Pancreatic invasion is a prognostic indicator after radical resection for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater

Sixty-three patients who had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater were analyzed with respect to tumor extent and prognosis. The postoperative mortality rate was 3% and overall survival rates 3 and 5 years after surgery were 55% and 46%, respectively. pTNM stage did not reflect prognosis after resection in patients at stages 2 and 3, while pancreatic invasion and regional lymph node metastasis clearly reflected prognosis after resection. Of the 26 patients who had no pancreatic invasion, regional lymph node metastasis was seen in only 19%, whereas of the 37 patients with pancreatic invasion, 62% exhibited lymph node metastasis. These factors were significantly correlated (P<0.001). Pancreatic invasion appeared to be an indirect indicator of regional lymph node metastasis. We conclude that, to improve prognosis for patients with pancreatic invasion, extended resection including extended lymphadenectomy, is a preferable additional procedure.     

Vater壶腹结石嵌顿的术中处理

目的探讨Vater壶腹结石嵌顿的术中处理技巧。方法回顾性分析2003年8月~2006年12月共35例此类病人的临床资料。30例经胆总管下段切开取石,2例行经十二指肠Odd i括约肌切开取石,3例行胆道镜下微爆破碎石仪碎石术。结果所有手术均成功,无一例病人出现大出血、胆漏、肠漏等严重的并发症。平均随访18个月,均无腹痛及胆总管结石复发。结论Vater壶腹嵌顿结石的处理应根据病人病情及医疗条件抉择,在剖腹术中采取经胆总管下段切开取石较为简便和安全。     

Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: Report of a Case

An 83-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of general fatigue, fever, and obstructive jaundice. Percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage was performed. Gastroduodenal fiberscopy revealed carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, and early gastric cancer was suspected. A pancreatoduodenectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. Although a biopsy specimen from the gastric lesion was suspected to be well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, no cancerous lesion was found in a specimen resected from the stomach. The histopathologic findings of the ampullary lesion were compatible with a diagnosis of signet-ring cell carcinoma. This is a rare lesion, and a review of the literature revealed only three previous similar cases. Received: May 1, 2001 / Accepted: March 5, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Reprint requests to: N. Eriguchi (address 1)     

局部切除术治疗Vater壶腹部肿瘤临床体会

目的评价局部切除术治疗Vater壶腹部肿瘤的效果：方法对1995年1月～2006年10月行局部切除治疗的19例Vater壶腹部肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析-结果全部病例无手术及住院死亡,术后并发症发生率为158％（3／19）3例良性肿瘤已分别存活3年、6年和8年。16例恶性肿瘤中,1年生存率为87．5％（14／16）;3年和5年生存率现已达50．0％（8／16）,25％（4／16）,其治疗效果满意。结论局部切除手术符合胆汁引流的生理状态,创伤相对小,恢复快,手术合并症及病死率也较低,因早期较小的肿瘤以及良性肿瘤局部恶变而肿瘤被完整切除．患者得到较长生存时间或得以治愈．     

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy to treat cancer of the ampulla of Vater.

OBJECTIVES: We explored the feasibility, difficulty, and indications for laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: Since November 11, 2002, we have successfully completed 5 laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomies. Patients included 4 males and 1 female, average age 43 years. Three patients had duodenal papillary cancer, one had cancer of the head of the pancreas, and one had pancreatic mixed cancer (duodenal papillary cancer, hepatobiliary ductal adenocarcinoma). The average mass size was 1.5/1.8 cm to 2.6/2.5 cm. RESULTS: The pathology diagnosis was well-differentiated duodenum papillary adenocarcinoma in 3 patients, head of pancreas endocrine small cell carcinoma in 1, and duodenum papillary adenoma with malignancy ductal intermediate differentiation adenocarcinoma in 1. During surgery, average blood loss was 770 mL. Operation time averaged 528 minutes. The main difficulties during surgery were estimation and identification of pancreatoduodenal tumor resection and hepatoduodenal ligament venation changes. After surgery, 1 patient had a small amount of pancreatic leakage, another developed stress ulcer bleeding; both patients became normal after appropriate treatment. The fourth patient developed severe recurrence of pancreatitis with pneumonia and on the 39th day after surgery developed stress ulcer bleeding. This patient died during the second operation. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy is a very difficult and risky operation. It requires ample clinical experience in traditional pancreaticoduodenectomy, perfect laparoscopic surgery technique, consultation and cooperate with the surgical team, updated laparoscopy equipment, and very strict surgical indications. For hospitals that meet the above conditions and requirements, laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy is very safe and feasible.     

Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater

We report a patient (an 80-year-old woman) with anemia and fecal occult blood, who had an emergency operation for carcinoma of the cecum (well-differentiated adenocarcinoma without local lymph node metastasis). Postoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, cholangiography, and upper gastroduodenal endoscopy showed a tumor of the ampulla of Vater, and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Histology of the resected tumor was that of small-cell carcinoma, and immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin, confirming the neuroendocrine nature of the tumor. As the histology of the tumor was distinct from cecal carcinoma, and no tumors were found in other organs, the tumor was diagnosed as primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. The patient died due to multiple liver metastases of the carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater 7 months after the pancreatoduodenectomy. The clinical and morphological features of this disease have been reported in nine individuals previously.     

胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头和壶腹部癌230例分析

了解胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头和壶腹部癌的效果和影响病人生存的因素。方法:分析230例胰头和壶腹部癌的主要表现,辅助检查、手术并发症、手术死亡率,调查术后生存情况及影响病人长期生存的因素。结果:本组病人出现黄疽90.9％,腹痛56.1％,发热32.6％,白陶土样大便13.5％。B超、CT和ERCP检查准确率分别为68.3％、79.3％和66.6％。手术并发症72例(31.3％),死亡20例(8.7％)。术后1、3、5年存活率分别为46.7％,17.4％和52％。肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移和切缘状态是影响病人术后生存的因素,而肿瘤分化程度和病人年龄对生存率无明显影响。结论:胰头和壶腹部癌临床表现有多样性,B超和CT等辅助检查有局限性,手术有高并发症,5年生存率低下,手术治疗远近期效果都不理想。     

扩大Vater壶腹部切除的根治术治疗壶腹部肿瘤

目的 探讨Vater壶腹部肿瘤行壶腹部扩大切除的根治性手术的方法,以减少非肿瘤器官切除,并符合肿瘤治疗原则。方法 总结1995-1998年手术切除的根治术的经验。经十二指肠后外侧入路,整块切除肝外胆道、胆胰管汇合部,壶腹部及十二指肠乳头,十二指肠乳头封闭术。胆、胰、十二指肠间置空肠或胆、胰空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果 围手术期死亡1例。并发症1例经再手术治愈。随访术后半年以上病人9例,最长生存29个月,无并发症及转移征象。结论（1）该术式符合胰十二指肠解剖关系;（2）按肿瘤治疗原则能达到广泛程度清扫;（3）初行该术式者应掌握胰十二指肠切除术。     

Vater壶腹癌23例报告

目的 评估和总结Vater壶腹癌治疗的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析23例Vater壶 腹癌的临床资料.结果 18例(78.3%)行经典的胰十二指肠切除术和保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术;术后并发胰瘘8例(34.8%),并发胃排空延迟6例(26.1%),两种术式的并发症发生率相近;术后1年生存率为77.3%,术后5年生存率为...     

壶腹腺癌胰十二指肠切除术后预后相关因素分析

目的:探讨影响壶腹腺癌患者行胰十二指肠切除术预后相关因素。方法:回顾2007年1月—2014年12月期间接受胰十二指肠切除术治疗的壶腹腺癌患者的临床及病理资料,分析患者术后生存的影响因素。结果:全组患者术后1、3、5年生存率分别为87.5%、64.3%、54.5%。单因素分析显示,术前总胆红素、直接胆红素、CEA、CA19-9、CA242、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、肿瘤分期、胰腺侵犯、神经侵犯、术后辅助治疗是影响壶腹腺癌患者术后生存的影响因素(均P0.05)。多因素分析显示,CEA、肿瘤浸润深度是影响壶腹腺癌患者术后生存的独立影响因素(均P0.05)。结论:壶腹腺癌患者行胰十二指肠切除术后的预后与多种因素相关,CEA、肿瘤浸润深度是评价壶腹腺癌患者预后最重要的指标。     

A case of familial adenomatous polyposis complicated by thyroid carcinoma,carcinoma of the ampulla of vater and adrenocortical adenoma

A 63 year old female with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) complicated by carcinoma of the thyroid and ampulla of Vater and a nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenoma is reported herein. We reviewed 23 cases of duodenal or periampullary carcinoma, 10 cases of thyroid carcinoma and 4 cases of adrenal neoplasm presented in the Japanese literature. From studying these cases, we identified that FAP patients had a high risk of developing periampullary carcinoma and consequently, it is very important to periodically examine the ampulla of Vater. Thyroid carcinomas in patients with FAP were well differentiated carcinomas and occurred earlier than in the general population. The use of medical imaging equipment with mean that insidious abdominal tumors in cases of FAP will be detected more frequently in the future and as patients with FAP have a high risk of developing malignancies, surgery should be indicated for incidentally found adrenal tumors.     

