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1.
Indoor exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in traditional houses in Burundi 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Viau C Hakizimana G Bouchard M 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(5):331-338
Objectives: Wood combustion is used as a major energy source in African countries and could result in indoor, pollution-related health
problems. This exploratory study was undertaken to estimate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and carbon monoxide exposure
in individuals living in traditional rural houses in Burundi. Methods: Standard methods were used to determine indoor air concentrations of 12 PAHs, and carbon monoxide. The urinary excretion
of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was measured in occupants of traditional houses, and compared with that of individuals living in
the town of Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi. Results: Mean airborne concentration of four volatile PAHs, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and acenaphthene, exceeded 1 μg/m3, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 0.07 μg/m3. Naphthalene was by far the main PAH contaminant, with a mean concentration (±standard deviation) of 28.7 ± 23.4 μg/m3, representing on average 60–70% of total PAH concentration. Carbon monoxide mean concentration (±standard deviation) was
42 ± 31 mg/m3, and correlated with total PAH concentration. Geometric mean urinary 1-OHP excretion (range) in people living in traditional
houses was 1.50 (0.26–15.62) μmol/mol creatinine, a value which is on average 30 times higher than that of people living in
the capital (0.05 (0.009–0.17) μmol/mol creatinine). Conclusions: It appears that the substantially high concentrations of the studied contaminants constitute a potential health hazard to
the rural population of Burundi.
Received: 15 July 1999 / Accepted: 20 November 1999 相似文献
2.
Yunqing Cai Hidetoyo Teranishi Keiko Aoshima Terutaka Katoh Yoko Arai Minoru Kasuya 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(7):514-518
Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed fluorometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (fluorometric ELISA) method
for quantification of α1-microglobulin (α1-m, protein HC) in an epidemiological study. Methods: Urinary α1-m in 37 female inhabitants in a cadmium-polluted area, including seven cases with Itai-itai disease, and ten inhabitants
in a non-polluted area in Japan were examined. The α1-m was measured by both the fluorometric ELISA and a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method to evaluate correlation
of the two measurements. Concentration of β2-microglobulin (β2-m) was also determined in the same samples. Results: The detection limit of this method was 3 ng/ml or less of α1-m. A significant, high positive correlation was obtained between the α1-m concentrations measured with the fluorometric ELISA and that of EIA (r=0.95, P < 0.0001). A significant association was also shown between the α1-m and β2-m concentrations in the urine samples. The concentrations of urinary α1-m of the inhabitants in the cadmium-polluted area (mean: 6.21 mg/l, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 4.06–9.50 mg/l) were
significantly higher than those of the reference area (mean: 2.19 mg/l, 95% CI: 1.90–2.67 mg/l). The urinary α1-m level of the Itai-itai patients was shown to be highest at 39.63 mg/l (95% CI: 28.27–55.55 mg/l). When the cut-off value
of 10 mg/l was employed, α1-m had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100% for Itai-itai disease. Conclusion: These results suggest that this fluorometric ELISA is a useful tool to determine urinary α1-m in the epidemiological survey of renal tubular dysfunction, especially in the cadmium-polluted area of Japan.
Received: 17 July 2000 / Accepted: 12 April 2001 相似文献
3.
Mortality and cancer incidence among a population previously exposed to environmental cadmium 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Arisawa K Nakano A Saito H Liu XJ Yokoo M Soda M Koba T Takahashi T Kinoshita K 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(4):255-262
Objectives: This paper evaluates the associations of previous exposure to environmental cadmium (Cd) and renal function with total mortality
and cancer incidence. Methods: The study population comprised 275 residents (aged 40–92 years at baseline) in a Cd-polluted area located on Tsushima Island,
Nagasaki, Japan. In the study area, the dietary intake of Cd decreased because the soil of the Cd-polluted rice fields was
replaced with new soil between 1980 and 1983. The mortality rate from 1982 to 1997 and cancer incidence from 1985 to 1996
were investigated. Standardized mortality and incidence ratios (SMR and SIR) were calculated by using regional reference rates.
