Effects of alcohol abstinence on spontaneous feeding patterns in moderate alcohol consuming humans

It has previously been found through observational techniques that moderate alcohol consumers tend to add alcohol calories to their diets without displacing macronutrient calories. The present investigation was an active manipulation of alcohol consumption to test for causation by instructing subjects to refrain from alcohol for five days. Twenty-five moderate alcohol consumers, identified with the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, were asked to complete a food intake diary for ten consecutive days during which they refrained from drinking any alcoholic beverages for either the first five days or the last five days. The subjects recorded in a diary everything they either ate or drank, the time at which the meal began and ended, their subjective state before and after the meal, and the number of other people present. Subjects' overall intake of food energy during the alcohol week was significantly higher than during the no alcohol week (2205 vs. 1829 kcal) and meals eaten during the alcohol week contained significantly more food energy than did meals eaten during the no alcohol week (649 vs. 541 kcal). Alcohol added additional calories to the diets without altering any other macronutrient intake. These results could have both health and weight loss implications.     

抗抑郁剂所致多汗症的研究现状

多汗症是抗抑郁剂的常见不良反应,其发生机制涉及交感神经系统的激活作用,对下丘脑的作用及α肾上腺素受体系统及β肾上腺素受体系统的平衡破坏等多个方面。抗抑郁剂所致多汗症的处理应遵循个体化的原则,可以考虑减少抗抑郁剂的剂量或停药,或更换另一种抗抑郁剂,必要时加用其他药物治疗。     

Effect of 1,3-butanediol on rat liver microsomal NDMA demethylation and other monooxygenase activities

The administration of 1,3-butanediol (BD) previously has been shown to elevate blood concentrations of ketone bodies, to potentiate carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, and to increase the hepatic microsomal content of cytochrome P450 and the activity of aniline hydroxylase. In the present study, oral treatment (10 g/kg) with racemic BD and each of its enantiomers (R-BD and S-BD) induced NDMA demethylase activity by approx. 1.5-fold in rat hepatic microsomes obtained 12 h later, suggesting an induction of P450IIE1, the acetone/ethanol-inducible form of P450. The results agreed with an immunochemically determined increase in the levels of this isozyme. No change in P450 content, NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase, or in pentoxyresorufin dealkylase activity were detected. Blood levels of acetone were determined during a 10-h period after BD administration and showed a higher initial rate of increase by R-BD, possibly due to steroselective metabolic oxidative metabolism. However, no difference in the induction of NDMA demethylase activity by the enantiomers could be detected. Induction of P450IIE1 probably contributes to the previously described potentiation of haloalkane-induced hepatotoxicity by BD administration.     

抗精神病药致急性静坐不能的研究现状

抗精神病药致静坐不能是急性锥体外系副反应的一种类型.本文对抗精神病药所致急性静坐不能的发生率、危险因素、病理机制、临床表现、诊断标准、鉴别诊断、治疗等作一综述,以提高临床认识.     

艾塞那肽的临床不良反应和处置措施研究进展

通过检索国外有关艾塞那肽的不良反应的报道,对患者不良反应的临床表现进行分析,并对相应的处置措施进行总结。艾塞那肽常见的不良反应表现在患者的胃肠道方面,主要临床症状有腹泻、恶心、呕吐等。此外,艾塞那肽可造成患者多个系统的不良反应。临床治疗中应重视其不良反应的危害性,以确保患者的用药安全。     

伏格列波糖不良反应及处置措施研究进展

通过检索国内外有关伏格列波糖的不良反应及处置措施的报道,对患者不良反应的临床表现、预后和转归进行总结分析。伏格列波糖常见的不良反应表现在胃肠道方面,主要临床症状有腹泻软便、腹鸣腹痛、便秘等。经过停药及对症治疗,大多数患者痊愈,未出现严重的不良反应。鉴于伏格列波糖可造成患者多个系统的不良反应,在临床治疗过程中应加强不良反应的监测,掌握出现不良反应后的处置措施,以确保患者的用药安全。     