Vater壶腹腺癌胰十二指肠切除后复发转移的危险因素

目的 研究Vater壶腹腺癌在胰十二指肠切除后复发转移的危险因素. 方法 回顾性分析1980年1月至2003年12月收治的胰十二指肠切除后存活的101例Vater壶腹腺癌的临床病理资料.结果 本组患者中TNM分期Ⅰ期42例(41.6%),Ⅱ期32例(31.7%),Ⅲ期27例(26.7%).中位随访时间为46(2～192)个月,25例(24.8%)复发转移,中位复发转移时间为20(2～93)个月.局部复发11例(10.8%),远处转移20例(19.6%),其中6例同时出现局部复发与远处转移.复发转移的25例患者与未复发转移的76例患者的肿瘤最大直径>2 cm(64%比39%,X2=4.56,P=0.033)、淋巴结阳性率(52%比17%,X2=11.98,P=0.001)和手术并发症发生率(51%比20%,X2=7.50,P=0.006)之间相比差异有统计学意义.Logsitic回归分析发现,只有淋巴结转移(0R=5.14,P=0.0037)是复发转移的独立预后因素.未出现淋巴结转移患者中位无复发生存时间为49(2～192)个月,淋巴结转移患者为32(12～152)个月,两者相比差异有统计学意义(X2=5.43,P=0.0198).结论 Vater壶腹腺癌在胰十二指肠切除后复发转移较为常见;淋巴结转移是术后复发转移的独立危险因素.     

Impact of lymph node metastasis on survival in patients with pathological T1 carcinoma of the ampulla of vater

To determine the prognostic factors for patients with pathological T1 (pT1) carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, 36 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater who underwent surgery were retrospectively analyzed in terms of clinicopathological features. The overall 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival in all patients was 50.2%, and the median survival of all patients was 64.0 months. Factors favorably influencing a long-term outcome were the absence of lymph node metastasis (P<0.0001), the absence of ulcer formation of the tumor (P=0.0062), and the absence of tumor invasion into the duodenum (P = 0.0025) and the pancreas (P=0.0098). In a multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis was the only predictor of survival (P=0.0023). In the pT1 stage patients, 20% of the patients had lymph node metastasis, and their survival was statistically poor compared to the pT1 patients without lymph node metastasis (P=0.017). As for survival after the operation, there was no significant difference between pancreatoduodenectomy and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.     

Endoscopic resection for neoplastic diseases of the papilla of Vater

Optimal management of neoplastic diseases of the papilla of Vater is still controversially discussed. Until a few years ago, surgical resection or transduodenal local excision were routinely performed as definitive treatments. In order to decrease mortality and morbidity, investigators systematically started in the late 1980s to evaluate alternative methods, particularly following an endoscopic strategy. In recent years, endoscopic resection procedures (e.g., snare resection, piecemeal resection, thermal ablative techniques) proved to be feasible and safe alternatives, especially for benign neoplastic diseases of the papilla. The following review summarizes criteria for the selection of patients and describes endoscopic resection techniques. In addition, outcome concerning recurrence rates and complications of surgical and endoscopic resection procedures are evaluated.     

Technik der papilloduodenektomie

Zusammenfassung Die Lokalexzision von periampulldren Tumoren, erstmals 1898 beschrieben, ist nach Einführung der Pankreatikoduodenektomie 1935 in den Hintergrund gedrdngt worden. Neuere Berichte lassen vermuten, daß die ampullary Exzision gute Resultate erreicht. Um den Platz dieser Operation zu bestimmen, welche eine einfache Mukosaexzision (Ampullektomie) oder eine weite Exzision der Papille zusammen mit der Duodenalhinterwand und den distalen Anteilen von Gallen- und Pankreasgang sein kann (Papilloduodenektomie), ist es wichtig, these Technik genau zu definieren. Wir beschreiben deshalb die Papilloduodenektomie und bestimmen den Platz dieser Operation, die in ausgewählten Fällen nützlich sein kann.

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Technique of papilloduodenectomy

Summary Local excision of preiampullary tumours first described in 1898 has been relegated in the background after introduction of pancreaticoduodenectomy in 1935. Recent reports suggest that ampullary excision may give good results. In order to define the place of this operation which may be a simple excision of the duodenal mucosa (ampullectomy) or a wide excision of the papilla encompassing the posterior duodenal wall and the distal bile and pancreatic ducts (papilloduodenectomy) it is important to make a clear distinction between these two techniques. We describe the technique of papilloduodenectomy and define the place of this operation, which may be useful in selected cases.