The associations of renal function and urinary Cd levels with total mortality and cancer incidence were evaluated with Cox
regression models. Results: The SMR for all subjects, and those with a urinary β2-microglobulin (U-β2M) concentration ≥1,000 μg/g creatinine (Cr) and <1,000 μg/g Cr was estimated at 90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 73–109],
138 (95% CI 101–183) and 66 (95% CI 49–87), respectively. After adjustment for age and other potential confounders, in men,
serum β2M (S-β2M) (≥2.3 mg/l) and in women, serum Cr (≥1.2 mg/100 ml), relative clearance of β2M (≥1%) and U-β2M (≥1,000 μg/g Cr), were associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality, with hazard ratios exceeding 2.0. After
further adjustment for log(U-β2M), the rate ratio of deaths associated with, in men, increased S-β2M was 2.53 (95% CI 0.97–6.65) and, in women, increased serum Cr (S-Cr) concentrations was 2.75 (95% CI 1.24–6.14). Urinary
Cd concentrations (≥10 μg/g Cr) were not significantly associated with mortality. The overall SIR of all malignant neoplasms
was 71 (95% CI 44–107). Conclusions: These findings suggest that renal tubule dysfunction and a reduced glomerular filtration rate are predictors of mortality
among persons previously exposed to environmental Cd. However, the results also suggest that overall mortality rates in Cd-polluted
areas are not necessarily increased, because of the low mortality among those with no, or only slight, signs of low-molecular
weight proteinuria. Overall cancer incidence may not be increased among residents in Cd-polluted areas.
Received: 6 July 2000 / Accepted: 9 December 2000 相似文献
4.
Possible effects of environmental cadmium exposure on kidney function in the Japanese general population 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ikeda M Zhang ZW Moon CS Shimbo S Watanabe T Nakatsuka H Matsuda-Inoguchi N Higashikawa K 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(1):15-25
Objectives: To examine whether the current level of environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) is associated with kidney dysfunction among
general populations in Japan. Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted in Japan from 1991 to 1997 at 30 survey sites (with no known environmental heavy metal pollution),
by the collection of 24-h food-duplicate samples, peripheral blood specimens and morning spot urine samples. In practice,
607 non-smoking adult women provided these samples. After being wet-ashed, the samples were analyzed for Cd in food duplicates
(Cd-F), in blood (Cd-B) and urine (Cd-U) by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Urine samples were also
analyzed for α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and retinol-binding protein (RBP), creatinine (cr) and specific gravity. Possible tubular dysfunction in association
with Cd exposure was examined by simple, multiple and logistic regression analyses, and comparison among three different Cd-dose
groups. To minimize the confounding effects of aging, 367 women from 41 to 60 years old were selected and subjected to the
same statistical analyses. Results: The analysis of a whole population of 607 women showed that α1-MG and possibly β2-MG increased as a function of Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-U. When the analysis was repeated with the selected population of 367 women
aged 41–60, the Cd dose-dependent changes in α1-MG and β2-MG became less evident. The distribution of the selected population with α1-MG above two low cut-off values of >4.9 and >8.4 mg/g cr or with β2-MG above the lowest cut-off value of >400 μg/g cr, was biased toward the group with higher Cd-Ucr, but such bias was not
significant for both α1-MG and β2-MG when higher cut-off values were employed. No bias was detected with RBP. Logistic regression analysis with α1-MG, β2-MG and RBP (with cut-off values given above) in combination with age, Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr gave essentially the same results.
Conclusions: The evidence for kidney dysfunction was of borderline significance in the present study population for which geometric mean
Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-U were 24.7 μg/day, 1.76 μg/l, and 3.94 μg/g cr, respectively. The findings might suggest at the same time
that the safety margin is small for the Japanese general population regarding environmental Cd exposure.
Received: 26 February 1999 / Accepted: 24 July 1999 相似文献
5.
Plasma concentration response to drinks containing beta-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thürmann PA Steffen J Zwernemann C Aebischer CP Cohn W Wendt G Schalch W 《European journal of nutrition》2002,41(5):228-235
Summary. Background: Bioavailability of β-carotene is highly variable and depends on the source, the formulation and other nutritional factors.
Objective: It was the aim of the study to compare β-carotene plasma response to b-carotene dosing with two commercially available drinks,
containing β-carotene from carrot juice or as water dispersible β-carotene powder. Design In a randomized, parallel group
study design, 4 volunteers per group received daily β-carotene doses of 6–7 or 18–22 mg of either drink over 6 weeks. Blood
samples for determination of carotenoid and vitamin A plasma concentrations were collected before supplementation and over
the dosing period. Results: Apparent steady-state β-carotene concentrations were attained after 40 days of supplementation. Consumption of the beverage
containing β-carotene as a water dispersible powder resulted in a higher response of β-carotene plasma concentrations with
increments of 3.84 ± 0.60 μmol/L (p < 0.05, dose: 7.2 mg/d) and 5.04 ± 0.72 μmol/L (p < 0.05, dose: 21.6 mg/d), respectively,
in comparison to the carrot juice-based drink with increments of 0.42 ± 0.33 μmol/L (dose: 6 mg/d) and 1.71 ± 0.55 μmol/L
(dose: 18 mg/d), respectively. β-carotene was cleared from the plasma with an apparent half-life of 6–11 days. Plasma concentrations
of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene remained almost unchanged, whereas retinol plasma concentrations
increased slightly. By contrast, with the exception of elevated 13-cis-retinoic acid in one group (21.6 mg/d, water dispersible
powder), the concentrations of all-trans-retinoic acid, and the oxo-derivatives or retinoic acid were not significantly affected
by b-carotene supplementation. Conclusions: The results confirm that the relative bioavailability of β-carotene depends largely on the source of b-carotene and demonstrate
the superior bioavailability of β-carotene powder in comparison to that in carrot juice.
