A comparison of outcomes in osteoarthritis patients undergoing total hip and knee replacement surgery

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess changes in physical function and quality of life with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the instrument of the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey (MOS SF-36), respectively, in patients undergoing hip anf knee joint replacement surgery and to compare the responsiveness of these two outcome measures 1 year after surgery. DESIGN: One hundred and ninety-four patients with osteoarthritis (OA knee 108, OA hip 86) admitted to four hospitals in Sydney were followed over a period of 1 year at 3 monthly intervals. RESULTS: WOMAC measures improved significantly after 1 year for OA hip and OA knee: there was reduction in pain of 71% and 53%, reduction of stiffness of 55% and 43% and improvement in physical function of 68% and 43%, respectively. MOS SF-36 measures in those having hip surgery improved significantly for pain (222%), physical function (247%), physical role functioning (402%), general health (110%), vitality (143%0, social functioning (169%) and mental health (114%). For those in the knee surgery group, significant improvement was seen for pain (175%), physical function (197%), physical role functioning (275%), vitality (125%) and social functioning (119%). The WOMAC was a more responsive measure than the MOS SF-36. CONCLUSION: WOMAC and MOS SF-36 detect significant and clinically meaningful changes in outcome after hip and knee replacement. WOMAC requires a smaller sample size and is more responsive in the short term. For a follow-up longer than 6 months MOS SF-36 provides additional information. The improvement in outcomes following hip joint surgery were significantly greater than those following knee surgery.     

Autologous blood transfusion in total knee replacement surgery

We compared allogeneic blood usage for two groups of patientsundergoing total knee replacement surgery (TKR). Patients wererandomized to receive either their post-operative wound drainageas an autotransfusion (n=115) after processing or to have thiswound drainage discarded (n=116). Allogeneic blood was transfusedin patients of either group whose haemoglobin fell below 9 gdl^–1. Only 7% of patients in the autotransfusion grouprequired an allogeneic transfusion compared with 28% in thecontrol group (P<0.001). There was no hospital mortalityand only 3% mortality from all causes at the study completion,which spanned 6 months to 3 yr. There was a higher incidenceof infection requiring intervention in the allogeneic group(P<0.036). Total patient costs were £113 greater inthe autotransfusion group. We conclude that in this type ofsurgery post-operative cell salvage is a safe and effectivemethod for reducing allogeneic blood use. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 669–73     

Personality,function and satisfaction in patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between personality and joint-specific function, general physical and general mental health in patients undergoing total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

One hundred and eighty-four patients undergoing THA and 205 undergoing TKA were assessed using the Eysneck Personality Questionnaire, brief version (EPQ-BV). General physical and mental health was measured using the Short-Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire and the EuroQol (EQ-5D). Joint-specific function was measured using the Oxford hip or knee score.

Results

The “unstable introvert” personality type was associated with poorer pre-operative function and health in patients with hip arthrosis. In patients with knee arthrosis, there was poorer general health in those with “stable extrovert” and “unstable introvert” types. Personality was not an independent predictor of outcome following TKA or THA. The main predictor was pre-operative function and health. Comorbidity was an important covariate of both pre-operative and postoperative function.

Conclusions

Personality may play a role in the interaction of these disease processes with function and health perception. It may also affect the response and interpretation of psychometric and patient-reported outcome measures. It may be important to characterise and identify these traits in potential arthroplasty patients as it may help deliver targeted education and management to improve outcomes in certain groups.     

Reducing perioperative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major spine surgery

At present, individual techniques, including intraoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution, use of tranexamic acid, use of intrathecal morphine, proper positioning, and modification of operative techniques, seem most promising for reducing perioperative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major spine surgery. Other techniques including preoperative autologous predonation; mandatory discontinuation of use of antiplatelet agents; intraoperative and postoperative red-blood-cell salvage; use of aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, recombinant factor VIIa, or desmopressin; induced hypotension; avoidance of hypothermia; and minimally invasive operative techniques require additional studies to either establish their effectiveness or address safety considerations.     

Efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation: analysis of blood loss and transfusion practice in total hip replacement

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of allogeneic transfusion for total hip replacement (THR) surgery and to examine the efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) under specified, standardized blood transfusion guidelines. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized study. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENTS: All ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients undergoing single, primary, THR surgery from April 1998 to March 1999. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received standardized transfusion and anticoagulation therapy. Demographic, blood loss, and transfusion data were collected and compared between all patients participating in PABD (donors) and patients not participating in PABD (nondonors). Overall allogeneic blood exposure was established. Since most anemic patients could not participate in PABD, allogeneic transfusion frequency was also examined in a subset of nonanemic patients (hemoglobin > or =12 g/dL) who were potentially able to participate in PABD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: n = 231 patients, 142 donors and 89 nondonors. Mean estimated blood volume (EBV) of donors was 4991 +/- 1042 mL versus nondonors 4631 +/- 1108 mL (p < 0. 01). ASA physical status I-II/III-IV among donors was 118/24 versus nondonors 61/28 (p < 0.01). Overall allogeneic blood exposure was 22% (51/231). Allogeneic transfusion frequency for all donors was 15% (22/142) versus nondonors 33% (29/89) (p < 0.05). Among nonanemic patients, donor versus nondonor EBV and ASA physical status I-II/III-IV were 5074 +/- 1019 mL versus 4743 +/- 1172 mL and 107/20 versus 48/15 (p = NS); allogeneic transfusion frequency reduced to 13% (16/127) versus 17% (11/63) (p = NS), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Allogeneic blood exposure was >10% despite the use of PABD. The efficacy of PABD has been obscured by the fact that donors of autologous blood tend to be larger and healthier than nondonors. After exclusion of anemic patients, autologous donors and nondonors were clinically comparable and the difference in allogeneic blood exposure was not statistically significant. PABD offers only a modest, if any, benefit for THR surgery.     

Lateral position reduces blood loss in hip replacement surgery: a prospective randomized study of 74 patients

We performed a prospective randomized study of 74 patients undergoing hip replacement surgery and compared the perioperative blood loss in the lateral position with that in the supine position. The surgeons and surgical technique were the same in the two groups. The patients operated on in the lateral position had a significantly lower total blood loss, on average 201 ml less.     

Perioperative quality-of-care measures for patients undergoing total hip or total knee replacement

Recent years have seen the proliferation of numerous standards of quality for the process of providing health care, including total joint replacement. These attempts include the implementation of pay-for-reporting and pay-for-performance programs based on quality measures. These programs have often been implemented with few studies of the validity of the quality measures used and with limited input from the orthopedic community. Our project addresses this relative lack of evidence-based measures by developing a set of quality measures that address the perioperative care of patients undergoing total joint replacement. Our goal is to create a model for improving the quality of care and outcomes of total joint replacement in the United States by facilitating physicians in their efforts to apply the best scientific evidence to their daily practice.     

Benefits of postoperative shed blood reinfusion in patients undergoing unilateral total knee replacement

Introduction In patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR), most of the measured blood loss occurs during the postoperative period, and 30–50% of these patients receive allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). For this reason, the salvage and return of unwashed filtered shed blood (USB) from postoperative drainage may represent an alternative to ABT in these patients. We have, therefore, evaluated the clinical utility of USB return in TKR patients, with a special focus on patients with mild anaemia.Materials and methods Data from 200 TKR patients (group 2) receiving USB within the first 6 postoperative hours (ConstaVac CBC II, Sryker) were prospectively collected. A retrospective series of 100 TRK patients served as the control group (group 1).Results USB return was possible in 162 patients who received a mean of 0.98±0.4 U/pte, without any clinically relevant incident. Return of USB decreased both the percentage of patients with ABT (48% vs 11%, for groups 1 and 2, respectively; p<0.01) and the ABT units/patient index (1.31±1.27 vs 0.29±0.87 units/patient, respectively; p<0.01). A transfusion protocol was not established, but there was no difference between groups with respect to either perioperative Hb levels or overall transfusion index, indicating that the transfusion criteria were uniform. However, for the subgroups of patients who needed ABT, the preoperative Hb level was 1 g/dL lower in those receiving USB (13.4±1.4 vs 12.4±1.2 g/dL; p<0.05). There was no difference in the postoperative complication rate, and patients in group 2 recovered the ability to walk 1 day earlier, and their hospital stay was 3 days shorter than in group 1 (p<0.01).Conclusions Return of USB after TKR seems to shorten the hospital stay and effectively reduce postoperative requirements for ABT, especially in patients with preoperative Hb >13 g/dL. For patients with preoperative Hb <13 g/dL, although the return of USB also decreased the requirements for ABT, a further reduction will probably be obtained with the addition of another blood-saving method.     

