超声造影诊断肝脏局灶性结节状增生的应用价值

目的分析肝脏局灶性结节状增生(FNH)的超声造影增强模式及特征性表现,探讨超声造影对FNH定性诊断的临床应用价值。方法选取112例经病理证实且术前曾行超声造影检查的FNH患者,回顾性分析其临床资料及超声图像特征。结果 112例FNH患者,88例病灶呈低回声,16例呈高回声,8例呈等回声;CDFI于31例病灶内探及轮辐状血流信号,35例探及短线状血流信号,42例探及点状血流信号,余4例无明显血流信号。超声造影于动脉相、门脉相、延迟相表现为"高-高-高"增强49例,"高-等-等"增强44例,"高-高-等"增强9例,"高-等-低"增强9例,"高-低-低"增强1例。其中62例离心性增强,59例出现轮辐状动脉,52例中央可见呈纵行短线状或星芒状瘢痕。二维超声诊断符合率32.14%(36/112),超声造影诊断符合率89.28%(100/112)。结论超声造影能明显提高FNH的诊断符合率,对FNH的定性诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

肝局限性结节状增生的超声造影表现与病灶大小的关系

目的探讨肝局限性结节状增生（FNH）在超声造影中的增强模式及中央瘢痕与病灶大小的关系。方法采用超声造影技术对44例肝FNH患者的44个病灶进行检查,分为小病灶组（直径〈3cm,n=25）及大病灶组（直径≥3cm,n=19）,对病灶在超声造影的动脉期增强模式、中央星状瘢痕的影像表现进行分析。结果动脉期增强模式：小病灶组有18例（72.0%,18/25）、大病灶组有14例（73.6%,14/19）于动脉早期呈轮辐状离心性强化,两组差异无统计学意义,其他病灶则均为全瘤迅速强化。中央星状瘢痕：小病灶组于延迟期发现4个低增强中央瘢痕（16.0%,4/25）,大病灶组可见10个低增强中央瘢痕（52.6%,10/19）,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论两组的FNH动脉期轮辐状离心性强化的检出率均较高。低增强中央瘢痕在大病灶组检出率较高,但在小病灶组的检出率较低。     

肝局灶性结节性增生的超声造影血流动力学研究

目的 探讨肝局灶性结节性增生的实时灰阶超声造影表现及其诊断价值.方法 对经手术病理证实的34例肝局灶性结节件增生(FNH)患者共36个病灶进行超声检查,观察病灶的常规超声表现和超声造影增强方式及表现并进行分析.结果 36个病灶多为低回声,39%(14/36)病灶周围见低回声环.65%(20/31)病灶内显示特征性的星状或轮辐状彩色血流.超声造影后动脉相观察到3种增强形式:整体型增强28%(10/36),泉涌状增强44%(16/36)和放射状增强28%(10/36).超声造影中搬痕出现率17%(6/36),而对照病理标本瘢痕检出率为40%(6/15).若以超声造影出现其中一种征象(泉涌状增强、放射状增强或瘢痕)作为FNH的诊断指标,则超声造影诊断FNH的符合率达78%(28/36),明显高于常规超声的诊断符合率(28%,10/36).结论 超声造影对诊断FNH有很大价值.     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的超声造影分析

目的：探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生（FNH）的超声造影表现特点。方法：12例FNH予以回顾性分析,观察病灶超声造影的增强模式及声像图特征,并与病理结果对照分析。结果：12例病灶中10例动脉相呈“轮辐状”强化,2例呈整体增强;门脉相及延迟相病灶回声均高于正常肝组织。8例病灶可见中央瘢痕,1例病灶边缘见包膜样强化。结论：FNH超声造影表现有一定的特征性,有助于提高诊断效能。     

超声造影对肝局灶性结节增生与肝腺瘤的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)在肝局灶性结节增生(FNH)与肝腺瘤(HCA)鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 由2名有经验医师回顾性分析经病理学证实的17个肝局灶性结节增生与8个肝腺瘤病灶超声造影图像的增强特点.结果 FNH动脉期71%(12/17)表现为"轮辐状"离心性增强,门静脉期及延迟期消退缓慢,呈等或更为常见的稍高增强(76%),59%(10/17)可以观察到特征性低增强的中央瘢痕.HCA动脉期50%(4/8)表现为快速向心性增强,门静脉期消退较FNH快,延迟期表现为等或更为常见的低增强(63%),37%(3/8)可以全程观察到不增强的出血坏死区.结论 FNH与HCA在CEUS检查中有各自特征性的图像特征,可为其鉴别诊断提供极大帮助.     