Received: 7 May 2002, Accepted: 22 August 2002
This work was supported by a grant from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Vitamins and Nutrition Research, Basle, Switzerland.
Correspondence to: Prof. Dr. med. Petra A. Thürmann 相似文献
6.
H. Kim S.-H. Cho J.-W. Kang Y.-D. Kim H.-M. Nan C.-H. Lee H. Lee T. Kawamoto 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,74(1):59-62
Objective: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been used as a biological marker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
and urinary 2-naphthol is suggested as a new marker for route-specific exposure to airborne PAHs. We analyzed urinary 1-OHP
and 2-naphthol concentrations in 292 male Koreans (129 university students and 163 shipyard workers) to define the distribution
pattern in Koreans with no or low occupational exposure to PAHs. Method: Histories of cigarette smoking and the eating of PAH-containing foods were obtained by a self-administered structured questionnaire.
Urine samples were collected and urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). Results: The arithmetic (geometric) means of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations for all students, expressed as micromoles
per mole of creatinine, were 0.04 (0.04) and 3.12 (2.22), for non-smokers 0.03 (0.03) and 1.78 (1.30) and for smokers 0.05
(0.03) and 4.36 (3.62), respectively. Among shipyard workers, the arithmetic (geometric) means of urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol
concentrations were 0.69 (0.31) and 4.37 (2.62) for all, 0.27 (0.18) and 2.46 (1.16) for non-smokers, and 0.97 (0.44) and
5.60 (4.44) for smokers, respectively. Mean urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations differed significantly between non-smokers
and smokers both in students and in shipyard workers. In smokers, some variables related to smoking habit were positively
correlated with urinary 1-OHP and with 2-naphthol concentrations. The latter showed better correlations with the variables
related to smoking amount than the former. None of the food-related factors was significantly correlated with urinary 1-OHP
or 2-naphthol concentration. Conclusion: These results suggest that urinary 2-naphthol concentration is more sensitively affected by smoking status than urinary
1-OHP concentration and that urinary 2-naphthol is a sensitive marker for low-level inhalation of PAHs.
Received: 6 March 2000 / Accepted: 26 July 2000 相似文献
7.
Vesterberg O Palmberg L Larsson K 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(4):249-254
Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate leakage of plasma proteins in connection with the inflammatory airway
reaction following exposure to dust in a pig house. Inhalation of swine-house dust causes intense inflammation with influx
of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, into the airways. The aim of the study was to compare the concentration
of three different proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as markers for the inflammation. Methods: In twenty healthy, non-allergic, non-smokers, not previously exposed to farm dust, BAL was performed ≈2 weeks before and
24 h after 3 h of exposure to swine dust in a swine-confinement building. Differential cell count and protein concentration
were assessed in BAL fluid. Albumin (66.5 kDa) and α2-macroglobulin (720 kDa) were quantified by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, and transferrin
(80 kDa) by zone immunoelectrophoresis assay. The coefficient of variation for repeated protein measurements was <9%. Results: α2-Macroglobulin concentration increased six-fold, from 68.0 (36.1–99.9) μg/l, mean (95% CI) before exposure to 411.2 (254.0–568.4) μg/l
after exposure (P < 0.001). Transferrin and albumin increased from 19.7 (16.2–23.1) mg/l and 1.8 (1.4–2.2) mg/l, 2.6 and 1.9 times, respectively
(P < 0.001). There was significant correlation between the exposure-induced increased protein levels in BAL fluid, although α2-macroglobulin was a better discriminator of pre- and post-exposure concentrations than were albumin and transferrin. There
was a significant correlation between the exposure-induced BAL-fluid neutrophilia and the increase in α2-macroglobulin and transferrin, but not for albumin. This correlation was found only when pre- and post- differences, but
not ratios, of plasma proteins were compared. Conclusions: The levels of plasma proteins increased in BAL fluid following exposure to swine-house dust. α2-Macroglobulin was a better marker of this plasma leakage than were albumin and transferrin.
Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 10 November 2000 相似文献
8.