厄洛替尼的临床不良反应与治疗对策

本文对近年来厄洛替尼在国外进行临床试验研究中出现的不良反应进行总结和综述,为国内临床医药人员的实际工作提供参考、借鉴及治疗对策,旨在引起足够的重视并减少不良反应的发生。     

盐酸羟考酮缓释片治疗中重度癌痛的临床观察

目的：观察盐酸羟考酮缓释片通过剂量滴定治疗中重度癌性疼痛的疗效及不良反应。方法78例中重度癌性疼痛患者,用剂量滴定的方法使用盐酸羟考酮缓释片进行止痛治疗。根据疼痛缓解程度调整剂量。连续用药至少2周,同时进行止痛效果、生活质量及不良反应的观察。结果经剂量滴定后78例中重度癌性疼痛患者口服盐酸羟考酮缓释片剂量范围10～160mg/次,q12h。患者中疼痛完全缓解24例（30.77%）,部分缓解52例（66.67%）,总的疼痛缓解率（CR＋PR）为97.44%;中度疼痛缓解率为100.00%,重度疼痛缓解率为90.48%;患者生活质量明显提高,不良反应较少。主要不良反应为便秘,其次为恶心、呕吐、头晕等。结论盐酸羟考酮缓释片通过剂量滴定的方法,可有效控制中重度癌性疼痛,不良反应较少,能显著地改善癌痛患者的生活质量。     

不同节育措施的避孕效果比较

目的：对比分析5种常用节育措施的避孕效果和不良反应,为节育避孕提供有效的临床分析依据。方法选取2010年1月~2012年12月本院妇产科育龄妇女250例,将其分为口服紧急避孕药组、口服短效避孕药组、宫内节育器组、避孕套(女用)组、安全期避孕组,每组50例,对5组进行临床观察与问卷调查,分析节育措施后的避孕失败率。结果安全期组避孕失败率最高(20.0%),避孕套(女用)组避孕失败率最低(4.0%),5组避孕失败率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。安全期避孕组不良反应发生率最低,与其他四组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论安全期避孕不良反应较低,避孕套(女用)避孕有效率最高,采用避孕套(女用)避孕效果最为有效、不良反应少,值得推广应用。     

48例颅脑外伤的急救措施与优质护理效果评价

目的探讨48例颅脑外伤的急救措施与优质护理效果评价。方法 48例颅脑外伤患者分为改进组（优质护理,n=24）和常规组（传统护理模式,n=24）两组,采用问卷法,让患者根据实际情况和主观感受自我评定,以不记名方式在20min内独立完成,并当场回收,对两组患者调查结果进行比较。结果改进组的患者总满意率达87.5%,明显高于常规组的33.33%,从满意率说明了优质护理的模式在颅脑外伤治疗中有明显效果。结论通过两组比较,优质护理体现护理人性化,护理人员必须具有高度的责任心及较强的应变能力,娴熟敏捷的操作技能,默契的配合意识,充分估计手术过程中随时可能发生的意外,做到心中有数,忙而不乱,积极主动配合急救措施落实,从而提高优质的护理质量收到了满意效果,值得在临床推广应用。     

中药注射剂不良反应分析及预防措施

目的:探讨中药注射剂发生不良反应的特点及影响因素,促进临床合理用药。方法:选择我院各科室上报的不良反应事件中涉及中药注射剂的122例病例资料,对不良反应的特点及影响因素进行分析。结果:中药注射剂不良反应影响因素主要包括:药物本身因素、制剂生产过程和质量控制、临床使用环境以及患者个体差异等。结论:中药注射剂不良反应具有较高的发生率,应引起高度重视,针对影响因素采取相应的预防措施,减少不良反应。     

氟喹诺酮类不良反应发生机制、临床表现及防治措施

总结氟喹诺酮类药物不良反应发生机制及其临床表现,为临床合理使用提供依据。应严格按照相关指南及药品说明书使用氟喹诺酮类药物,并积极采取有效方式防治药物不良反应,使该类药物造成的损害降到最低。     

