父母职业接触锰对其子女智力的影响

目的研究锰对作业工人子女智力的影响.方法选取出生前并至调查时其父亲或母亲从事锰作业的44名某冶炼厂子弟学校学生为接触组,居住同一地区、父母亲均不接触锰及其它化学毒物就读同一学校的23名儿童为对照组,用韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)测定两组儿童的智商(IQ),并依据车间空气锰浓度和接触工龄计算出子女出生前父母的累积暴露指数.结果母亲职业性接触锰其子女智商低于对照组和父亲接锰组.父亲接锰组其子女智商与对照组的差异没有显著性.相关分析发现子女智商变化与母亲锰累积接触水平之间存在剂量-效应关系.结论母亲职业接触锰可能会对其子女的智力有不良影响.     

接触二硫化碳对子代神经行为及尿5-HIAA水平的影响

目的研究怀孕前父、母亲有不同浓度二硫化碳(CS2)接触史的儿童神经行为功能和尿中5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)改变。方法选择怀孕前父亲或母亲有CS2接触史者所生育的子女61名为接触组,按父母接触水平分为高浓度组和低浓度组。同时选取同一地区父母无任何毒物接触史的39名儿童为对照组,进行神经行为功能和尿中5-HIAA水平测试。结果父亲或母亲接触高浓度组儿童注意力、反应速度、心理运动能力、运动协调能力都受到影响,低浓度组仅在视感知和运动协调能力方面有所影响。分成母亲接触组、父亲接触组与对照组比较,除心理运动能力外未见到其他指标测试结果的差异有显著性。尿中5-HIAA水平,接触组与对照组儿童间差异未见有显著性。结论接触CS2对子代可产生一定的神经行为改变,且有一定的剂量-反应关系。     

父母职业接触铅对其子女智力行为的影响

目的　评价铅对作业工人子女智力、神经行为的影响。方法　选择父亲和 (或 )母亲从事铅作业的 14 7名某市区儿童 (6～ 10岁 )为接触组 ,父母亲均不接触铅及其它化学毒物、居住在同一市区的儿童 99名为对照组。测定两组儿童血铅、发铅、血锌卟啉、智商和神经行为功能。结果　父母职业性接触铅其子女发铅、血铅、锌卟啉明显高于对照组 (P<0 0 1) ,血铅、发铅水平与智商水平基本呈负相关关系。行为功能简单反应时、数字跨度得分 ,接触组明显低于对照组(P <0 0 1) ;上述改变以父亲母亲同时接触铅影响最大、父亲接触铅次之、母亲接触铅影响最小。结论　父母职业接触铅增加其子女铅负荷 ,造成儿童的智力和神经行为不良影响     

二硫化碳对子代智力发育的影响

本文调食了父母在生育前后接触CS_2,的子女智力发育情况.结果发现双亲中有一方接触CS_2,的平均浓度大于10mg/m~3对其子女的智力发育有影响.表现为言语智商和总智商均显著地低于对照组(言语IQ 105,9比96.1,t=2.79 P<0.01:总IQ107.4比99.5t=2.14 P<0.05):但低于10mg/m~3组其子女智力发育无明显影响。同时发现儿童的智力发育与母亲的文化素养成正相关。     

接铅女工子女智商与血铅浓度等因素的逐步回归分析

1987年对接触铅及不接触铅妇女子女104名进行了血铅及智商测定。发现儿童血铅几何均数接触组为22.03μg/dl,显著高于非接触组的11.47μg/dl,P<0.01。对与智商有关的9个因素做了多因素逐步回归分析。它们是:父亲文化程度,母亲文化程度,父亲职业、母亲职业,家庭月人均收入,血铅浓度。生后带养情况,父亲生育年龄,母亲生育年龄。分析结果看出总智商与父亲文化程度与血铅浓度有关。即父亲文化程度越高,儿童智能愈高:而血铅含量愈高,儿童智能愈低。这一结果表明低浓度长期接触铅可能对儿童智能发育有影响。     

