在人小肠上皮细胞膜上检出钙激活性钾通道(英文)

目的 :研究人类小肠上皮细胞 （Intestine40 7cell lines）膜上钙激活性钾通道的分子生物学特征及其电生理学特性。方法 :用 RT- PCR方法检测培养的人类小肠上皮细胞膜上钙激活性钾通道的表达形式 ,用膜片钳的全细胞记录及单通道记录法探讨了该通道的电生理学特点。结果 :RT- PCR证实该细胞系有 interm ediate- conductance（IK）钙激活性钾通道表达 ,而没有 large- conductance（BK）和 small- conductance（SK）钙激活性钾通道的表达。电生理学研究表明 ,Ionom ycin引导的全细胞电流显示该钙激活性钾电流具有内向整流性并可被特异度 IK钙激活性钾通道阻断剂 clotrimazole所抑制 ,但特异度 SK钙激活性钾通道阻断剂 apam in对该电流无明显抑制作用。单通道记录法证实该通道的电导为 30± 2 p S,通道活性对细胞内 Ca2 +浓度有明显依赖性。结论 :分子生物学和电生理研究证实了人类小肠上皮细胞膜上有 IK钙激活性钾通道 ,其生理学意义有待进一步研究     

急性缺氧抑制大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙ATP钾通道

目的研究急性缺氧对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾通道活性的影响，以探讨钾通道活性改变在急性低氧性肺血管收缩（ＨＰＶ）反应中所起的作用。方法应用膜片钳单通道技术，在对称性高钾溶液中，于急性酶分离的大鼠单个肺动脉平滑肌细胞的内面向外式膜片（ｉｎｓｉｄｅｏｕｔｐａｔｃｈ）上，记录外向性钾通道电流，并用常氧和低氧的细胞浴液持续灌流肺动脉平滑肌细胞，以观察其对外向性钾通道电流的影响。结果在记录的外向性钾电流中，证实了一种电流为钙、ＡＴＰ激活性钾通道（Ｋ＋ＣａＡＴＰ）；用低氧的细胞浴液灌流肺动脉平滑肌细胞可明显抑制这种钙、ＡＴＰ激活性钾通道的活性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而钾通道开放剂卡吗克啉（ｃｒｏｍａｋａｌｉｍ）对低氧所抑制的肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙、ＡＴＰ激活性钾通道具有明显的激活作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论急性低氧可通过对钙、ＡＴＰ激活性钾通道的抑制作用，使肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜发生去极化，肺动脉收缩而导致急性肺血管阻力增加，进而产生肺动脉高压。肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙、ＡＴＰ激活性钾通道活性的降低，可能在低氧性肺血管收缩反应中起着重要的作用。Ｃｒｏｍａｋａｌｉｍ可作为拮抗低氧性肺血管收缩的有效药物之一。     

主动脉平滑肌钙激活钾通道的增龄变化

目的研究不同月龄大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道的活性,探讨老化过程中血管平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道的变化。方法取三组Wistar大鼠(分别为1月龄、6月龄、20月龄各20只)主动脉用酶消化法获得单个平滑肌细胞。以膜片钳技术检测细胞钙激活钾通道的活性,记录不同钳制电压下单通道电流的平均开放时间、平均关闭时间、平均开放概率、电流幅值,并绘制成电流—电压关系曲线。对比各月龄组Wistar大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道活性。结果(1)各月龄组大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞随着膜电位从+10 mV向+60 mV方向去极化,钙激活钾通道的电流强度逐渐加大,但加大幅度随月龄增加而降低。1月龄、6月龄和20月龄大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道的电导值分别为192±47 ps、177±56 ps和163±35 ps,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)在内面向外式膜片上,20月龄和1月龄大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道平均开放概率分别为0.009±0.001和0.015±0.004,两组比较具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。20月龄和1月龄大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道平均关闭时间分别为2 260±653和2 512±185*,两组比较具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(3)在同样的对称性高钾浴液中,加入不同浓度钙后,发现钙对各月龄组大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道均有明显的激活作用,表现为平均开放概率逐渐加大,平均关闭时间逐渐缩短。但对各月龄相同钙浓度间比较发现,6月龄组平均开放概率比1月龄加大,而20月龄组平均开放概率和平均开放时间比6月龄和1月龄组均显著降低。结论大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道的活性随着年龄增大而下降。     

