胎儿双主动脉弓的超声心动图特征分析

目的总结分析胎儿双主动脉弓的超声心动图特征,探讨产前超声心动图对其的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院17例经产前超声心动图诊断为双主动脉弓胎儿(病例组)和与其胎龄相匹配的17例正常健康胎儿(对照组)的超声心动图及临床资料,分析双主动脉弓超声心动图特征,并随访产后诊断结果。结果 17例胎儿产前超声心动图诊断为双主动脉弓,其中右弓优势型11例(1例左弓闭锁),对称型6例;合并室间隔缺损1例,合并双上腔静脉并冠状静脉增宽2例,余未合并其他心内畸形。出生6例,终止妊娠2例,失访9例。出生后有临床症状2例,无症状4例;接受手术治疗1例。对照组与病例组胎儿的左右心房内径、左右心室内径、卵圆孔大小、升主动脉与肺动脉内径及峰值流速比较,差异均无统计学意义。双主动脉弓胎儿典型的超声心动图特征表现为:①三血管-气管(3VT)切面显示两条主动脉,将气管与食管包绕,并与动脉导管形成"9"字形或"O"字形血管环;②3VT切面均显示左位动脉导管;③升主动脉冠状切面可见升主动脉发出两条主动脉弓,降主动脉冠状切面可见两条主动脉弓汇入降主动脉;④主动脉弓长轴切面可见左、右主动脉弓各发出两个分支;⑤3VT切面向头侧连续扫查显示两条主动脉弓及分支走行。结论双主动脉弓胎儿具有独特的产前超声心动图特征,3VT切面对诊断胎儿双主动脉弓具有重要意义,发现左、右两个主动脉弓及分支走行是诊断的关键。     

胎儿双主动脉弓的产前超声心动图诊断

目的探讨双主动脉弓胎儿产前超声心动图特征及产前诊断临床意义。方法对南京医科大学附属苏州医院2012年1月至2013年2月产前超声心动图检出的5例双主动脉弓胎儿的超声心动图特征、分型及临床结局进行总结分析。结果5例双主动脉弓胎儿超声心动图表现：（1）三血管气管观中主动脉与动脉导管失去正常“V”字形结构,升主动脉发出左、右主动脉弓围绕气管,彩色多普勒血流成像示环状血流信号围绕气管。（2）超声心动图示5例胎儿中3例为右主动脉弓优势型,2例为左、右主动脉弓平衡型。（3）1例（例2）胎儿合并膜部室间隔缺损、永存左上腔静脉：1例（例4）胎儿合并半椎体畸形,3例胎儿未发现合并其他畸形。5例胎儿均行磁共振检查并随访至引产或产后3个月,随访检查均证实胎儿为双主动脉弓畸形。结论双主动脉弓是胎儿严重的先天性心脏病,超声心动图是产前首选的诊断方法,三血管气管观是诊断双主动脉弓的有效切面。     

双主动脉弓的产前超声心动图诊断

目的通过分析总结胎儿双主动脉弓(DAA)的超声特征,提高产前超声心动图诊断的准确度。方法回顾性分析产前诊断的6例双主动脉弓胎儿超声心动图图像,总结其超声特征。结果 6例胎儿中右弓优势型4例,左弓优势型1例,均衡型1例。4例胎儿出生后出现相关的临床症状,2例无明显症状;3例行手术治疗。胎儿期超声特征如下:⑴升主动脉长轴切面呈Y字征;(2)在3VT切面显示,主动脉发出左侧及右侧主动脉弓,并将气管和食管包绕其中,形成"O"形血管环;(3)在3VT切面显示动脉导管弓走形于气管及左侧主动脉弓的左侧;(4)在主动脉弓降部冠状切面,二维、彩色多普勒及能量多普勒可显示左侧弓在导管内侧与降主动脉相连,左右主动脉弓分别发出颈总动脉和锁骨下动脉,并最终连接到降主动脉。结论双主动脉弓胎儿期有典型的超声图像,多切面显示左、右主动脉弓及动脉导管弓均与降主动脉连接是诊断的关键;主动脉弓降部冠状切面对该畸形的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