深圳市暂住人口儿童自我意识与父母养育方式的相关研究

目的探讨暂住人口与常住人口儿童自我意识的影响因素。方法用儿童自我意识量表和父母养育方式评价量表对暂住人口组和常住人口组共385名小学生进行测验分析。结果①暂住人口组和常住人口组自我意识量表总分和各因子得分差异无统计学意义;以年级分层后显示,4年级暂住人口组行为因子得分低于常住人口组(P<0·01),6年级暂住人口组合群因子得分高于常住人口组(P<0·05);②2组父母养育方式上差异具有统计学意义,暂住组父亲的情感温暖因子得分和母亲的温暖理解因子得分低于常住组(P<0·05);③父母养育方式量表的父亲情感温暖因子和母亲的温暖理解因子与自我意识量表各因子呈显著正相关(P<0·001),其余父母养育方式量表各因子与大部分自我意识量表因子呈显著负相关;④父母不同文化程度对常住组自我意识影响的组间比较,差异具有统计学意义;⑤暂住组和常住组的父母养育方式对自我意识的影响因素是不同的。结论暂住人口组儿童与常住人口组儿童自我意识发展存在差异;在关注子女程度上暂住组父母较常住组少。     

深圳市农民工子女孤独感和抑郁感与父母养育方式研究

目的 探索农民工子女孤独,抑郁以及父母养育方式之间的关系,为维护农民工子女的心理健康提供参考依据.方法 以深圳市218名小学高年级学生为研究对象,以“儿童孤独量表““抑郁自评量表““父母养育方式量表“为研究工具进行团体施测.结果 ①农民工子女抑郁量表得分高于非农民工子女,差异有统计学意义.②在农民工子女中,男性孤独感量表得分高于女性,差异有统计学意义.③男性被试中,农民工子女孤独感量表和抑郁量表得分均高于非农民工子女,差异有统计学意义.④父母养育方式量表中父亲情感温暖因子与抑郁呈负相关,父亲惩罚严厉因子和父亲拒绝因子分别与抑郁和孤独呈正相关;母亲情感温暖因子与抑郁呈负相关,母亲拒绝否认因子和母亲惩罚严厉因子分别与抑郁和孤独呈正相关.⑤父亲情感温暖因子和母亲拒绝因子对子女抑郁有重要影响.结论 民工子女较非农民工子女更易于抑郁;农民工子女中,男性的孤独和抑郁体验较女性更甚;父母教养方式与农民工子女的抑郁、孤独有密切联系.     

弱智儿童智力结构的影响因素分析

本文以唐山市两所培智学校的８１名弱智儿童为对象作对照研究。用对照组儿童的韦氏智力测验得分作因子分析，结果表明；弱智组各因子的平均分明显低于对照组，但不同的致病因素对弱智儿童的智力结构有不同的影响。反复多次的抽搐对思维推理因子和知觉组织因子影响显著；父母孕前，孕期，哺乳期有长期的毒物接触史的弱智儿童，智力结构的４个因子均下降明显；母亲文化程度低，其子女表现为言语理解能力低下。     

父母养育方式及其相关因素的现况调查

目的描述北京市中学生父母养育方式的现况,探索父母养育方式的影响因素,比较子女与父母对养育方式的认识的异同.方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,以"父母养育方式问卷"、"人格诊断问卷"、"一般情况问卷"调查北京市2 476名高二学生及其父母.调查结果采用成组t检验、配对t检验、单因素方差分析、相关分析进行统计分析.结果父母养育方式因子得分在子女性别、学校类型和父母的人格、关系、受教育程度、年龄以及家庭收入、居住地等之间进行比较,差异有显著性;母亲的拒绝、情感温暖和过度保护因子得分均高于父亲;父亲的养育方式因子得分与母亲的相同因子得分均相关;父亲填写的拒绝、过度保护和偏爱因子得分与孩子填写的父亲的相同因子得分呈低度正相关,母亲填写的养育方式四个因子得分与孩子填写的相同因子得分均呈低度正相关.结论父母养育方式可能受子女性别、学校类型和父母的人格、关系、受教育程度、年龄以及家庭收入、居住地等多种因素影响.母亲在养育子女的过程中作用可能大于父亲,父母养育方式在大多数家庭是比较一致的,父母自我评价的养育方式与孩子感受到的父母养育方式也基本一致.     