Effectiveness of postoperative autologous blood transfusion after knee replacement surgery and influence of preoperative hemoglobin level

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative autologous blood transfusion on reducing the need for allogenic transfusion during recovery from total knee arthroplasty until hospital discharge, and to determine whether effectiveness is related to preoperative hemoglobin level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients undergoing surgery at Hospital Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, in 2003, assessing the association between postoperative autologous blood transfusion, preoperative hemoglobin, and allogenic transfusion requirements. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were studied. Eighty-three received autologous blood transfusions after surgery and 15 (14.02%) required allogenic transfusion. The rate of allogenic transfusion was higher in association with hemoglobin levels exceeding 13 g x dL(-1) (P=0.003) and it was lower in patients who received autologous blood transfusions (P=0.046). In patients who received autologous transfusion, preoperative hemoglobin level and risk of allogenic transfusion were unrelated. When autologous transfusion was not given, allogenic transfusion risk was higher when hemoglobin concentration was less than 13 g x dL(-1) (P=0.0008). Autologous transfusion had a significant effect when hemoglobin level was less than 13 g x dL(-1) (P=0.002) but did not affect the rate of transfusion when hemoglobin was 13 g x dL(-1) or more. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous blood transfusion is effective for reducing the need for allogenic transfusion after knee replacement surgery, particulary when a patient's hemoglobin level is less than 13 g x dL(-1).     

氟哌啶醇对老年髋关节置换手术患者术后谵妄的影响

目的观察氟哌啶醇对老年髋关节置换手术患者术后谵妄(POD)影响。方法择期行单侧髋关节置换手术患者60例,男34例,女26例,年龄65～85岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级,随机分为氟哌啶醇组(H组)和对照组(C组)。两组麻醉方法相同,手术结束后均行PCIA,H组:舒芬太尼2μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯3 mg/kg+氟哌啶醇5 mg;C组:舒芬太尼2μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯3 mg/kg,均由生理盐水配制成100 ml,以2 ml/h的速度持续静脉泵注48 h。观察并记录术后1、6、12、24、36、48 h Ramsay镇静评分和VAS疼痛评分。记录术后第1～3晚睡眠质量评分。采用意识混乱评估法(CAM)评定POD。记录术后心动过缓或心动过速、嗜睡、恶心呕吐和锥体外系症状等不良反应的发生情况。结果与C组比较,H组术后6 h和12 h的Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P0.05),术后6 h和12 h的VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P0.05),术后第1晚和第2晚睡眠质量评分明显降低(P0.05)。H组有2例(6.7%)发生POD,明显少于C组的9例(30.0%)(P0.05)。H组术后恶心呕吐发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。两组其他不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论术后行PCIA中加入5 mg氟哌啶醇可以降低老年髋关节置换手术患者术后谵妄的发生率,且改善术后转归。     

Impact of length of red blood cells transfusion on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: A cohort study

