非外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断与治疗

目的探讨非外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性研究11例非外伤性脑脊液鼻漏病人的临床资料。结果本组先天性脑膜脑膨出、鼻腔上皮瘤、颅中窝胆脂瘤、侵犯中颅底的巨大蝶窦囊肿及鞍内颅咽管瘤各1例,侵袭性垂体腺瘤及空蝶鞍综合征各2例,垂体腺瘤术后2例。均行经鼻蝶窦入路手术,其中3例采用手术显微镜,8例采用鼻内镜手术,经鼻颅联合入路、单纯鼻内入路、鼻锥体外翻及翼点入路各1例。1次成功修补者8例,2次修补成功者1例,3次修补成功者2例。结论非外伤性脑脊液鼻漏采用适宜的外科手术方法,治疗效果是满意的。     

发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤经蝶手术治疗

目的　介绍发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤的临床特征和经蝶手术治疗方法。方法　分析１９９１ 年至１９９７ 年北京协和医院经蝶手术治疗的５ 例发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤, 并结合文献加以讨论。结果　５ 例中４ 例为巨大型泌乳素腺瘤, １ 例为部分空泡蝶鞍合并垂体无功能腺瘤, ２ 例以脑脊液鼻漏为首发症状。术后随访半年至６ 年, ３ 例肿瘤全切除, ２ 例次全切除, 脑脊液鼻漏均消失。结论垂体腺瘤自发性脑脊液鼻漏可见于巨大型垂体腺瘤; 也可见于合并部分空泡蝶鞍的垂体腺瘤; 放疗、服溴隐亭治疗可促进垂体腺瘤脑脊液鼻漏的发生。经蝶入路是最适手术入路; 肿瘤切除后严密填塞蝶窦是补漏的主要措施; 术后去枕平卧和腰蛛网膜下腔引流有助于所修补漏口的愈合。     

神经内镜辅助下经鼻蝶入路治疗鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨神经内镜辅助下经鼻蝶入路切除鞍区肿瘤的方法和优势。方法回顾性分析30例鞍区肿瘤病人的临床资料,垂体腺瘤26例(其中无功能垂体腺瘤6例、泌乳素瘤16例、垂体生长激素腺瘤4例),拉克囊肿1例,胆脂瘤1例,脑膜瘤1例,颅咽管瘤1例。采用神经内镜辅助下经鼻蝶入路手术切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切27例,部分切除3例。术后3例发生脑脊液鼻漏,经腰大池持续引流后痊愈。无死亡病例。随访3~6个月,病人恢复良好。结论在神经内镜辅助下经鼻蝶入路治疗鞍区肿瘤,较单纯的显微镜手术治疗创伤更小,肿瘤全切率更高。     

经蝶窦显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤

目的报告96例鞍区肿瘤采用鼻蝶入路显微手术切除的体会。介绍该手术方法及其适应证，以提高手术技巧，预防并发症，降低手术死亡率。方法回顾分析1993年至1999年间本科经鼻蝶入路显微手术切除的96例鞍区肿瘤的临床资料。结果96例鞍区肿瘤，其中全切除51例，次全切除39例，仅作病检切除6例。病检证实，垂体肿瘤92例，其中泌乳素腺瘤79例，生长激素腺瘤4例，混合性腺瘤6例，无功能腺瘤3例；颅咽管瘤2例；脑膜瘤1例；鼻咽癌1例。好转89例，无变化7例，无恶化死亡。本组病人亦未出现脑脊液漏和颅内感染等手术并发症。结论本手术所需手术设备相对简单，适用于沿身体纵轴位发展的鞍区肿瘤，特别适用于垂体微腺瘤和向下发展突入蝶窦的肿瘤治疗。     

蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术颅底重建中的应用

目的探讨蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术颅底重建中的方法及应用价值。方法回顾性分析2014年10月至2016年1月在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗的23例鞍区病变的临床资料,术中均采用蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术进行颅底重建,即术中在导航引导下确定鞍底粘膜骨瓣的大小,使用磨钻制作骨瓣并向底部翻转,形成半游离的黏膜骨瓣;肿瘤切除后,将半游离的黏膜骨瓣翻转复位,辅以生物蛋白胶固定。结果 23例中,颅咽管瘤1例,鞍上型Rathke囊肿2例,垂体腺瘤20例。术中发生脑脊液漏3例,采用人工材料常规修补后以蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术。23例术后随访6个月,均未出现脑脊液漏、细菌性脑膜炎和张力性气颅等并发症。结论在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术中,采用蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术进行颅底重建中是一种可靠、安全、有效的方法。     

内镜颅底外科的发 展简

内镜颅底外科起步于20世纪90年代,解剖学特征使内镜颅底外科开始于颅底中线病变的外科治疗。鞍区是最早应用内镜经鼻颅底外科技术的颅底区域,20世纪90年代初,一些学者开始尝试采用单纯内镜经鼻入路切除垂体腺瘤。而后又用于视神经减压和脑脊液鼻漏修补。张秋航等于1998年在国内率先发表内镜经鼻入路切除垂体腺瘤的临床研究。现已延伸至切除鞍内颅咽管瘤、脑膜瘤、囊肿、鞍区恶性肿瘤及空蝶鞍综合征。目前,内镜经鼻入路在欧美发达国家已是垂体腺瘤切除的首选和主流入路。     

经鼻孔内镜下鞍区及鞍下手术(附26例报告)

1对象与方法 1.1临床资料26例中男18例,女8例;年龄16～48岁.其中垂体瘤6例,颅咽管瘤4例,顽固性脑脊液鼻漏4例,蝶窦囊肿3例,侵及鞍底的脑肿瘤4例.     

应用内窥镜经单鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的探讨利用内窥镜经单鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的手术方法。方法对经MRI和/或CT确诊的37例垂体腺瘤，在全麻下鼻内窥镜电视监测经单鼻腔蝶窦入路手术切除。结果肿瘤全切除32例，大部分切除5例。术后平均4天出院，无死亡、无感染，无内分泌功能障碍加重，术后脑脊液鼻漏2例，再次经鼻蝶入路修补后痊愈。随访4～35个月，视力恢复1.0以上5例，内分泌功能正常15例，月经恢复正常10例。结论内窥镜能提供良好的深部照明，术野清晰，经单鼻腔切除垂体腺瘤能显著提高手术的准确性，手术创伤小，可明显减少手术的危险性和术后并发症。     

保持鼻中隔原位的经蝶鞍内病变手术技术

鞍内病变以垂体腺瘤为主，偶尔遇到Rathke囊肿、垂体脓肿和颅咽管瘤等。70％～90％的垂体腺瘤可经鼻蝶入路手术并获得有效的治疗。20世纪50年代，Guiot将手术显微镜引入经蝶垂体腺瘤手术，70年代Hardy又设计和标定了经蝶垂体腺瘤手术的许多细节，从手术器械、手术室内所需设施及其安排、手术体位，到肿瘤分类、刮除方法，     

经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗颅咽管瘤50例体会

目的 探讨经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗颅咽管瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2020年3月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术切除的50例颅咽管瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除48例（96.0%），次全切除2例。86.36%的病人术后视力改善，95.24%的病人术后认知功能改善。术后40例出现全垂体功能减退，9例内分泌功能正常，1例出现生长激素缺乏。术后38例（76.0%）出现尿崩症。术后发生脑脊液漏2例，颅内感染7例。50例中位随访时间为32.0个月，随访期间无死亡病例，2例肿瘤复发。结论 经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗颅咽管瘤，肿瘤全切除率高，术后疗效较好。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

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