脑梗死患者脑血管病变及侧支循环状态的研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者的责任病变血管及侧支循环主要方式。方法对110例脑梗死患者行牛津郡社区卒中项目（OCSP）分型,进行全脑数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查,判定梗死的责任血管、侧支循环是否存在及方式。结果各型患者,病变血管共137条,其中颈内动脉（ICA）54条（39．4％）、锁骨下．椎动脉（SUB—VA）42条（30．7％）、大脑中动脉（MCA）29条（21．2％）、颈总动脉（CCA）和基底动脉（BA）各4条（各2．9％）、无名动脉2条（1．5％）、大脑前动脉（ACA）和大脑后动脉（PCA）各1条（各0．7％）;责任血管ICA49条（44．5％）、MCA27条（24．5％）、SUB—VA19条（17．3％）及CCA3条（2．7％）、IA2条（1．8％）,余3支血管各1条（均占0．9％）。7例（6．4％）未发现异常。经软脑膜支吻合代偿59例,Willis环代偿49例,来自各种颅外代偿计27例,两种及以上方式联合代偿19例,罕见代偿3例,未发现代偿6例。结论脑动脉病变最多位于ICA、SUB-VA主干,其次位于MCA;前循环病变较后循环病变具有更高的梗死发生率。侧支循环代偿以Willis环最充分,软脑膜支吻合最常见;脑梗死的类型和预后受血管病变和侧支循环状态的综合影响。     

成年人烟雾病的卒中类型、部位及脑血管病变、侧支循环代偿的研究

目的 研究成年人烟雾病(MMD)的卒中类型、部位及脑血管病变和侧支循环代偿.方法 回顾性分析41例成年MMD患者的临床资料.结果 41例患者中,出血性脑卒中(CHS) 25例(61％),缺血性脑卒中(CIS) 16例(39％).CHS患者卒中部位在脑室及其周围(基底节区)的比率(64％)显著高于CIS患者(25％) (P＜0.05);CIS患者卒中部位在皮质或皮质下的比率(75％)显著高于CHS患者(12％)(P＜0.01).数字减影血管造影发现脑血管病变82支,其中颈内动脉(ICA)病变的比率(76.8％)显著高于大脑中动脉(MCA)(17.1％)和大脑前动脉(ACA)(6.1％)(均P＜0.05);深穿支(78支,95.1％)、Willis环(51支,62.2％)、脑膜支(62支,75.6％)和胼周后动脉(50支,61.0％)代偿的比率显著高于眼动脉(19支,23.1％)和脑膜中动脉(9支,10.9％)(均P＜0.01).CHS与CIS患者脑血管病变部位、代偿方式的差异无统计学意义;CIS患者脑血管Suzuki分级V级、Ⅵ级的比率显著高于CHS组(均P＜0.05).结论 成人MMD以CHS多发,并多发生在脑室及其周围;CIS的卒中部位以皮质、皮质下区为主.MMD的主要代偿方式为深穿支、Wilis环、脑膜支、胼周后动脉代偿.     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环与神经功能的单因素分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的代偿作用与临床神经功能缺损程度的关系. 方法对52例连续颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞所致的脑梗死患者入院时行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分,利用数字减影脑血管造影技术(DSA)评估颅内动脉的侧支循环代偿情况.应用统计学方法探讨两者之间的关系.结果 DSA发现52例患者18例出现颈内动脉闭塞,单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄28例,6例双侧重度狭窄.52例患者中出现前交通动脉代偿18例,后交通动脉代偿8例,前后交通动脉同时代偿12例,14例患者未出现Willis环血管的代偿.无Willis环代偿组与Willis环代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为35.75和23.09,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).前交通代偿组与后交通代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为12.42和15.94,两组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时可通过多种方式进行有效的代偿.NIHSS评分与血管代偿及阻塞位置显著有关.DSA对侧支循环的判定在治疗干预中显得尤为重要.     

203例急性脑梗死患者脑供血动脉分布特点与分析

目的运用数字减影血管造影(Digital subtraction angiography DSA)技术,探讨急性脑梗死患者脑供血动脉狭窄的特点及侧枝循环代偿情况。方法回顾性分析203例急性脑梗死患者的DSA检查结果,明确脑供血动脉狭窄发生率、狭窄部位、程度及侧枝循环建立情况。结果 203例患者中发现单纯颅内动脉狭窄78例(43.09%),单纯颅外动脉狭窄46例(25.41%),颅内、颅外动脉均存在狭窄者57例(31.49%)。198处颅内动脉狭窄中,大脑中动脉狭窄72处(36.55%);214处颅外动脉狭窄中,颈内动脉颅外段狭窄77处(35.98%),椎动脉颅外段狭窄71处(33.18%)。分析可能引起同一侧枝循环途径的病变共174处,发现侧枝循环118例,Willis环代偿所占比例较高,其次为软脑膜吻合支。重度狭窄及闭塞组侧枝循环代偿发生率明显高于轻、中度狭窄组(P<0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄发生率高于颅外,颅内动脉狭窄好发于大脑中动脉,颅外动脉狭窄好发于颈内动脉颅外段及椎动脉颅外段。侧枝循环途径以Willis环最常见,软脑膜吻合支次之,严重的脑供血动脉狭窄更易发生侧枝循环代偿。     