正常肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道活性的观察

为了解人体正常肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道的特性 ,取 2 4例人体正常肠系膜动脉小枝节段 ,用酶消化法获取标本细胞 ,以膜片钳制技术检测钙激活钾通道的活性 ,通过Pclamp专用软件实时采样记录其平均开放时间、平均关闭时间及平均开放概率等。结果发现 ,人体肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道开放具有明显电压依赖性 ,在对称性高钾液中 ,电流 -电压关系曲线在 10～ 6 0mV范围内可被直线拟合。在细胞吸附式膜片和内面向外膜片中 ,通道电导分别为 192 .3± 2 9.2Ps和 2 0 2 .5± 5 8.3Ps。开放概率和开放数目随Ca2 + 浓度的增加而增加 ,膜内面应用四乙胺可减少通道开放概率及电流幅值。提示人体肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道与人体其他血管相似 ,主要为大电导钙激活钾通道 ,具有电压和钙浓度双重依赖性。     

Staurosporine诱导心肌细胞氯通道电流的电生理学特性

目的 探讨staurosporine（STS）诱导乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的早期,凋亡性容积减少（AVD）发生时,是否有氯通道电流的产生及其电生理学特性。方法 分别采用低渗组的灌流液和含STS的等渗组灌流液处理原代培养的SD乳鼠心肌细胞,以膜片钳全细胞记录法记录电流。结果 ①以低渗灌流液处理的心肌细胞时,可记录到氯通道电流。该电流呈现类似容积敏感性氯通道电流(volume-sensitive chloride channel current,ICl,Vol)的电生理学特性:即外向整流性、高电位刺激下的时间依赖性失活及对氯通道阻断剂4,4′-异二硫氮氐2,2′-二磺酸(DIDS)的敏感性。②以含4 μmol/L STS的等渗液灌流心肌细胞时,也可记录到类似低渗诱导产生的氯通道电流,具有ICl,Vol的电生理学特性,且用氯通道阻断剂500 μmol/L DIDS后,在+40 mV、+60 mV、+80 mV及+100 mV时,能够明显电压依赖性地阻断该电流。结论 首次应用STS在培养乳鼠心肌细胞中记录到类似容积敏感性氯通道电流。     

大鼠心室肌细胞调节性细胞容积减小的离子通道机制

目的 观察成年大鼠心室肌细胞调节性细胞容积减小（regulatory volume decrease,RVD）的过程,探讨参与RVD过程的离子通道机制。方法 将急性分离的大鼠心室肌细胞放入低渗溶液中,利用细胞体积测量系统测定细胞平均容积的变化过程和离子通道的参与过程。结果 大鼠心室肌细胞具有良好的RVD功能;该过程可被氯通道阻断剂如蒽-9-羧酸(anthracene-9-carboxylic acid,9-AC,500 μmol/L)和钾通道阻断剂CsCl(5 mmol/L)所阻断。进一步的研究发现,ATP敏感钾通道(KATP)的阻断剂格列苯脲(glibenclamide,10 μmol/L)可以明显地抑制细胞的RVD过程。结论 成年大鼠心室肌细胞具有RVD功能,RVD过程的完成有赖于氯通道和钾通道的平行激活,ATP敏感钾通道是参与容积调节的钾通道之一。     

成年大鼠心房肌牵张激活钾通道的牵张敏感性和门控机制

目的探讨成年大鼠心房肌细胞牵张激活钾通道（stretch-activated K+-selective channels,SAKCs）的电生理学特性,确定皮质细胞骨架在通道门控机制中的作用,对从通道水平阐明机械-电反馈具有重要的理论和实际意义。方法联合应用单通道膜片钳技术和压力钳技术,在急性分离的成年大鼠心房肌细胞上,采用细胞贴附（cell-atta-ched）方式记录SAKCs的活动。结果实验所记录的通道为SAKCs,通道闪烁样开放,无整流特性。当细胞外液为高K+液（140mmol/L）时,翻转电位为0mV。钳制膜电位+60mV时单通道的电导值为（59±5）pS,-60mV时为（51±8）pS。通道约在负压刺激开始700800ms内被快速激活,刺激解除后,通道快速在500ms内去激活。超过-30mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）的刺激可使多个通道同时开放。实验中未观察到通道活动达到饱和现象。单通道电流幅度不受负压刺激的影响。随膜片钳电极内负压的增加,通道开放概率增大,呈刺激强度依赖性。Cytocha-lasin B不改变SAKCs的电流幅度,但增加SAKCs的开放概率,增强SAKCs的背景活动和对机械刺激的敏感性。结论我们推测生理状态下细胞皮质肌动蛋白内衬于细胞膜,可能作为细胞膜的并联成分承受部分细胞应力,并使脂质膜的应力减少,从而使SAKCs不易被激活。     

