effectiveness, and some studies demonstrating no clinical benefits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural steroid injections for patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniations who were surgical candidates. Sixty-nine patients were diagnosed with a herniated disc in the lumbar spine and remained symptomatic despite conservative care, and were treated with an epidural injection in an attempt to avoid surgical discectomy. Of the total group of 69 patients (average age = 44.8 years, range 19-77 years, average follow-up = 1.5 years), 53 (77%) had successful resolution or significant decrease of their symptoms and were able to avoid surgery. Only 16 (23%) patients failed to have significant relief of their symptoms and required surgical treatment of their herniated disc. Epidural steroid injections have a reasonable success rate for the alleviation of radicular symptoms from lumbar herniated discs for up to twelve to twenty-seven months. Patients treated with injections may be able to avoid surgical treatment up to this period and perhaps even longer.     

Influence of macrophage infiltration of herniated lumbar disc tissue on outcome after lumbar disc surgery

STUDY DESIGN: An immunohistochemical examination of the presence of inflammatory cells in routinely processed resection specimens of the lumbar disc, and a comparison of the histologic results with clinical data collected prospectively before and after surgery. OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of inflammatory reactions in herniated lumbar disc specimens on the outcome after lumbar disc surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Histologic and biochemical studies on herniated lumbar disc tissue led to the notion of inflammation-induced sciatic pain. At this writing, no investigations have sought to discover how outcome after lumbar disc surgery is influenced by histologically described inflammation. METHODS: Disc specimens from 79 patients who underwent surgery for lumbar disc herniation were studied immunohistologically with regard to the presence of inflammatory reactions. Of these, 92% were followed up approximately 7 months after surgery. The histologic results were compared with the outcome at follow-up evaluation. RESULTS: A statistically significant correlation was found between the histologically proven inflammation and the outcome, as shown by the pain grading scale. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study seem to support the theory of a foreign body reaction to the herniated material. This reaction may result in inflammation-induced sciatic pain.