胎儿主动脉弓离断的超声诊断及畸形特征分析

目的 研究胎儿主动脉弓离断的产前超声诊断、鉴别诊断技巧及其畸形特征.方法 所有胎儿均常规获得四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管切面(3VT)的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流显像.当发现左心和主动脉内径异常小,左/右心室比例和/或升主动脉内径/肺动脉内径比例失调怀疑主动脉弓异常时,进一步获得主动脉弓纵切面和冠状切面明确诊断.结果 产前超声共诊断12例主动脉弓离断,均表现为升主动脉内径相对细小,升主动脉/肺动脉内径比例失调;均合并室间隔缺损.通过解剖证实4例为Bb型主动脉弓离断合并胸腺缺如,2例为A型主动脉弓离断,3例为严重主动脉弓缩窄,3例失访.结论 主动脉内径相对细小,升主动脉内径/肺动脉内径比例失调及室间隔缺损等声像特征是产前诊断主动脉弓离断的重要线索,严重主动脉弓缩窄易误诊为主动脉弓离断,Bb型主动脉弓离断常合并胸腺缺如.     

胎儿右位主动脉弓产前超声诊断、妊娠结局及漏误诊分析

目的探讨并总结胎儿右位主动脉弓（RAA）超声图像特征、鉴别诊断方法,分析其漏误诊原因,提高胎儿RAA产前超声诊断准确率。 方法选取2014年1月至2017年12月黑龙江省哈尔滨市红十字中心医院31例经产后小儿超声心动图检查、手术或引产后尸体解剖病理证实的胎儿RAA病例,总结胎儿RAA及其合并圆锥动脉干畸形产前超声图像特征、鉴别诊断方法,分析其漏误诊原因并随访其妊娠结局。应用胎儿心脏标准超声切面的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流成像,进行胎儿心脏系统超声检查。当三血管气管切面（3VT）发现主动脉弓位于气管右侧时,再获取气管及其分支冠状切面进一步明确主动脉弓、动脉导管弓与气管的位置关系。 结果产前超声诊断41例胎儿RAA,活产20例,引产15例,失访6例;产后证实31例,产前超声正确诊断25例（25/31,80.65%）,漏误诊6例（6/31,19.35%）。2例左位主动脉弓产前超声均未获取胎儿气管及其分支冠状切面,在3VT切面将支气管横断面误认为气管横断面而误诊为RAA,2例RAA伴左锁骨下动脉迷走（ALSA）左位动脉导管（LDA）,将左颈总动脉误认为发育不良的左弓而误诊为双主动脉弓（DAA）,2例RAA合并心脏圆锥动脉干畸形产前超声漏诊RAA。31例胎儿RAA在3VT切面显示主动脉弓位于气管右侧,不同类型的胎儿RAA在3VT切面形成血管环或无血管环。胎儿RAA合并圆锥动脉干畸形在3VT切面和气管及其分支冠状切面有不同超声表现。20例活产胎儿中13例孤立性RAA、2例合并永存左上腔、1例合并2~3腰椎椎体融合、2例合并室间隔缺损手术治疗、最大年龄随访至3岁半,无呼吸道消化道压迫症状,小儿状态良好。1例IDD型矫正型大动脉转位并RAA,未经手术治疗,目前小儿11个月,状态良好。1例合并食道闭锁产后14 d新生儿死亡。6例行胎儿染色体核型检查,5例染色体核型正常,1例合并心内外严重多发畸形胎儿染色体核型检查为18-三体。 结论3VT切面是诊断胎儿RAA的主要切面,联合应用气管及其分支冠状切面可提高产前超声诊断准确率。单纯性RAA多数预后好、RAA合并严重心内外畸形预后与其合并畸形严重程度有关。     

产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的应用价值

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的应用价值。方法选取45例主动脉弓发育异常的胎儿,获取以下标准切面的超声图像:四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、三血管切面、三血管气管(3VT)切面、主动脉弓长轴切面、上下腔静脉切面、气管及支气管冠状切面、胸主动脉上段冠状切面,各切面叠加彩色多普勒超声,重点观察主动脉弓位置、内径、形态及血流方向。结果 45例主动脉弓发育异常胎儿均经产后证实,其中主动脉弓缩窄15例(13例合并心内畸形,6例合并心外畸形);主动脉弓离断3例(均合并心内畸形);右位主动脉弓并迷走左锁骨下动脉、左位动脉导管12例(1例合并心内畸形);镜面右位主动脉弓14例(7例合并心内畸形,4例合并心外畸形);双主动脉弓1例(未合并心内畸形)。结论主动脉弓离断、主动脉弓缩窄、镜面右位主动脉弓常合并心内畸形,部分合并心外畸形,产前明确主动脉弓发育异常及其合并心内、心外畸形情况,对于评价胎儿预后有重要指导意义。     