Kivistö H 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(4):263-269
Objectives: The biomonitoring of carbon disulphide exposure is currently performed by measuring the concentration of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic
acid (TTCA) in the urine of exposed workers. Methods: In this study the effect of TTCA, which is found in some vegetables, on the biomonitoring of low-level carbon disulphide
exposure was evaluated. In addition the upper reference limit (URL) of TTCA in the non-exposed Finnish population was estimated
by analysing TTCA in urine samples from 116 people. The samples were collected at health centres all over Finland from people
in employment and in the age group 24–64 years. The analytical measurements were made using a modern column-switching technique
and the results were compared with those from the same samples using the extraction method generally in use and, until now,
recommended for the determination of TTCA in urine. Results: The results obtained with the two analytical methods correlated very well with each other (r=0.9). The liquid-liquid extraction method gave results constantly about 3.5 μmol/l higher than the column-switching method.
The results of this study also confirmed that many cruciferous vegetables (Cruciferae) contain endogenous TTCA (0.6–5.0 mg/kg),
which is excreted unchanged in the urine. After a normal meal which included these vegetables, the TTCA concentration did
not rise above the biomonitoring action level even if this was as low as 2 mmol/mol creatinine, but was easily above the URL
of TTCA in the non-exposed population. The URL, calculated as the 95th percentile, was 0.3 mmol/mol creatinine. Conclusion: The results showed that the extraction method was not sufficiently specific or sensitive when the TTCA concentrations were
lower than 10 μmol/l. In contrast, the column-switching method seemed to give reliable results even at these low levels, which
are the levels of interest in current practice.
Received: 29 September 1999 / Accepted: 27 December 1999 相似文献
9.
A. Robert P. Ducos J. M. Francin 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(4):223-228
Objective: The objective of the study was to validate a new and simple method to determine MOCA in the urine of exposed workers. Methods: The separation, identification and quantification of urinary MOCA were performed in spiked urines by a sensitive and practical
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and applied to urine samples of 11 workers occupationally exposed to
MOCA; the postshift urinary levels of MOCA in their urine samples with and without hydrolysis, “total” and “free” MOCA respectively,
were determined. In addition, we investigated the use of citric or sulfamic acid as preservatives of urine samples. Results: The “total” and “free” MOCA were extracted with isooctane from hydrolysed and nonhydrolysed 20-ml urine samples respectively.
After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in 4 ml of 2 · 10−2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and analysed by an isocratic HPLC system using both ultraviolet (UV) detection at 244 nm and
electrochemical detection working in oxidation mode (0.9 V) with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Mobile phase (50% acetonitrile
in water containing 0.4% acetate buffer solution pH = 4.6) was used to complete the 20-min analysis. “Free” and “total” MOCA
were chromatographed on a reversed-phase C8 column (5 μm; 250 mm × 4 mm). The standard curve of MOCA was linear over the range
5–500 μg/l in human urine. The detection limit was 1 μg/l for a 20-μl injection volume; the repeatability ranged from 5.6
to 1.3% (n = 6) for spiked urines at 5 and 500 μg/l, with a percentage recovery of 94 ± 3%. The reproducibility of the method was 7.3%
(n = 4) for spiked urine at 10 μg/l. The use of sulfamic acid as a preservative of urine samples is important to improve the
precision and accuracy of the analysis. Conclusion: The results indicate that these analytical procedures using conventional apparatus may be used routinely and reliably with
large numbers of urine samples for biological monitoring of the exposure to MOCA. The occupational exposure to MOCA in some
factories in France is studied in the second part of this work.
Received: 10 November 1998 / Accepted: 25 March 1999 相似文献
10.
Cadmium exposure of women in general populations in Japan during 1991–1997 compared with 1977–1981 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Watanabe T Zhang ZW Moon CS Shimbo S Nakatsuka H Matsuda-Inoguchi N Higashikawa K Ikeda M 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(1):26-34
Objectives: The Japanese people are known to have high environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd). The present survey was initiated to elucidate
possible changes in the intensity of Cd exposure to the population by comparison of the present exposure level with the situation
some 15 years ago. Methods: During 1991–1997, 24-h food-duplicate samples, peripheral blood specimens and morning spot urine samples were collected from
588 non smoking women from 27 survey sites in six regions, where food-duplicate and blood samples had also been obtained during
1977–1981 from 399 women. The samples were wet-ashed (after homogenization in the case of food-duplicates), and Cd in the
wet-ashed samples was analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Cd intake via foods (Cd-F), Cd concentration
in blood (Cd-B) and Cd concentration in urine (Cd-U). The Cd-F and Cd-B were compared with the Cd-F and Cd-B obtained at the
same sites in the 1977–1981 survey. Results: The exposure levels during 1991–1997 were such that Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr (Cd–U after correction for creatinine concentration)
were 25.5 μg/day, 1.90 μg/l and 4.39 μg/g creatinine. Comparison with the 1977–1981 survey results (i.e., 37.5 μg/day for
Cd-F and 3.47 μg/l for Cd-B) showed that there were significant reductions (by 32 and 45%) in both parameters respectively
during the last 15 years. The dietary route was an almost exclusive (i.e., 99% of the sum of dietary and respiratory uptake)
route of Cd uptake, of which Cd in rice (11.7 μg/day) contributed about 40% of the total dietary intake. When compared among
survey sites, inter-site variation in dietary Cd intake was primarily due to differences in the intake through boiled rice.