彩色多普勒超声检查、超声造影、增强CT诊断肝脏局灶性结节样增生的比较

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节样增生(FNH)的彩色多普勒超声检查、超声造影、增强CT表现及其诊断价值。方法 2006～2009年经手术及病理证实的10例FNH患者共14个病灶均行彩色多普勒超声检查,其中8个病灶行超声造影检查,4个病灶行增强CT检查。结果 14个病灶中,彩色多普勒超声检查显示5个病灶(5/14,35.71%)内有轮辐状血流信号,最大血流速度平均为(0.59±0.19)m/s,阻力指数平均为0.46±0.16。超声造影显示5个病灶(5/8,62.50%)出现动脉期早期迅速全瘤强化,其他3个病灶(3/8,37.50%)呈轮辐状离心性快速强化,门脉期及延迟期回声稍高于肝实质或与肝实质等回声,有2个病灶(2/8,25.00%)于延迟期见低回声中央星状瘢痕。增强CT显示4个病灶平扫均呈低密度,动脉期显著均匀性强化,门脉期强化接近于肝实质密度,有2个病灶(2/4,50.00%)于动脉期及门脉期见低密度星状瘢痕。结论彩色多普勒超声、超声造影、增强CT这3种方法结合可大大提高FNH的确诊率。     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的超声造影表现及相关因素

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的CEUS表现,分析其相关因素。方法 对49例经病理确诊的FNH患者行CEUS检查,观察三期增强模式、离心性增强、轮辐状动脉、供血动脉和中央瘢痕,并分析上述各征象与病灶大小及肝脏背景的关系。结果 49例中,三期最常见的增强模式分别为动脉期高增强(45/49,91.84%)、门脉期等增强(25/49,51.02%)及延迟期等增强(21/49,42.86%);离心性增强27例(55.10%),轮辐状血管14例(28.57%),可见供血动脉33例(67.34%),中央瘢痕13例(26.53%)。在≤3 cm和≤5 cm的FNH中分别有15例(15/21,71.43%)和25例(25/38,65.79%)检出离心性增强,在≤3 cm的FNH中未见中央瘢痕,但不同大小的FNH中轮辐状动脉(P=0.78)和供血动脉(P=0.62)的检出率差异无统计学意义。不同肝脏背景的FNH中,4种CEUS典型征象的检出率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 FNH最常见的三期增强模式为"高-等-等";离心性增强常见于较小的FNH,而较大FNH多可见中央瘢痕。     

超声造影与增强CT诊断肝局灶性结节样增生的影像学比较研究

目的探讨超声造影技术（CEUS）与对比增强CT（CECT）在肝局灶性结节增生（FNH）诊断中的影像学表现及临床应用价值。方法采用超声造影和对比增强CT对13例患者的18个病灶进行检查,并对超声造影和对比增强CT在肝局灶性结节增生病灶的增强模式、中央瘢痕影像表现进行比较分析。结果13例18个病灶超声造影和对比增强CT的动脉期主要表现均为全瘤显著强化,分别为14个（14／18）和15个病灶（15／18）,超声造影中另4个病灶呈轮幅状离心性强化（4／18）。门脉期两者主要表现为不低于肝实质回声（密度）。FNH大病灶组（10个病灶,直径≥3cm）病灶的中央瘢痕在超声造影和对比增强CT中较易被发现（4／10,5／10）,但小病灶组（8个病灶,直径〈3cm）病灶的中央瘢痕较难发现（0／8,1／8）。结论超声造影的增强模式及病灶中央瘢痕检出率与对比增强CT的检出率高度一致,超声造影还可实时动态反映FNH的血流灌注过程。     

超声造影对肝局灶性结节增生的诊断价值

目的探讨超声造影对肝局灶性结节增生（FNH）的诊断价值。方法对17例FNH的灰阶超声、彩色多普勒超声、超声造影诊断情况进行分析比较。结果灰阶超声对FNH无特异的声像图改变；彩色多普勒超声诊断为FNH6例，符合率为35．3％（6／17）；超声造影检查11例，均探测到供血动脉及动脉早期轮辐状增强，诊断符合率为100％。结论超声造影可提高对FNH的诊断水平。     

超声造影结合新时相划分在肝脏局灶性结节性增生诊断中的价值

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)在诊断肝脏局灶性结节性增生(FNH)中的价值.方法 回顾性分析了5例FNH的超声造影资料,并与CT增强或MRI进行了比较.结果 CEUS能够优于CT或MRI连续观察病灶的动脉相、门脉相、实质相、延迟相的声像图变化,观察到FNH的典型表现动脉相由中心呈轮辐状增强,门脉相及实质相、延迟相持续增强,部分病例可有中央星状瘢痕.结论 超声造影结合新的时相划分对于FNH具有较高诊断价值.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.