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to test whether older red blood cells (RBCs) transfusion results in an increased risk of postoperative delirium (POD) and various in-hospital postoperative complications in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.Materials and methodsPatients (≥65 years) who underwent hip fracture surgery were enrolled, 179 patients were divided into two groups according to the storage time of the RBCs. The shorter storage time of RBCs transfusion group comprised patients who received RBCs ≤14 days old and the longer storage time of RBCs transfusion group comprised patients who received RBCs >14 days old. The blood samples were collected before anaesthesia induction, 4 and 24 h after RBCs transfusion for the determination of proinflammatory mediators, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase activity.ResultsThere was no difference in the baseline characteristics, the incidence of POD, and the in-hospital postoperative complications between the shorter storage time of RBCs transfusion group and the longer storage time of RBCs transfusion groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the shorter storage time of RBCs transfusion group, the longer storage time of RBCs transfusion caused significantly longer duration of POD (P < 0.05). There were significantly increased plasma levels of IL-8 and malondialdehyde at 24 h and IL-1β at 4 h after RBCs transfusion in the POD group compared with the non-POD group (P < 0.05).ConclusionTransfusion of the longer storage RBCs is not associated with a higher incidence of POD or in-hospital postoperative complications, but with longer duration of POD in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.     

Factors influencing blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion practice in craniosynostosis surgery

Objective/Aims: To identify factors influencing perioperative blood loss and transfusion practice in craniosynostotic corrections. Background: Craniosynostotic corrections are associated with large amounts of blood loss and high transfusion rates. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of all pediatric craniosynostotic corrections during the period from January 2003 to October 2009. The primary endpoint was the receipt of an allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) during or after surgery. Pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative data were acquired using the electronic hospital registration systems and patients’ charts. Results: Forty‐four patients were operated using open surgical techniques. The mean estimated blood loss during surgery was 55 ml·kg^?1. In 42 patients, red blood cells were administered during or after surgery with a mean of 38 ml·kg^?1. In 23 patients, fresh frozen plasma was administered with a mean of 28 ml·kg^?1. A median of two different donors per recipient was found. Longer duration of surgery and lower bodyweight were associated with significantly more blood loss and red blood cell transfusions. Higher perioperative blood loss and surgery at an early age were correlated with a longer duration of admission. Conclusions: In this study, craniosynostotic corrections were associated with large amounts of blood loss and high ABT rates. The amount of ABT could possibly be reduced by appointing a dedicated team of physicians, by using new less‐invasive surgical techniques, and by adjusting anesthetic techniques.     

老年患者髋膝关节置换术后谵妄风险评估表的构建及效果评价

目的 构建老年患者髋膝关节置换术后谵妄（POD）的风险评估表并评价效果。
方法 选择2021年3月至2022年5月行髋膝关节置换术的老年患者474例和2022年1—5月的同质患者153例，分别作为训练集和验证集。根据是否发生POD将患者分成两组：非POD组和POD组。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析训练集并确定发生POD的独立危险因素。采用Homser-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评价模型的一致性。根据OR值对所选变量进行赋值后建立POD风险评估表，通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价风险评估表的预测效能。将训练集和验证集根据截断值进行风险分层分为：低危和高危。计算不同风险分层的POD发病率，评估风险评估表的适用性。
结果训练集中有58例（12.2%）发生POD，验证集中有19例（12.4%）发生POD。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄≥85岁、ASA Ⅲ或Ⅳ级、简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）评分≤24分、术前睡眠障碍、合并神经系统疾病、全麻、术中未使用右美托咪定为POD的独立危险因素。风险评估表以截断值44.5分进行危险分层，其预测POD的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.956（95%CI 0.937～0.975）。训练集和验证集使用风险预测评估表将患者分为低危和高危，与低危患者比较，高危患者POD发病率均明显升高（P<0.001）。
结论采用年龄≥85岁、ASA Ⅲ或Ⅳ级、MMSE评分≤24分、术前睡眠障碍、合并神经系统疾病、全麻、术中未使用右美托咪定构建的POD风险评估表，对行髋膝关节置换术的老年患者进行危险分层，能有效识别发生POD的高危患者。