钾通道与心血管临床

一、心肌K+ 通道有以下几类1.外向整流通道 (Kv)由膜去极化激活 ,产生外向钾电流 ,负责心肌动作电位的各期复极化。在快反应细胞如心室肌中 ,复极 1期是由短暂外向钾电流 (Ito)所产生 ;内向性钙电流 (ICa)和外向性钾电流(IK)的相互平衡是形成 2期平台的主要因素 ;钙电流的失活和IK 的缓慢成分 (IKs)的继续 ,使外向电流超过内向电流而触发 3期快速复极化 ,3期复极化主要为外向钾电流的快速成分 (IKr)所产生。IKr又称钾外向背景电流 (IK1 )。IKs,IKr在细胞外钾浓度增高时增强 ,故称整流通道。2 .内向整流通过 (KIR,IK)保持心脏舒张…     

氯通道阻断剂DIDS对心室肌容积敏感性氯通道电流的作用

目的:研究氯通道阻断剂DIDS对容积敏感性氯通道电流的作用。方法:采用全细胞膜片钳方法记录急性分离小鼠心室肌细胞容积敏感性氯通道电流(volumesensitivechloridechannelcurrent,Icl,vol)。将小鼠心室肌细胞暴露于低渗溶液,激活容积敏感性氯通道电流。结果:该电流呈外向整流特征,去极化正电压时呈时间依赖性失活,其反转电位[(-34.5±0.8)mV]接近氯离子平衡电位的理论值(ECl=-38.6mV)。该通道的阴离子选择性为I->Br->Cl-。细胞外应用氯离子通道阻断剂DIDS(500μmolL),在+40mV,+60mV,+80mV,+100mV时能够明显阻断该电流,呈电压依赖性。在+100mV,可阻断电流的91.5%±1.1%(P<0.05)。结论:氯通道阻断剂DIDS能够呈电压依赖性地阻断小鼠心肌细胞容积敏感性氯通道电流。     

钾通道与心血管临床

1．外向整流通道(Kv)由膜去极化激活，产生外向钾电流，负责心肌动作电位的各期复极化。在快反应细胞如心室肌中，复极1期是由短暂外向钾电流(Ito)所产生；内向性钙电流(ICa)和外向性钾电流(IK)的相互平衡是形成2期平台的主要因素；钙电流的失活和，K的缓慢成分(IK2)的继续，使外向电流超过内向电流而触发3期快速复极化，3期复极化主要为外向钾电流的快速成分(IKr)所产生。IKr又称钾外向背景电流(IK1)。IKs，IKr在细胞外钾浓度增高时增强，故称整流通道。     

Heterologous expression of specific K+ channels in T lymphocytes: functional consequences for volume regulation.

It has been postulated that the K+ channel isoform Kv1.3 plays a role in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in response to hypotonic shock. We show that a mouse cytotoxic T-lymphocyte line, CTLL-2, is devoid of voltage-dependent K+ channels and is unable to volume regulate. Transient transfection of these cells with Kv1.3 reconstitutes their ability to volume regulate. As predicted by our model, this ability depends critically on volume-induced changes in membrane potential and the isoform of the K+ channel used. When the cells were transfected with Kv3.1, an isoform believed to be expressed in a specific subclass of mouse thymocytes, the CTLL-2 cells did not show RVD. The difference in the ability of the two isoforms to confer the capacity for RVD is expected from differences in the voltage dependence of activation of the channels, according to our proposed model for RVD. The experimental approach that we use, transient transfection and panning to select positive transfectants, is highly effective; it has a > 95% efficiency. This method, and this cell line, may be important tools in studying lymphocyte K+ channels and their function in situ.     