The effect of small and moderate doses of d-amphetamine on hunger,mood, and arousal in man

In rats, low doses of d-amphetamine (d-amp) increase rather than decrease food intake. A doubleblind study was carried out in nine healthy female subjects to compare the effects of a low (1 mg) and a moderate (10 mg) dose of d-amp and placebo on hunger, mood and arousal. Each subject participated in three experimental sessions, 1 week apart, when they received either 1 mg d-amp, 10 mg d-amp or placebo, according to a random double-blind design. Visual analogue rating scales for hunger, mood and arousal were completed prior to drug administration and at 30-min intervals for 4 h. A questionnaire relating to sleep pattern and side effects was completed the morning after each experimental session. d-Amp (10 mg) produced a significant reduction in hunger ratings as compared with placebo at 2 h and 2.5 h after administration, while 1 mg d-amp had no significant effect on hunger. Mood and arousal were only slightly elevated by 10 mg d-amp, and not at all by 1 mg.     

Effect of diclofenac and glycol intercalation on structural assembly of phospholipid lamellar vesicles

The aim of the current study was to improve the knowledge of drug–glycol–phospholipid-interactions and their effects in lamellar vesicle suitability as drug delivery systems. Liposomes were prepared using hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (P90H, 60 mg/ml) and diclofenac sodium salt at two concentrations (5–10 mg/ml). To obtain innovative vesicles two permeation enhancers with glycol group, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether and propylene glycol, were added to the water phase at different ratios (5%, 10%, and 20%).     

Effects of systemic and intracranial inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme on isoproterenol-induced drinking in the rat

We have investigated the effects of separate and combined s.c. and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, on isoproterenol-induced thirst. Whereas s.c. injections of captopril (0.5 mg/kg) increased drinking, combined s.c. and i.c.v. (20 μg) injections of captopril nearly abolished drinking to isoproterenol (0.1 mg/kg s.c.). This inhibition was not caused by general debility of the rats since the same treatment did not reduce drinking to 12 h water deprivation. Intracerebroventricular injection of 20 μg captopril alone also greatly reduced isoproterenol-induced drinking, perhaps because it leaked into the circulation; captopril i.c.v. also reduced the pressor response to i.v. injection of hog renin (0.1 Gold blattUnit) by about 65%. These results support the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system participates in the stimulation of drinking by isoproterenol and that the enhancement of drinking caused by inhibition of CE only in the circulation is the result of increased synthesis of angiotensin II in the brain.     

Effects of intrahypothalamic administration of norepinephrine on the feeding response of the rat under conditions of light and darkness

Intrahypothalamic injections of norepinephrine were given to rats in high and low states of hunger, under conditions of light and darkness. A significant interaction between state of hunger, condition of photoperiod and drug administration was found. Norepinephrine significantly facilitated feeding in the dark; this effect was more marked in the low hunger state than in the high hunger state. Conversely, norepinephrine significantly depressed feeding in the light, the depression being most marked in the high hunger state. Thus, condition of light is an important determinant of the effects or norepinephrine on feeding. Norepinephrine depressed food-associated drinking under all conditions.     

Acute effects of nicotine on hunger and caloric intake in smokers and nonsmokers

The inverse relationship between smoking and body weight may be due in part to nicotine's effects on reducing hunger and eating. Male smokers and nonsmokers (n=10 each), abstinent overnight from smoking and food, participated in four sessions, involving consumption of a liquid caloric load or water followed by nicotine (15 µg/kg) or placebo via nasal spray every 20 min for 2 h. Hunger and satiety (fullness) ratings were obtained prior to each dose presentation. At the end of the two sessions involving the caloric load (simulating breakfast), subjects were also presented with typical lunch/snack food items varying in sweet taste and fat content for ad lib consumption. Results indicated that, for both smokers and nonsmokers, the hunger-reducing effects of nicotine occurred only following caloric load consumption, and there was no effect of nicotine on hunger after water consumption. Smokers unexpectedly reported greater satiation than nonsmokers following the caloric load regardless of nicotine or placebo condition. Nicotine also resulted in less caloric intake during the meal, and the decrease was not specific to consumption of sweet, high-fat foods. These results indicate that nicotine reduces appetite, possibly helping to explain the influence of smoking on body weight.     