产前超声检查对胎儿心脏大动脉畸形的诊断价值

目的 探讨胎儿心脏大动脉畸形产前超声诊断的操作技巧,提高产前超声诊断符合率.方法 回顾分析我院诊断并经产后证实的20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿的超声图像,总结不同类型大动脉畸形的声像图特征.结果 20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿均经产后新生儿超声心动图检查或引产后尸体解剖证实,大动脉畸形在三血管气管(3VT)切面上均呈阳性特征,分别表现为大动脉内径异常10例,包括肺动脉狭窄7例,主动脉狭窄1例,主动脉弓离断1例及主动脉弓缩窄1例;永存动脉干4例;大动脉交叉关系消失5例,包括右室双出口3例,大动脉转位2例;右位主动脉弓1例.17例胎儿合并心内其他结构异常.结论 3VT切面是诊断胎儿心脏大动脉异常敏感且有效的切面,其他切面可作为诊断和鉴别诊断的辅助切面.     

主动脉弓缩窄的产前超声诊断

目的探讨胎儿主动脉弓缩窄(CoA)的产前超声诊断线索、诊断方法与技巧及畸形特征。方法所有胎儿均常规获得四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管(3VT)切面(即主动脉弓横切面)的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流显像。当四腔心切面发现左心系统偏小、3VT切面显示主动脉弓和动脉导管内径比例失调疑CoA时,进一步获得主动脉弓纵切面和冠状切面(Y平面)并测量峡部内径。结果产前超声共诊断56例CoA患儿,28例有解剖或新生儿超声心动图和手术结果,产前超声误诊和漏诊4例。其中8例合并单心室、心内膜垫缺损、右心室双出口、大动脉转位、永存动脉干等其他严重复杂心脏畸形,7例合并心脏外严重畸形。22例合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和永存左上腔静脉(LSVC)等非复杂心脏畸形。产前超声诊断的28例CoA患儿均首先于3VT切面发现两大动脉内径比例失调,主动脉弓异常小,四腔心切面显示左、右心室比例不对称,左心明显小于右心。此28例CoA患儿中有23例(82.1%)同时获得了3VT切面、主动脉弓纵切面及Y平面,14例于主动脉弓纵切面显示有来自降主动脉的反流。而误诊和漏诊的4例CoA患儿均未能获得满意的主动脉弓纵切面和Y平面。结论 3VT切面显示主动脉弓和动脉导管内径比例失调和四腔心切面不对称、左心偏小是CoA的诊断线索,进一步获取主动脉弓的特殊切面以获得至少2个平面的印证是提高CoA产前诊断率的主要技巧。CoA可以单独发生,也可合并其他心内外畸形。     

超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓的价值

目的探讨超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓的临床价值。方法 8例双主动脉弓胎儿,超声对各切面超声特点进行分析。结果超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓6例,5例为右弓稍大于左弓,1例为左右弓内径基本相同。1例胎儿同时合并其他心内畸形,核型分析为21-三体。左、右侧主动脉弓上分别发出两支头臂动脉。超声心动图漏诊2例,为左弓内径明显小于右弓。结论胎儿双主动脉弓在三血管-气管切面显示,由左弓和右弓包绕气管形成的完全血管环,左弓和右弓上均仅见两支头臂动脉发出。超声心动图对胎儿双主动脉弓早期检出具有重要的临床价值。     

胎儿双主脉弓的产前诊断及意义

目的:探讨胎儿主脉弓的产前诊断及意义。方法:对我院2012年1月-2013年12月8例产检诊断为双主动脉弓胎儿的病史进行回顾性分析,并总结产前超声特征。结果:8例胎儿中,右主动脉弓优势型5例,左主动脉弓优势型2例,双主动脉弓平衡型1例。5例胎儿出现相关呼吸、吞咽症状,3例无明显症状,4例运用手术治疗后症状较前好转。胎儿超声心动图特点:(1)在3VT切面上,主动脉分为左右两支主动脉弓后包绕食管、气管,形成"O"型血管环;(2)在3VT切面上,动脉导管弓位于气管的左侧;(3)升主动脉的长轴面呈Y型;(4)在主动脉弓降部冠状切面上,左侧弓与降主动脉在导管内侧相连,左主动脉弓发出颈总动脉与右主动脉弓发出的锁骨下动脉在降主动脉相连。结论:超声心动图是产前诊断胎儿双主动脉弓的可靠方法,同时也为临床分型及预后提供有效参考,其中尤以对产后不明原因呼吸吞咽困难的患儿意义最大,可为其及时手术提供指导性意见。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.