Defective regulatory volume decrease in human cystic fibrosis tracheal cells because of altered regulation of intermediate conductance Ca2+-dependent potassium channels

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein has the ability to function as both a chloride channel and a channel regulator. The loss of these functions explains many of the manifestations of the cystic fibrosis disease (CF), including lung and pancreatic failure, meconium ileus, and male infertility. CFTR has previously been implicated in the cell regulatory volume decrease (RVD) response after hypotonic shocks in murine small intestine crypts, an effect associated to the dysfunction of an unknown swelling-activated potassium conductance. In the present study, we investigated the RVD response in human tracheal CF epithelium and the nature of the volume-sensitive potassium channel affected. Neither the human tracheal cell line CFT1, expressing the mutant CFTR-DeltaF508 gene, nor the isogenic vector control line CFT1-LC3, engineered to express the betagal gene, showed RVD. On the other hand, the cell line CFT1-LCFSN, engineered to express the wild-type CFTR gene, presented a full RVD. Patch-clamp studies of swelling-activated potassium currents in the three cell lines revealed that all of them possess a potassium current with the biophysical and pharmacological fingerprints of the intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-dependent potassium channel (IK, also known as KCNN4). However, only CFT1-LCFSN cells showed an increase in IK currents in response to hypotonic challenges. Although the identification of the molecular mechanism relating CFTR to the hIK channel remains to be solved, these data offer new evidence on the complex integration of CFTR in the cells where it is expressed.     

Activity of ion channels during volume regulation by clonal N1E115 neuroblastoma cells.

When exposed to a hypotonic bathing solution, clonal N1E115 neuroblastoma cells initially swell and then undergo a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Using cell-attached patch-clamp recording, we have found that the activity of a stretch-sensitive, nonselective cation [C+(SA)] channel increases shortly after the onset of osmotically induced cell swelling; this depolarizes the cells as much as 30 mV. Shortly thereafter, and roughly coincident with the onset of RVD, two types of voltage-dependent channels open at the new resting potential; these are (i) a delayed-rectifier type K+ [K+(DR)] channel and (ii) a large-conductance anion channel. We suggest that opening of the C+(SA) channel may contribute to the volume "sensor" mechanism, while the depolarization-induced opening of the K+(DR) and anion channels may constitute a significant K+ salt exit pathway, operating in RVD.     

2-iodomelatonin prevents apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons via inhibition of A-type transient outward K+ currents

Compelling evidence indicates that excessive K+ efflux and intracellular K+ depletion are key early steps in apoptosis. Previously, we reported that apoptosis of cerebellar granular neurons induced by incubation under low K+ (5 mM) conditions was associated with an increase in delayed rectifier outward K+ current (IK) amplitude and caspase-3 activity. Moreover, the melatonin receptor antagonist 4P-PDOT abrogated the effects of 2-iodomelatonin on IK augmentation, caspase-3 activity and apoptosis. Here, we show that incubation under low K+/serum-free conditions for 6 hr led to a dramatic increase in the A-type transient outward K+ current (IA) (a 27% increase; n=31); in addition, fluorescence staining showed that under these conditions, cell viability decreased by 30% compared with the control. Treatment with 2-iodomelatonin inhibited the IA amplitude recorded from control and apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner and modified the IA channel activation kinetics of cells under control conditions. Moreover, 2-iodomelatonin increased the viability of cell undergoing apoptosis. Interestingly, 4P-PDOT did not abrogate the effect of 2-iodomelatonin on IA augmentation under these conditions; in the presence of 4P-PDOT (100 microm), 2-iodomelatonin reduced the average IA by 41+/-4%, which was similar to the effect of 2-iodomelatonin alone. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of 2-idomelatonin are not only because of its antioxidant or receptor-activating properties, but rather that 2-iodomelatonin may inhibit IA channels by acting as a channel blocker.     

Swelling-induced changes in cytosolic [Ca2++] in insulin-secreting cells: a role in regulatory volume decrease?

Exposure of insulin-secreting cells to hypotonic solutions causes cell swelling followed by regulatory volume decrease (RVD). We have previously demonstrated that RVD is due to activation of a Cl(-) conductance. The present study investigates whether changes in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] play a role in these responses. Hypotonic swelling of RINm5F insulinoma cells caused a marked increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)]. This effect was abolished by omission of extracellular Ca(2+), by the Ca(2+) channel blockers D600 or Gd(3+)and by 4,4'-dithiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS), an inhibitor of the volume-sensitive anion. RVD was markedly impaired in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+), but not by D600 nor by Gd(3+). RVD was also inhibited by the maxi-K(+) (BK(Ca)) channel blockers tetraethylammonium (TEA) and iberiotoxin (IbTx), whereas the K(ATP) channel blocker tolbutamide was ineffective. Cell swelling was accompanied by activation of a K(+) conductance which was sensitive to TEA and IbTx but not to tolbutamide. It is concluded that cell swelling causes activation of the volume-sensitive anion channel, leading to depolarization and Ca(2+) entry via voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. RVD is a Ca(2+)-dependent process, requiring low 'resting' levels of intracellular [Ca(2+)]. However, the swelling-induced increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] is not required for RVD to occur. RVD depends upon simultaneous activation of Cl(-) and K(+) channels. We suggest that the BK(Ca) channel is the major K(+) conductance involved in RVD.     