Despite the recent reduction in Cd exposure, the current exposure level for Japanese people is still higher than the levels
among other rice-dependent populations in Asia as well as in other parts of the world. Comparison was made between the present
findings in general populations and observations among known Cd-pollution cases in Japan. Conclusions: Dietary uptake is an almost exclusive route of Cd exposure in the general Japanese population. Boiled rice is a strong determinant
of variation in dietary Cd intake. Whereas there was a substantial reduction in Cd exposure among Japanese populations in
the last 15 years, the current level is still high when compared internationally.
Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 July 1999 相似文献
11.
Keith Phillips David A. Howard Mark C. Bentley Gunnar Alván 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(3):201-212
Objective : Exposures to respirable suspended particles (RSP) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were assessed in Bremen, Germany,
as part of a European air quality study. The range and level of personal exposures were assessed for housewives and office
workers. Design : Nonsmokers were randomly selected from a representative sample of the population of Bremen. Housewives were recruited into
one group primarily for assessment of exposures in the home and office workers, into a second group for assessment of the
contribution of the workplace to overall exposure. Methods : A total of 190 subjects collected air samples from areas close to their breathing zone by wearing personal monitors for
24 h. Samples collected were analysed for RSP, ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescing particulate matter
(FPM), solanesol-related particulate matter (SolPM), nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Saliva cotinine levels for all
subjects were also established. Results : Overall the levels found were quite low, with the majority of results being below the limit of quantification. Workers
both living and working with smokers were exposed to the highest 24-h median quantities of RSP (789 μg) and ETS particles
(128 μg) measured by FPM. The highest nicotine levels, based on median 24-h time-weighted average concentrations, were experienced
by office workers working with smokers (0.69 μg m−3). These workers were also found to have␣the highest median cotinine levels (1.6 ng ml−1). Conclusions: The most highly exposed workers, both living and working with smokers, would potentially inhale over 20 cigarette equivalents
(CE) per annum as based on the upper decile levels. Housewives living with smokers could inhale up to 11 CE per annum as based
on the upper decile levels. Locations outside the workplace, including the home, contribute most to overall RSP and ETS particle
exposure. Consideration should be given to extending the personal monitoring period in cities where levels appear to be quite
low.
Received: 9 May 1997 / Accepted: 17 October 1997 相似文献
12.
Chiu-Shong Liu Hsien-Wen Kuo Jim-Shoung Lai Tsai-In Lin 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(5):348-352
Objectives: To investigate chromium-induced renal dysfunction in electroplating workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate four biochemical markers of renal function. A total of 178 workers were divided
into 3 comparable groups consisting of 34 hard-chrome plating workers, 98 nickel-chrome electroplating workers, and 46 aluminum
anode-oxidation workers, who represented the reference group. Ambient and biological monitoring of urinary chromium were performed
to measure exposure concentrations. Results: Overall, urinary chromium concentrations were highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 2.44 μg/g creatinine),
followed by nickel-chrome electroplating workers (0.31 μg/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (0.09 μg/g creatinine). Airborne
chromium concentrations were also highest in the hard-chrome plating area (geometric mean 4.20 μg/m3), followed by the nickel-chrome electroplating area (0.58 μg/m3) and the aluminum area (0.43 μg/m3). A positive correlation was found between urinary chromium and airborne concentrations (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) were also highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 4.9 IU/g creatinine), followed
by nickel-chrome workers (3.4 IU/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (2.9 IU/g creatinine). The prevalence of “elevated” NAG
(>7 IU/g creatinine) was significantly highest among hard-chrome plating workers (23.5%), then among nickel-chrome workers
(7.1%) and aluminum workers (8.7%). Differences in β2-microglobulin, total protein, and microalbumin were not significant. Conclusion: The author's evidence indicates that NAG is an early indicator of renal dysfunction in hard-chrome plating workers. 相似文献
13.
