JAMA Neurol：不明原因栓塞性卒中的机制与抗栓治疗

重要性经标准评估后,1/3的缺血性卒中患者仍无法找到确切的病因。在2014年Hart等把这类卒中称为不明原因栓塞性卒中(embolic strokes of undetermined source,ESUS),认为抗凝治疗对这类患者可能有效。但最近的2项随机临床试验并不支持这个假说,因此人们对ESUS的概念提出了疑问。观点这篇文章提出ESUS仍然是一个有用的概念,如果根据ESUS患者对抗凝治疗是否有反应将患者分成两个亚组,可以提高ESUS的临床治疗效果。最近研究表明一些ESUS病例是由亚临床心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)、房性心脏病、未被发现的心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)、卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)或癌症引起的;而另一些病例则是由非狭窄性大动脉粥样硬化、主动脉粥样硬化或非动脉粥样硬化性血管病变引起的。证据显示第一组患者抗凝治疗优于抗血小板治疗,但在第二组患者则不然,提示需要个体化治疗。结论和相关性虽然当前的ESUS概念尚不能指导治疗,但更好地理解ESUS和研发针对其特定机制的治疗方法可能有助于降低卒中负担。     

迷走神经电刺激改善脑卒中后运动功能障碍的研究进展

脑卒中患者通常持续存在上肢运动功能障碍,严重影响其生活质量.迷走神经电刺激作为一种新型神经调制治疗方法,不仅在难治性癫痫、抑郁症、慢性耳鸣等方面得到广泛运用,大量研究也提示迷走神经电刺激可有效改善脑卒中后运动功能障碍.现回顾迷走神经电刺激改善脑卒中后运动功能障碍的国内外研究,对其临床应用、作用机制和不良反应等方面进行综...     

平衡功能康复训练改善帕金森病患者步态障碍的疗效观察

目的 探讨平衡功能康复训练对帕金森病患者步态障碍的改善作用.方法 选取2019-11—2020-11就诊于新疆医科大学第二附属医院的80例原发性帕金森病患者为研究对象,随机分为接受平衡训练+药物治疗的训练组和接受常规药物治疗的对照组.平衡训练为期6周,5次/周,30 min/次.2组训练前、训练2周后、训练结束1个月通...     

重复经颅磁刺激和θ节律刺激治疗卒中后忽视的Meta分析

目的系统评价重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)和θ节律刺激(theta burst stimulation,TBS)治疗卒中后忽视的疗效和安全性。方法通过计算机检索、手工检索方法,全面收集rTMS和TBS治疗卒中后忽视的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)和非随机对照试验,按Cochrane协作网系统评价的方法进行评价。结果共纳入3个试验(69例患者),包括2个随机双盲假刺激对照试验和1个非随机假刺激对照试验。3个试验采用不同的量表的评价治疗期末忽视改善,Meta分析结果显示:上述刺激对卒中后忽视的改善程度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义[SMD=-2.61,95%CI(-4.70,-0.52),P=0.01];其中2个试验采用TBS治疗卒中后忽视(42例),Meta分析结果显示:TBS组优于对照组,但差异无统计学意义[SMD=-2.53,95%CI(-5.96,0.90),P=0.15];纳入的所有试验中,均未报道治疗过程中的严重不良反应,1个试验报到了治疗过程中不良反应,主要是发生在治疗过程中的一过性头痛,2组差异无统计学意义[RR=5.0,95%CI(0.27,93.55),P=0.28];1个试验报道了治疗期末生活质量的改善,结果显示:治疗组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义[MD=12.50,95%CI(4.98,20.02),P=0.001]。无临床试验评价进行长期的随访结果。结论本系统评价结果提示rTMS和TBS能有效改善治疗前后的忽视状况和生活质量,且不良反应小,未见严重不良反应。但纳入文献的研究样本量较小,缺乏长期随访结果,有待进一步多中心大样本随机对照研究。     