ICSI子代与自然妊娠儿童学龄前期体格及智力发育比较分析

目的 了解卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)技术对子代学龄前期体格及智力发育的影响.方法 使用1∶1病例对照研究方法,回顾性随访收集嘉兴市妇幼保健院生殖医学中心行ICSI技术怀孕成功,并在2009年1月至2010年12月间分娩的儿童病例信息,用电话召回,将愿意参加研究的家庭作为ICSI组.在同期本院出生自然怀孕儿童作为对照组.随访家庭一般情况,出生信息,学龄前期体格发育情况,同时进行韦氏学龄前智力测试.结果 ICSI组及对照组各收集到30例.两组均为男16人,女14人,其中ICSI组双胎3对,对照组无.母亲生育年龄,母亲文化程度,父亲生育年龄,父亲文化程度,均未见显著性差异(均P＞0.05).两组分娩方式,出生体重均值,4～6岁身高与体重均与对照组无显著性差异(均P＞0.05).仅出生孕周均值ICSI组低于对照组(37.27±2.392 vs38.80±1.349),x2 =3.058,P=0.003.韦氏学龄前智力测试结果比较,仅言语商中的图片概括得分ICSI组显著低于对照组(11.00±3.283 vs 13.92±3.283),x2=2.893,P=0.006.其余各项得分和总智商两组间均无显著性差异(均P＞0.05).结论 随访至学龄前期,ICSI子代的体格发育和智力发育情况在正常范围,与自然妊娠儿童发育情况接近.     

儿童齿铅与智商关系流行病学研究

为探讨铅对儿童神经系统的影响。本研究在国首次用齿铅作为儿童体内铅负荷指标,以韦克斯勒学龄前儿童智力量表修订版测得的智商作为智力发育效应指标,研究了学龄前儿童龄 铅与智商的关系,并对可能影响智能商其它混杂因素进行问卷调查。     

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring IQ

BACKGROUND: Maternal smoking in pregnancy lowers birthweight. It is unclear, however, whether smoking during pregnancy lowers offspring IQ, and, if it does, whether it is through the smoking effect on fetal growth. METHOD: Representative samples of low birthweight (<2500 g) and normal birthweight children born in 1983-85 from inner-city and suburban communities in southeast Michigan, USA were assessed at ages 6, 11, and 17, using Wechsler intelligence tests. Smoking during pregnancy was ascertained from mothers at the first assessment; and smoking at any time was ascertained at the first and second assessment. Generalized estimating equation models were used, with children's IQ at all three assessments as outcomes (n = 798). RESULTS: Without adjustment, offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy scored 6.8 IQ points lower than offspring of mothers who never smoked, on average. Low birthweight children scored 5.4 IQ points lower than normal birthweight children, on average. The statistical association of maternal smoking with offspring IQ was confounded by maternal characteristics, chiefly, maternal cognitive ability as measured by IQ and education; adjustment for these factors eliminated the association. By contrast, adjustment for maternal IQ and education as well as smoking during pregnancy had a negligible effect on the low birthweight-related IQ deficit. Low birthweight did not mediate the association of smoking and lowered IQ in offspring. CONCLUSION: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a proxy for a matrix of vulnerabilities for adverse child cognitive development and has no direct causal effect on child's IQ. The relationship of low birthweight and IQ is independent of maternal smoking and maternal cognitive abilities.     