Masayuki Ikeda Takao Watanabe Zou-Wen Zhang Chan-Seok Moon Shinichiro Shimbo 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,69(6):379-385
The objective of the present study was to examine if environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) had any impact on the integrity
of the liver among the general Japanese population. A nationwide survey was conducted in the winter seasons of 1991–1995 in
15 prefectures in Japan to collect 24-h food duplicates, peripheral blood samples, and morning spot urine samples from healthy
nonsmoking adult women. The samples were analyzed for Cd by automated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. In
total, 371 women offered food duplicate, blood, and urine samples. The dietary Cd intake was 17.3–79.4 μg/day, the level of
Cd in blood was 1.58–3.82 ng/ml, and the urinary Cd concentration was 1.06–4.74 μg/g creatinine as geometric means calculated
on a regional group basis. Analyses for correlation with liver function showed no Cd-exposure-related elevation in enzyme
levels or reduction in albumin levels' in serum. The distribution of cases with enzyme levels above normal ranges (or below
normal in the case of albumin) did not show any dose-related bias. The age of the subject, not the exposure to Cd, was the
most influential factor in determining serum enzyme levels. Environmental exposure to Cd has not affected the integrity of
the liver among the general population in Japan.
Received: 8 August 1996 / Accepted: 8 November 1996 相似文献
14.
Biomonitoring of manganese in blood, urine and axillary hair following low-dose exposure during the manufacture of dry cell batteries 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bader M Dietz MC Ihrig A Triebig G 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(8):521-527
Objectives: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 workers from three different workplace areas in a dry cell battery manufacturing
plant and on 17 currently nonexposed referents, to examine the relationship between the external exposure to manganese dioxide
(MnO2) and the body burden of manganese in blood, urine and hair. Methods: Inhalable dust was measured gravimetrically after stationary active sampling. Manganese was analyzed in dust samples, blood,
urine and axillary hair by atomic absorption spectro- metry. Results: The average air concentrations of manganese in the three workplace areas were 4 μg/m3 (range: 1–12 μg/m3), 40 μg/m3 (12–64 μg/m3) and 400 μg/m3 (137–794 μg/m3). Manganese in blood and axillary hair correlated with airborne manganese in group-based calculations but not on an individual
level. The manganese concentrations varied between 3.2 μg/l and 25.8 μg/l in the blood (mean: 12.2 ± 4.8 μg/l) and between
0.4 μg/g and 49.6 μg/g in hair (mean: 6.2 ± 6.2 μg/g in the proximal sequence), respectively. The results for the nonexposed
referents were 7.5 ± 2.7 μg/l (mean) in the blood (range: 2.6–15.1 μg/l) and 2.2 ± 1.8 μg/g (mean) in axillary hair (range:
0.4–6.2 μg/g). In these matrices, manganese differed significantly between the highly exposed workers and both the reference
and the low-exposure group. Manganese in blood revealed the lowest background variance. No differences for manganese in urine
were observed between workers (mean: 0.36 ± 0.42 μg/l, range: 0.1–2.2 μg/l) and referents (mean: 0.46 ± 0.47 μg/l, range:
0.1–1.7 μg/l). Conclusions: Manganese in blood is a specific and suitable parameter for the biomonitoring of MnO2 exposure, although its validity is limited to group-based calculations. Urinary manganese failed to allow a differentiation
between exposed workers and referents. The suitability of manganese analysis in hair for biomonitoring purposes suffers from
a relatively great background variation as well as from analytical problems.
Received: 11 December 1998 / Accepted: 17 July 1999 相似文献
15.
Urinary nickel as bioindicator of workers' Ni exposure in a galvanizing plant in Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliveira JP de Siqueira ME da Silva CS 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(1):65-68
Objectives: We measured urinary nickel (U-Ni) in ten workers (97 samples) from a galvanizing plant that uses nickel sulfate, and in ten
control subjects (55 samples) to examine the association between occupational exposure to airborne Ni and Ni absorption. Methods: Samples from the exposed group were taken before and after the work shift on 5 successive workdays. At the same time airborne
Ni (A-Ni) was measured using personal samplers. Ni levels in biological material and in the airborne were determined by a
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry validated method. In the control group the urine samples were collected twice
a day, in the before and after the work shift, on 3 successive days. Results: Ni exposure low to moderate was detected in all the examined places in the plant, the airborne levels varying between 2.8
and 116.7 μg/m3 and the urine levels, from samples taken postshift, between 4.5 and 43.2 μg/g creatinine (mean 14.7 μg/g creatinine). Significant
differences in U-Ni creatinine were seen between the exposed and control groups (Student's t test, P ≤ 0.01). A significant correlation between U-Ni and A-Ni (r = 0.96; P ≤ 0.001) was detected. No statistical difference was observed in U-Ni collected from exposed workers in the 5 successive days,
but significant difference was observed between pre- and postshift samples. Conclusions: Urinary nickel may be used as a reliable internal dose bioindicator in biological monitoring of workers exposed to Ni sulfate
in galvanizing plants regardless of the day of the workweek on which the samples are collected.
Received: 28 January 1999 / Accepted: 10 July 1999 相似文献
16.