节律性听觉刺激联合减重步行训练改善帕金森病患者步态功能

目的探讨对帕金森病(PD)患者进行节律性听觉刺激联合减重步行训练后,观察其对PD患者步态功能的影响。方法本研究纳入101例PD患者。对照组采用常规抗PD药物治疗,减重步行训练组采用药物治疗配合减重步行训练,综合训练组在药物治疗基础上采用节律性听觉刺激联合减重步行训练指导步行训练。监测3组受试者训练前后的步频、步长、步速步行参数,同时均采用功能独立性测量和计时起立行走测试评估PD患者的运动功能受损程度,采用Berg平衡量表评价PD患者平衡功能。结果训练后4 w及训练后8 w减重步行训练组与综合训练组的步长、步频、步速、功能独立性测量评分、计时起立行走测试时间、Berg平衡量表评分与训练前比较有显著差异(P0.05)。综合训练组在训练后4 w及训练后8 w步长、步频、步速、功能独立性测量评分、计时起立行走测试时间、Berg平衡量表评分与对照组、减重步行训练组比较有统计意义(P0.05)。结论 PD患者经节律性听觉刺激联合减重步行训练后步态运动功能和平衡功能得到改善,可推广应用。     

暗示策略对帕金森病患者平衡功能和步态的康复作用

目的探讨暗示策略对帕金森病患者平衡功能和步态的康复作用。方法共40例原发性帕金森病患者随机接受常规抗帕金森病药物治疗和常规康复训练以及在此基础上联合暗示策略,分别于训练前和训练4周时采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)、10米步行试验(10MWT)、起立-行走计时测验(TUGT)和冻结步态问卷(FOGQ)评价平衡功能和步态,10MWT计算步长和步速。结果与训练前相比,训练4周时两组患者BBS评分(P=0.000)、10MWT之步长(P=0.000)和步速(P=0.000)均增加,TUGT时间(P=0.000)和FOGQ评分(P=0.000)减少;与对照组相比,观察组患者仅10MWT之步长(P=0.048)和步速(P=0.025)均增加、TUGT时间(P=0.023)和FOGQ评分(P=0.034)减少。结论常规康复训练联合暗示策略可以明显改善帕金森病患者平衡功能和步态,尤其对步态的康复治疗效果优于常规康复训练。     

脑小血管病患者步态障碍、平衡障碍和跌倒研究进展

脑小血管病是导致慢性脑组织低灌注的主要原因,而与脑白质病变相关的步态障碍、平衡障碍和跌倒可增加脑小血管病患者病残和病死风险。因此,了解步态障碍、平衡障碍和跌倒与脑白质病变之间的关联性、病理生理学机制、评价方法等相关研究进展,有助于预测跌倒的发生,并可针对其潜在风险采取相应干预措施,提高脑小血管病患者生活质量。     

小脑顶核电刺激对脑外伤患者脑血流速度和颅内压的影响

目的　探讨小脑顶核电刺激对脑外伤患者脑血流速度和颅内压的影响。方法　选择 2 0例脑外伤患者 ,其中 7例行手术治疗。用小脑顶核电刺激方法对所有患者实施电刺激 ,应用经颅多普勒超声技术检测刺激前后大脑前、中、后动脉 (ACA ,MCA,PCA)血流速度。通过颅内压监护持续监测刺激前后颅内压的变化。结果　实施刺激后 10分钟 ,脑血流速度升高 ,2 0～ 30分钟达高峰。刺激前 ACA,MCA,PCA血流速度分别为 45 .5± 8.3cm/ s,5 3.6± 10 .2 cm / s和 36 .9± 8.4cm / s;刺激后分别为 6 0 .2± 9.6 cm/ s,6 7.2± 11.7cm/ s和 37.2± 8.6 cm/ s;ACA和MCA的血流速度在刺激后明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。 7例脑外伤患者小脑顶核电刺激前后颅内压无明显变化 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　小脑顶核电刺激后可明显提高脑外伤患者颅内血流速度 ,改善脑循环 ,对颅内压变化无明显影响。     

Neurology：步幅管理辅助外骨骼改善慢性卒中患者的步行能力

正卒中后物理治疗应该高度重视提高患者的步行能力。动力机器人外骨骼(powered roboticexoskeletons)是一种有希望的工具,有助于为患者提供高剂量、高强度以及渐进性治疗方案,并且在治疗过程中实现更大的步行训练量,同时还能减轻治疗师的工作负荷。由本田研究与开发有限公司(Honda RD     