Comparison of family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition

The study examined family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition and parents' attitudes toward the importance of nutrition and compared interaction patterns and attitudes of parents participating in a nutrition education program (self-selected) to a cross-sectional sample of parents. It also assessed differences according to educational level, income, and mother's employment status. Income and education levels were higher for the self-selected sample. Parents from the self-selected sample had higher attitude scores and interaction behavior scores than those in the cross-sectional sample. Ninety-five percent of mothers and 83% of fathers with young children in the cross-sectional sample ate the evening meal together. Parents who participated in a nutrition education program reported discussing topics related to food and nutrition with their families more frequently than did parents in the cross-sectional sample. For both fathers and mothers, attitude and interaction scores differed with education level. Mothers who were employed part-time showed the most positive attitudes toward nutrition and the highest family interaction scores. Possible explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.     

Neuropsychological assessment at school-age and prenatal low-level exposure to mercury through fish consumption in an Italian birth cohort living near a contaminated site

The relative effects of prenatal and postnatal low-level mercury exposure and fish intake on child neurodevelopment are still controversial. Limited evidence is available from Mediterranean populations. In this prospective study, we measured the Verbal and Performance IQ in Italian children at school-age who were resident in an area declared as a National contaminated site because of mercury pollution, taking into account the possible beneficial effect of fish consumption and potential confounders. A mother–child cohort made up of 242 children was established at birth in Northeastern Italy in 2001. Their mothers were interviewed approximately 2 months after delivery to determine type, quantity, and origin of fish consumed during pregnancy and about a number of mother, child and family characteristics. Total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were assessed in maternal hair and breast milk and in the child's hair. When children reached 7–9 years of age, 154 (63.6%) parents gave consent to participate in a follow-up evaluation. On that occasion, a child's hair sample was collected to determine the current concentration of THg, mothers were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire, and children underwent neuropsychological testing. Verbal IQ, performance IQ and full scale IQ were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC III) administered by psychologists at school or local health centers. Demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle information, medical information of the child's family and the child's dietary habits were collected using a questionnaire filled in by mothers. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between prenatal THg exposure through fish consumption of mothers in pregnancy and children's IQ after adjustment for possible confounders such as fish consumption of mothers in pregnancy, child's fish consumption at follow-up, child's birthweight, maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy, house size and property place of residence during pregnancy and gender. THg in the child's hair at 7 years of age was fairly correlated with THg in maternal hair at delivery (r_s = 0.35; p < 0.0001) and was strongly correlated with child's seafood consumption (r_s = 0.50, p < 0.0001). No differences in maternal THg levels were found when comparing children with low or extremely low or high or extremely high scores vs others, considering separately full scale, verbal, and performance IQs. Children born from mothers with hair THg levels greater than or equal to 2000 ng/g had full scale, verbal and performance IQs which were 4–5 points lower than children born from women with lower THg levels, but these differences were not statistically significant. Fresh fish intake of mothers in pregnancy was slightly positively associated with full scale and performance but not so with verbal IQs. Canned fish showed to be negatively associated with all the outcome variables. Unexpectedly, children born to mothers from one town showed IQ scores significantly lower than the other children; however, none of the many variables considered in these analyses could explain this result. The relatively low Hg levels found in the biological samples did not provide evidence of high and extensive Hg exposure in this population. Although THg levels in maternal and child's biological samples are correlated with fish consumption, the effects of THg and fish on neurological outcomes go in opposite directions. These results do not allow to develop recommendations regarding fish consumption in pregnancy but suggest that keeping THg hair levels < 2000 ng/g might be desirable.     

Comparison of the Dietary Intakes of New Parents,Second-Time Parents,and Nonparents: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

The objective of this study was to examine the dietary intake profiles of first-time parents, second-time parents, and couples without children; once during pregnancy, then at 6- and 12-months postpartum. This was an observational, longitudinal, cohort study. Participants were a community-based sample of 153 couples aged 25 to 40 years. Data were collected between 2007 and 2011. Dietary intake was recorded using 3-day dietary recall. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to compare the dietary intakes of groups (ie, parent, sex, and couple days) over time. Percentage of participants per group meeting recommended daily dietary guidelines was also analyzed, as were variables that influenced meeting overall recommended guidelines using a multivariate analysis of variance. First-time mothers had higher overall energy, fat, sugar, fruit, and milk intake compared with women without children, and longitudinally first-time mothers decreased their fruit intake. Second-time mothers had higher overall energy, fat, sugar, and fruit intake compared with nonparent women, and longitudinally second-time mothers increased their meat intake. First-time fathers had overall higher bread intake compared with second-time fathers and men without children, and first-time fathers consumed less sugar than second-time fathers. Longitudinally, first-time fathers increased their fiber intake. At any stage of data collection, from pregnancy to 12-months postpartum, only 2% to 16% of all mothers met recommended overall daily dietary guidelines. The only variable investigated that influenced meeting overall daily dietary guidelines at baseline was parent status.     