Normal liver function in women in the general Japanese population subjected to environmental exposure to cadmium at various levels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ikeda M Zhang ZW Moon CS Shimbo S Watanabe T Nakatsuka H Matsuda-Inoguchi N Higashikawa K 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(2):86-90
Objectives: Whereas it is well established that environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) may induce kidney dysfunction, less attention
has been paid to the possible disturbance of liver function by Cd exposure. The possibility that liver function is adversely
affected by current levels of environmental exposure to Cd as investigated in women in the general population in Japan, where
the background level of exposure to Cd is known to be high. Methods: From 1991 to 1997, 24-h food duplicate, peripheral blood and morning spot urine samples were collected from 607 non-smoking
and non-habitually drinking women (age range 19–78 years) at 30 survey sites (with no known environmental pollution from heavy
metals) throughout Japan. Liver function parameters in serum were examined by conventional methods. After wet-ashing, the
food duplicate, blood and urine samples were analyzed for Cd intake via food (Cd-F), Cd in blood (Cd-B), and Cd in urine (Cd-U)
by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: The geometric mean values for Cd-F, Cd-B, and Cd-U were 24.7 (27.1) μg/day, 1.76 (2.07) μg/l, and 3.94 (4.61) μg/g creatinine
(values in parentheses for 41- to 60 year-old women), respectively. It as found that the three parameters of ALP, ALT, and
AST activity were positively and significantly related to the age of the subjects (whereas no association as detected in cases
of γ-GTP, LAP, and albumin). Accordingly, a further analysis as made with 367 women selected by age (41–60 years; about 60%
of the total population). Essentially, no Cd dose-dependent changes in liver function parameters were observed in the selected
population of this narrower age range. Conclusions: Overall, it seemed prudent to conclude that liver function as not disturbed by the current environmental exposure to Cd in
Japan.
Received: 16 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 July 1999 相似文献
17.
Lee MS Eum KD Zoh KD Kim TS Pak YS Paek D 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2007,80(8):671-678
Objective Steel mills are known to be a source of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and increased cancer risk has been
reported among neighborhoods previously. In this study, we tried to assess the exposure to PAHs among residents nearby to
a large steel mill in Korea by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP).
Methods Two separate areas at different distances from a steel mill but on the same wind direction were chosen to evaluate the environmental
exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Three-hundred and fifty children living in the vicinity of steel plant (“nearby”
group) and 606 children residing much farther from the factory (“remote” group) participated. Urine was collected on three
consecutive days, and questionnaires about exposure to passive smoking and food consumption as well as demographics were obtained.
Routine monitoring data of ambient pollutants were obtained and particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10) was analyzed with multiple regressions to assess the associations with urinary 1-OHP.
Results The geometric mean concentration of urinary 1-OHP among nearby group (0.048 ± 1.878 μmol/mol creatinine, GM ± GSD) was approximately
1.3 times higher than that among remote group (0.036 ± 2.425 μmol/mol creatinine, GM ± GSD), and using multiple regression
techniques, the difference was significant (P < 0.0001) after adjusting for confounding variables. When different periods before the sampling of urine were examined, PM10 averages over 2 days, 3 days, and 1 week prior to urine sampling showed significant associations with urinary 1-OHP levels.
Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the interpretation that residents nearby to a steel mill are exposed to PAHs through ambient
exposures. 相似文献
18.
Hickenbottom SJ Lemke SL Dueker SR Lin Y Follett JR Carkeet C Buchholz BA Vogel JS Clifford AJ 《European journal of nutrition》2002,41(4):141-147
Summary.
Background: The ability of β-carotene to deliver bioactive retinoids to tissues is highly variable. A clearer understanding of the environmental
and genetic factors that modulate the vitamin A potential of β-carotene is needed. Aim of study: Assess the vitamin A value of orally administered β-carotene relative to a co-administered reference dose of preformed vitamin
A. Methods: Equimolar doses (30 μmol) of hexadeuterated D6β-carotene and D6 retinyl acetate were orally co-administered in an emulsified formulation to a male subject. The plasma concentration time
courses of D6 retinol (derived from D6 retinyl acetate) and bioderived D3 retinol (from D6β-carotene) were determined for 554 h postdosing using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Intact D6β-carotene plasma concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The ratio of the two forms of vitamin
A, D6 retinol/D3 retinol, at any single time point is postulated to reflect the quantity of vitamin A derived from β-carotene relative to
preformed vitamin A. Additionally, a minute amount of 14C β-carotene (50 nCi; 0.27 μg) was included in the oral dose and cumulative 24-h stool and urine samples were collected for
two weeks to follow absorption and excretion of the b-carotene. The 14C nuclide was detected using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Results During the absorption/distribution phase (3–11 h)
the D6/D3 ratio of the two retinols was not stable and ranged between a value of 3 and 16. Between 11 and 98 h postdosing the ratio
was relatively stable with a mean value of 8.5 (95 % CI: 7.5, 8.7). These data suggest that in this subject and under these
conditions, 8.5 moles of β-carotene would provide a vitamin A quantity equivalent to 1 mole of preformed vitamin A. On a mass
basis, 15.9 μg of β-carotene was equivalent to 1 μg of retinol. The total administered β-carotene was found to be 55 % absorbed
by AMS analysis of cumulative stool. Conclusion: The co-administration of D6β-carotene and D6 retinyl acetate provides a technique for assessing individual ability to process β-carotene to vitamin A. The results indicate
that a single time point taken between 11–98 h after dose administration may provide a reliable value for the relative ratio
of the two forms of vitamin A. However, results from more subjects are needed to assess the general utility of this method.