The effect of cyproheptadine on hunger,calorie intake and body weight in man

The appetite stimulating action and the weight gaining potential of one month's treatment with the antihistamine and antiserotonergic compound cyproheptadine (Periactin) 4 mg three times daily was compared to placebo in a double-blind crossover trial in sixteen thin but otherwise normal volunteers who wanted to gain weight. Subjects gained significantly more weight on cyproheptadine than on placebo. There was also a corresponding relative increase in subjective hunger ratings and food intake during the period on active drug. Drowsiness was the most frequent side effect observed. These findings are discussed in relation to a possible serotonergic feeding mechanism.     

Association between concomitant use of several systemic NSAIDs and an excess risk of adverse drug reaction. A case/non-case study from the French Pharmacovigilance system database

Aims To examine whether the risk of some selected adverse effects increases with the number of systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs.Methods The French Pharmacovigilance database was examined for an association between drug reaction reports and the exposure to one and two or more NSAIDs using a case/non-case study design. In the analysis, 54,583 spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions were included, consisting of 2270 reports of hepatic injury, 994 reports of acute renal failure, 194 reports of gastrointestinal bleeding and 525 reports of angioedema, among others.Results Use of NSAIDs significantly increased the risk of hepatic injury, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute renal failure and angioedema. The odds ratios tended to increase with the number of NSAIDs for hepatic injury, gastrointestinal bleeding and acute renal failure but not for angioedema. In comparison with reports that did not mention any use of NSAIDs, the odds ratios associated with the use of a single NSAID and two or more NSAIDs were respectively 1.2 (95%CI: 0.9–1.5) and 2.2 (95%CI: 1.3–3.8) for hepatic injury, 7.3 (95%CI: 4.9–10.9) and 10.7 (95%CI: 2.9–40.2) for gastrointestinal bleeding, 3.2 (95%CI: 2.5–4.1) and 4.8 (95%CI: 2.6–8.8) for acute renal failure. For angioedema, the odds ratios were roughly similar when a single NSAID (OR=2.7; 95% CI: 2.2–3.4) or two or more NSAIDs (OR=2.0; 95%CI: 0.7–6.0) were used. The risk of severe ADRs (hepatic injury and acute renal failure) was six- to sevenfold higher in reports mentioning concomitant use of two NSAIDs or more than in those that did not.Conclusion This study shows that concomitant use of two or more NSAIDs was associated with an excess risk of adverse effects such as hepatic injury, acute renal failure and gastrointestinal bleeding. Although simultaneous use of several systemic NSAIDs has no pharmacological justification, this may raise a serious public health problem with the increasing use of over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.     

Antisocial personality disorder and cocaine dependence: their effects on behavioral and electroencephalographic measures of time estimation

The present study examined time estimation performance and concurrently-recorded electroencephalographic activity among 57 residential treatment program patients previously dependent on either cocaine or cocaine and alcohol. The patients were assigned to one of two subgroups based upon the presence (n=20) versus absence (n=37) of a comorbid diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). Twenty-six subjects, who had no history of substance abuse and no diagnosis of APD, were also examined. All subjects performed a psychomotor task in which they were asked to press a response key exactly 2 s after the onset of a visual cue. Analyses revealed that cocaine-dependent patients with APD were often premature in their behavioral estimates of time passage. The analysis of a slow EEG potential, viz. the Contingent Negative Variation, recorded over the 2 s time estimation interval, also suggested premature response preparation in the cocaine-dependent, APD-positive group. Correlational analyses revealed that the number of conduct problems reported prior to age 15 was a better predictor of both premature responding and CNV amplitude than either severity of cocaine dependence, alcohol use, or anxious or depressed mood. The potential relevance of these findings for studies of future time orientation and delay discounting behavior are discussed.