改善就医流程缩短急性缺血性卒中患者门-针时间研究

目的探讨改善急诊就医流程对急性缺血性卒中患者入院至静脉溶栓门-针时间(door-to-needle time,DNT)的影响。方法以2015年1月~4月重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA)静脉溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者为试验组,试验组在启动绿色通道后立即给患者及家属佩带明显标识,并将分诊护士对患者的筛查纳入绿色通道的管理流程,同时将rt-PA静脉溶栓地点由病房前移到急诊室。以2014年1月~4月改善流程前rt-PA静脉溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者为对照组,评价两组患者DNT时间。结果对照组DNT时间中位数133(80~174)min,试验组DNT时间102(56~168)min,两组有显著差异(P=0.011)。结论通过多学科配合实施一系列的综合措施,优化急性缺血性卒中患者急诊就医流程,可以减少rt-PA静脉溶栓的院内延误时间。     

Functional Electrical Stimulation With Exercises for Standing Balance and Weight Transfer in Acute Stroke Patients: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: To test parameters needed for the design of a larger trial including the following: 1) identifying eligible participants, recruitment, and retention rates; 2) the feasibility and acceptability of delivering functional electrical stimulation (FES) to the gluteus maximus and quadriceps femoris for acute stroke patients in a hospital rehabilitation setting; 3) the outcome measures; 4) obtaining initial estimates of effect size; and 5) clarifying the relevant control group. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐one people with acute stroke—mean age = 68 (min to max: 33–87) years; weeks postonset = 4.6 (min to max: 1–14)—were randomized to three groups to receive two weeks of balance training with FES, balance training alone, or usual care. Symmetry in normal standing, weight transfer onto the affected limb, balance, mobility, and speed of walking were assessed before, shortly after the end of training, and two weeks later by a blinded assessor. Results: 1) FES was successfully delivered but not with the planned eight sessions; 2) no trends in favor of FES were found; and 3) 4% of those screened took part but approaching 20% might be recruited in the future, no single outcome measure was suitable for all participants, and more routine physiotherapy was delivered to the control group. Conclusions: FES is feasible in this patient group but further feasibility and definitive trials are required.     

Lancet Neurol：咽部电刺激有利于拔除气管套管

<正>卒中后吞咽困难是急性卒中的常见并发症,累及大约80%的患者,6个月后11%～50%的患者仍遗留吞咽困难。卒中后吞咽困难影响患者经口进食,这与脱水、营养不良、吸入性肺炎、延长住院时间、长期不良预后和死亡率增加有关。由于严重吞咽困难、长时间气道保护不足或需要长时间机械通气,1%～2%的卒中患者和25%入住重症监护病房(intensive care unit,     

Five-Session Dual-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Task-Specific Training Does Not Improve Gait and Lower Limb Performance Over Training Alone in Subacute Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of five-session dual-transcranial direct current stimulation (dual-tDCS) combined with task-specific training on gait and lower limb motor performance in individuals with subacute stroke.Materials and MethodsTwenty-five participants who had a stroke in the subacute phase with mild motor impairment were recruited, randomized, and allocated into two groups. The active group (n = 13) received dual-tDCS with anodal over the lesioned hemisphere M1 and cathodal over the nonlesioned hemisphere, at 2 mA for 20 min before training for five consecutive days, while the sham group (n = 12) received sham mode before training. Gait speed as a primary outcome, temporospatial gait variables, lower-limb functional tasks (sit-to-stand and walking mobility), and muscle strength as secondary outcomes were collected at preintervention and postintervention (day 5), one-week follow-up, and one-month follow-up.ResultsThe primary outcome and most of the secondary outcomes were improved in both groups, with no significant difference between the two groups, and most of the results indicated small to moderate effect sizes of active tDCS compared to sham tDCS.ConclusionThe combined intervention showed no benefit over training alone in improving gait variables and lower-limb performance. However, some performances were saturated at some point, as moderate to high function participants were recruited in the present study. Future studies should consider recruiting participants with more varied motor impairment levels and may need to determine the optimal stimulation protocols and parameters to improve gait and lower-limb performance.     