母亲孕早期血红蛋白水平与学龄前儿童智力发育的关系

目的 探讨母亲孕早期血红蛋白(Hb)水平对学龄前儿童智力发育的影响.方法 研究对象为浙江、江苏省13市(县)在1993-1996年期间分娩的妇女,2000-2001年对这些妇女所生育的儿童(平均68月龄)随机抽样,共得到3609个母子对.使用中国-韦氏幼儿智力量表对儿童进行智力测试;母亲孕早期的Hb浓度在首次产前检查时获得.分析母亲孕早期Hb浓度与所生儿童全量表智商、语言智商和操作智商得分之间的关系.结果 孕早期贫血组妇女所生儿童的语言智商、操作智商以及全量表智商得分,比非贫血组妇女所生儿童的智商得分分别高0.6、0.9和0.8分.调整儿童性别、智力测量时月龄、地区、产次以及母亲智商、文化程度、职业等因素后,未发现母亲孕早期贫血与儿童低语言智商、操作智商和全量表智商的风险之间存在统计学联系.按照每20个百分位间隔将妊娠期妇女孕早期Hb分成5组分析,Hb浓度偏低组(Hb＜103 g/L)、中等组(110 g/L≤Hb＜116 g/L)、偏高组(Hb≥124g/L)妇女所生儿童的语言智商得分分别为91.6±18.9、92.8±18.2、90.3±18.6;操作智商得分分别为104.7±15.2、104.5±14.3、103.5±15.1,全量表智商得分分别为97.8±17.3、98.4±16.3、96.4±17.4.调整混杂因素后,孕早期Hb偏高组妇女所生儿童低语言智商及低全量表智商得分的风险分别比孕早期Hb中等浓度组妇女所生儿童高54%(OR=1.54,95%CI:1.13～2.11)和53%(OR=1.53,95%CI:1.10～2.12),但未发现与儿童低操作智商得分风险存在统计学关联.母亲孕早期低Hb水平与儿童低语言、操作或全量表智商风险之间不存在统计学联系.结论 母亲孕早期过高的Hb浓度可能对其所生子女的语言智商有不利影响.     

Family adaptation and psychosocial adjustment to cystic fibrosis in the preschool child

The parents of 80% (41 of 51) of preschoolers with cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosed at least 1 year prior to the study and attending the Hospital for Sick Children (HSC) CF Clinic completed the Problem Inventory (PINV), Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ) and Family Assessment Measure (FAM). The mean age of the CF children was 3.7 years. Parents of a control group of 31 healthy daycare children with a mean age of 3.6 years completed the same questionnaires. Parents of healthy preschoolers reported more child-related problems for 2-5 year olds than did parents of CF children (P less than 0.001) suggesting that parents who have confronted the CF diagnosis go on to minimize the normal stresses of the developmental period. Considerable agreement was seen between PINV scores for mothers and fathers in each group, revealing that parents in a given family perceive similarly the impact their child has upon them. The mean PBQ for CF preschoolers was not significantly different from that of the control group, although there was some tendency toward hostile aggressive behavior in the CF group. Surprisingly, total FAM scores of all samples showed no significant differences with the exception of a better total FAM score for fathers of CF children when compared to control fathers revealing that the CF family is not, during the early years of relative health stability, adversely affected. Two subscales were significantly elevated, social desirability (for CF mothers and fathers) and denial (for CF mothers only), describing an important response style which may enhance mastery of long-term stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)