     

Long-term survival after hepatectomy for hepatic recurrence of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

We present herein a rare case of a long-term survivor after major hepatectomy performed for a metastatic liver tumor from carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. A 74-year-old man had undergone a pancreaticoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the papilla of Vater with obstructive jaundice, in April 1995. Histologically, an exposed mass-forming type of tumor, measuring 40 × 30 mm, was composed of mucinous and papillary adenocarcinoma, invading into the muscularis propria of the duodenum, without lymph node metastases. The patient did not receive any type of chemotherapy. In September 1999, a solitary hepatic tumor, 3.5 cm in diameter, was detected in segment VIII of the liver by computed tomography. In November 1999, right hepatic lobectomy was carried out. The anterior and posterior portal pedicles were ligated and dissected in the hepatic parenchyma so as not to compromise the hepaticojejunostomy. After the hepatectomy, the patient was treated with low-dose tegafur/uracil/cisplatin therapy for approximately 2 years. He has been doing well, without recurrence, for 5 years after the hepatectomy. Hepatectomy for hepatic metastases from carcinoma of the papilla of Vater is thought to be a useful surgical treatment in selected patients.     

局部切除术治疗壶腹部肿瘤

目的:探讨局部切除术治疗壶腹部肿瘤的效果.方法:采用局部切降术治疗的23例壶腹部肿瘤患者,男18例,女5例,对患者的临床表现,手术后并发症和生存情况观察研究.结果:壶腹部肿瘤患者主要临床表现为阻塞性黄疸、消瘦和上腹不适.临床诊断主要依靠纤维十二指肠镜、CT、ERCP.无手术死亡,术中平均失血80ml(50～150ml),平均手术时间100min(60～150min),共发生并发症6例(26.1%),3例患者肿瘤复发,1例死亡,1例改行胰十二指肠切除术,1例带瘤生存,其余未发现复发和转移.存活1年以上21例,存活2年18例,5例生存5年.结论:局部切除术治疗壶腹部肿瘤创伤小,恢复快,效果满意,对于部分患者,尤其是老年患者和高危患者,是较好的手术方式.     

The significance of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) expression in cancer of the ampulla of vater in terms of prognosis

Seventeen patients with cancer of the ampulla of Vater were studied retrospectively using immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The relationships between the PCNA-positive rate, being the number of PCNA-positive cancer cells to total cancer cells, the clinicopathological findings, and the clinical course were evaluated. The PCNA-positive rate in patients with lymph node metastasis (47%) was significantly higher than that in patients without metastasis (29%), while that in patients with advanced cancer invading the pancreatic parenchyma (47%), was significantly higher than that in patients with early cancer without invasion of the sphincter of Oddi (32%). All of five patients with early cancer are still alive, whereas five with semi-advanced cancer invading the sphincter of Oddi but not the pancreatic parenchyma, and two with a PCNA-positive rate of over 40% died of recurrent cancer. Of seven patients with advanced cancer, only one with a low PCNA-positive rate of 23% is alive, but the other six with a PCNA-positive rate of over 40% all died. The results suggest that the PCNA-positive rate provides a prognostic index for cancer of the ampulla of Vater.     

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater with foci of squamous differentiation: a case report

A 54-year-old woman with obstructive jaundice was found to have a 4-cm ulcerated, elevated tumor, located at the papilla of Vater by endoscopy and radiographic investigation. Based on a clinical diagnosis of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. The histologic appearance of the lesion was identical to extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma, with diffuse proliferation of small, spindle-shaped, atypical tumor cells with numerous mitoses. Neuroendocrine differentiation was demonstrated by immunoreactivity with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and Leu-7, and by the presence of dense core granules ultrastructurally. The tumor was composed mainly of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and partially of an area of squamous differentiation, showing transition from one to the other. Histopathologic investigation disclosed direct invasion deep to the lamina propria, and infiltration of the pancreatic parenchyma, duodenum, and bile duct. Lymph node metastases were present in the superior pancreaticoduodenal chain. The patient died of liver metastases 8 months later. As in previously reported cases of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampullary region, the present case showed extremely aggressive clinical behavior with early metastases resulting in fatal outcome.     

Ampullectomy for adenoma of the papilla and ampulla of Vater

Introduction: The frequency of malignant adenomas of the papilla figures between 15 and 30%. Villous adenoma is considered to be a premalignant lesion. Treatment: Resection of the papilla is indicated in large tubular and small tubulovillous adenoma. Ampullectomy, however, is mandatory in villous adenoma with severe dysplasia and large villous or tubulovillous adenoma. If villous adenoma with a low-risk pT1 N0 M0 G1/2-cancer is treated by ampullectomy, local lymph dissection should also be performed. Ampullectomy includes extirpation of the ampulla of Vater and reinsertion of the common bile duct and the pancreatic main duct into the duodenal wall. Results: Hospital mortality after ampullectomy is less than 0.4%, and surgical morbidity, e.g., cholangitis, below 10%. Received: 2 March 1998