Received: 29 November 2001, Accepted: 3 June 2002 相似文献
19.
Fiala Z Vyskocil A Krajak V Viau C Ettlerova E Bukac J Fialova D Emminger S 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(6):411-420
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the intake (by various routes of exposure) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
by children living in a Czech city, and its effect on excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in summer and winter periods. Methods: Four groups of children (3–6 years old) were chosen: (1) two groups from a kindergarten situated in the city center with
a higher traffic density (“polluted” area); (2) two groups from a kindergarten situated in a green zone of the same city (“non-polluted”
area). Food consumption was recorded in all children and PAH intake from foodstuffs was estimated. Ambient air samples were
collected from the playground and inside the kindergartens. Soil samples were collected too. Morning and evening urine samples
were collected during sampling days. Results: In both seasons, the mean outdoor total PAH concentration (sum of 12 individual PAH) in the “polluted” area was approximately
three-times higher than that in the “non-polluted” area. Indoor concentration in the “polluted” area was more than six-times
higher than that in the “non-polluted” area in summer, and almost three-times higher in winter. The same trend was observed
for pyrene and for the sum of carcinogenic PAH. The contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose from food consumption was
much more important than that from inhalation and from ingestion of soil dust. Significantly higher urinary concentrations
of 1-OHP (evening samples) were found in children from the “polluted” kindergarten in both seasons. The number of significant
relationships between 1-OHP and pyrene absorbed dose was weak. Conclusions: Food seems to be the main source of total pyrene and total PAH intake in small children, even under relatively higher air
PAH exposure in the city. Estimated pyrene ingestion from soil had a negligible contribution to the total pyrene absorbed
dose. Urinary 1-OHP seems to be an uncertain (non-sensitive) marker of the environmental inhalation exposure to pyrene (PAH)
if the pollution of air by pyrene (PAH) is not excessive and the pyrene (PAH) dose by this route is much less than by ingestion.
Usefulness of the urinary 1-OHP as an indicator of overall environmental exposure to PAH needs further investigation.
Received: 18 September 2000 / Accepted: 20 February 2001 相似文献
20.
Giovanni Scansetti Giovanni Maina Gian Carlo Botta Paolo Bambace Paolo Spinelli 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(1):60-63
Objective The shortage of cobalt (Co) on the metal market forced the industry to add nickel (Ni) to Co as a binding agent for the sintering
of hard metal. This change enabled us to study (1) the exposure to Ni powder and (2) the effect of Ni on Co uptake (and vice
versa).
Methods Equal amounts of Co and Ni were used in the mixture in a plant employing 50 workers. Both personal ambient-air samples and
single-void urine samples were taken twice in the same week, i.e., on Monday and Thursday. Atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS) was used for analyses.
Results The airborne availability of Ni (mean value 41.65 ± 6.29 μg/m3) was 2-fold that of Co (mean value 21.85 ± 24.25 μg/m3), although the two series of data (n = 20) were significantly correlated. Even if the Co and Ni urinary concentration values (n = 45) recorded on Monday morning and Thursday evening were significantly correlated, at the end of the week there was a 3-fold
increase, specifically, from 7.3 to 22.28 μg/l, in Co elimination (a significant difference) and a 30% increase in Ni elimination
from 11.98 to 15.83 μg/l. Moreover, on Monday morning, 90% of Ni urinary concentration values were higher than those of Co
as opposed to only 33% on Thursday evening. In the six cases in which both airborne and urine determinations were performed
on the 2 days, no significant relationship was found between external exposure and biological monitoring data.
Conclusions Although Ni uptake was variable, it was generally low, whereas Co uptake was substantial, as had previously been observed
in the same plant when Co was the only binder under use. It was therefore possible to rule out any influence of Ni exposure
on Co uptake and to suggest the contrary, as has been demonstrated in bacterial species and in rats using everted intestinal
sacs.
Received: 18 March 1997 / Accepted: 2 October 1997 相似文献