Effects of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation on Subjective Visual Vertical and Sitting Balance in Patients with Stroke

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on visual vertical cognition and sitting balance in stroke patients.Materials and MethodsPatients with unilateral supratentorial infarction and hemorrhagic lesions and healthy controls were recruited. Bipolar GVS was performed through the bilateral mastoid processes with an 1.5-mA electric current. Each participant received three stimulation patterns: right anode-left cathode, left anode-right cathode, and sham. The subjective visual vertical (SVV) and center of gravity positions in the sitting posture were measured in three groups of participants: patients with right hemisphere lesions, patients with left hemisphere lesions, and in healthy controls. Changes in the SVV and center of gravity positions before and during galvanic vestibular stimulation were assessed.ResultsIn each group, eight individuals were recruited for SVV measurements and nine individuals for center of gravity measurements. We found changes due to polarity of stimulation on the SVV and mediolateral changes in the center of gravity in the sitting position of patients with stroke, while there was no significant difference between groups or interaction of the two factors (polarity vs. group).ConclusionChanges in the visual vertical cognition and sitting balance occur during GVS in patients with stroke. GVS is a potential tool for ameliorating balance dysfunction in patients with stroke.     

Effects of Action Observation Training with Auditory Stimulation on Static and Dynamic Balance in Chronic Stroke Patients

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of action observation physical training accompanied by rhythmic auditory stimulation on the balance abilities of patients with stroke. Method: In total, 30 patients with stroke at more than 6 months after the onset of the disease were included in the present investigation. Experimental programs were employed for 30 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The audiovisual action observation training (AAO) group received action observation training with rhythmic auditory stimulation at a comfortable speed and physical training, and the visual action observation training (VAO) group received action observation training and physical training. The balance was assessed using a Biodex balance system. Results: In overall balance index, anteroposterior balance index, mediolateral balance index, and fall risk, there were significant improvements in both groups after intervention. A greater degree of changes were observed in the AAO group than those in the VAO group (P< .05). Conclusions: The simultaneous application of action observation physical training and rhythmic auditory training seems to be an effective treatment method for patients with stroke. Furthermore, it is presented as a more effective therapeutic intervention method for those with motor disorders, such as patients with stroke.     

The Effects of Electrical Stimulation of Lower Extremity Muscles on Balance in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review of Literatures

ObjectiveStroke is one of the main causes of disability and the second common cause of mortality in the world. Stroke causes relatively permanent motor defects, including balance disorder, and thus affects an individual's functional capacity and independence. Many clinical types of research have been conducted to evaluate the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on balance in post-stroke patients. The objective of this study was to systematically review the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on balance as compared to conventional therapy alone in post-stroke.MethodsThe databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and ProQuest were searched using selected keywords. The randomized controlled trials were searched for published original articles before February 2019 in English language and included if they assessed the effect of FES on balance ability compared to conventional therapy alone in adult post-stroke. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality.ResultsNine papers were included in this review (median PEDro scale =7/11). The total number of participants in this review study was 255. The age of participants ranged from 20 to 80 years. Stroke patients were in chronic phase (n = 5) and in subacute phase (n = 4). various parameters, including the target muscles, the treatment time per session (20 min-2 h), number of treatment sessions (12–48) and FES frequency (25–40 Hz), were assessed. Among the studies, significant between-group improvement favoring FES in combination with conventional therapy was found on the Berg Balance Scale (n = 7) and Timed Up and Go Scale (n = 4) when compared to conventional therapy alone. There was no adverse effect reported by any studies.ConclusionFES was reported to be more beneficial in balance improvement among stroke patients when combined with conventional balance therapy. The studies were limited by low-powered, small sample sizes ranging from 9 to 48, and lack of blinding, and reporting of missing data.     

Lumbar Spinal Cord Stimulation Can Improve Muscle Strength and Gait Independently of the Analgesic Effect: A Case Report

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is widely used for pain relief in patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), and muscle weakness is a common finding in patients with chronic pain. We present here a single case report of a 47‐year‐old woman, who, after SCS for FBSS, had continuous improvement in lower leg muscle strength and gait, but only transient and minimal pain relief. To the authors’ knowledge, this is only the second published case report of significant improvement in “motor” function, independent of the analgesic effect following SCS in FBSS. If SCS, in fact, does improve muscle strength, new strategies for the management of patients with chronic pain might be opened up. Further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.