Deoxygenation inhibits the volume-stimulated, Cl(-)-dependent K+ efflux in SS and young AA cells: a cytosolic Mg2+ modulation

We recently reported that the Cl(-)-dependent K+ (K:Cl) efflux, which can be stimulated by cell swelling in the presence of inhibitors of the Na+ pump (ouabain) and of the Na-K-Cl cotransport (bumetanide), is highly active in young AA and SS RBCs. We report here that deoxygenation inhibits volume-stimulated K:Cl efflux in SS and reticulocyte-enriched density-separated SS and AA RBCs. In SS whole blood, the K:Cl efflux stimulated by hypotonic (220 mOsm) swelling was reduced from 9.2 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) in oxygen to 2.7 +/- 1.9 (mmol/L cell/h = flux units = FU) (n = 4) under deoxygenated conditions (P less than .005). Deoxygenation also decreased the acid pH-stimulated K:Cl efflux from 5.9 +/- 1.5 to 3.7 +/- 1.1 FU (n = 3) (P less than .025) but did not inhibit NEM-stimulated K:Cl transport. The effect of deoxygenation on density-separated SS cells is similar: When fraction SS2 (reversible discocytes) is deoxygenated under hypotonic conditions, the K:Cl efflux is reduced by 50%. In reticulocyte-enriched AA cells obtained from anemic patients, deoxygenation under hypotonic conditions also reduces K+ efflux by 50%. In SS cells only, deoxygenation under isotonic conditions results in an increased Cl(-)-independent K+ efflux. Because ionized Mg2+ in the cytosol increases during deoxygenation, we investigated the effect of external and internal Mg2+ on the volume-stimulated K:Cl efflux. Removal of external Mg2+ did not influence the rate of transport in oxygenated cells. When internal Mg2+ was clamped at 0.15 mmol/L with A23187 and EDTA at ionized cytosolic Ca2+ = O, however, the inhibitory effect of deoxygenation on the K:Cl efflux was eliminated. We conclude that deoxygenation inhibits the volume-stimulated, Cl(-)-dependent K+ efflux in AA and SS young red cells by concomitantly increasing ionized cytosolic Mg2+.     

Hepoxilin A3 is the endogenous lipid mediator opposing hypotonic swelling of intact human platelets.

When human blood platelets are exposed to hypotonic medium they swell first but, shortly thereafter, revert toward their original volume in a process termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD). RVD is the result of an enhanced efflux of K+ and Cl- ions and associated water. Platelet RVD is controlled by a short-lived lipoxygenase-derived product (LP). By using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and RVD reconstitution bioassay, we show that LP is identical with hepoxilin A3. In addition we demonstrate that authentic hepoxilin A3 possesses the same biological properties on RVD reconstitution as LP and that the activity of both compounds is amplified through epoxide hydrolase inhibition with 3,3,3-trichloropropene-1,2-oxide. Therefore, we report here that volume expansion causes the formation and release of hepoxilin A3 from intact human platelets and that this hepoxilin plays a major role in volume regulation.     

K+ channel openers activate brain sulfonylurea-sensitive K+ channels and block neurosecretion.

Vascular K+ channel openers such as cromakalim, nicorandil, and pinacidil potently stimulate 86Rb+ efflux from slices of substantia nigra. This 86Rb+ efflux is blocked by antidiabetic sulfonylureas, which are known to be potent and specific blockers of ATP-regulated K+ channels in pancreatic beta cells, cardiac cells, and smooth muscle cells. K0.5, the half-maximal effect of the enantiomer (-)-cromakalim, is as low as 10 nM, whereas K0.5 for nicorandil is 100 nM. These two compounds appear to have a much higher affinity for nerve cells than for smooth muscle cells. Openers of sulfonylurea-sensitive K+ channels lead to inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid release. There is an excellent relationship between potency to activate 86Rb+ efflux and potency to inhibit neurotransmitter release.