侧支循环单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄与缺血性脑血管事件

目的探讨单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄时各侧支循环代偿出现的概率与缺血性脑血管事件的关系。方法选择数字减影血管造影术发现单侧颈内动脉起始部狭窄>70%患者46例,其中缺血性脑血管事件24例作为症状组;无缺血性脑血管事件22例作为无症状组。了解Willis血管环内径及构成,及代偿血管构成情况,分析代偿血管与缺血性脑血管事件的关系。结果 Willis环代偿是主要的侧支循环。症状组后环的变异率明显大于无症状组(P<0.005);症状组前交通动脉的管径明显小于无症状组[(1.36±0.18)mm vs(1.52±0.18)mm,P<0.01]。结论单侧颈内动脉起始部重度脉狭窄患者是否出现缺血性脑血管事件与Willis环的代偿完整性有关,一级供血代偿能力与Willis环是否存在结构变异及前交通动脉、后交通动脉的管径有关。     

症状性椎-基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞致后循环缺血性卒中的血管重建治疗

目的探讨慢性椎-基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞致后循环缺血性卒中血管重建治疗的有效性和安全性。方法纳入2018年1月至2021年1月天津市环湖医院诊断与治疗的11例慢性椎-基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞致后循环缺血性卒中患者,采用MRI定位梗死部位,CTA确定血管狭窄或闭塞部位以及狭窄率,DSA明确侧支代偿情况,分别行枕动脉-椎动脉(OA-VA)搭桥术、颈外动脉-桡动脉-椎动脉(ECA-RA-VA)搭桥术、枕动脉-小脑后下动脉/小脑前下动脉(OA-PICA/AICA)搭桥术、颞浅动脉-大脑后动脉/小脑上动脉(STA-PCA/SCA)搭桥术等后循环血管重建治疗,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评价预后。结果 11例患者经CTA确定血管狭窄或闭塞部位,分别位于基底动脉占2/11,双侧椎动脉V4段-基底动脉串联病变占1/11,双侧椎动脉颅内段占2/11、颅外段占1/11,一侧椎动脉颅内段合并对侧颅外段占4/11,一侧椎动脉起始部闭塞合并另一侧椎动脉纤细占1/11。DSA明确侧支代偿情况,代偿血管分别为后交通动脉占7/11,小脑软膜吻合(包括小脑后下动脉、小脑前下动脉和小脑上动脉)占5/11,颈升动脉占4/11,大脑软膜吻合(大脑中动脉-大脑后动脉)占3/11,脊髓前动脉占1/11。11例患者顺利完成血管搭桥术,影像学检查(吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影术、DSA和CTA)均提示桥血管通畅。2例术后并发肺部感染,1例可疑颅内感染,均经抗生素治疗后好转。11例患者出院时mRS量表中位评分为1;术后平均随访8个月,9例预后良好(mRS评分为0～1)、2例预后中等(mRS评分为2～3)。结论血管重建治疗慢性椎-基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞致后循环缺血性卒中有效性和安全性均较好,具备临床可行性。     

缺血性脑卒中OCSP分型与神经影像学及脑血管改变之间的关系

目的以OCSP分型为基础,结合影像学和DSA表现探讨缺血性卒中OCSP分型、神经影像学改变、血管改变之间的关系。方法回顾性分析227例经DSA证实存在血管狭窄患者的临床资料,据患者主要症状和体征、MRI、CT、DSA的结果进行OCSP分型、影像学分型、及血管病变部位分型。分析OCSP分型与神经影像学及脑血管改变之间的关系。结果 OCSP各型所占的比例依次为:(1)部分前循环梗死型(PACI)占47%;后循环梗死型(POCI)占31%;完全前循环梗死型(TACI)占13%;腔隙性梗死型LACI占9%。(2)OCSP分型中前循环梗死型(TACI+PACI)、腔隙性梗死型(LACI)、后循环梗死型(PCI)与影像学分型中皮质梗死和低灌流区梗死(CO+LFI)、皮质下小梗死(SSI)、后循环病变部位梗死(PCI)的一致率分别为77.97%、79.30%、79.30%。(3)OCSP分型中前循环型(TACI+PACI)和后循环型(POCI)与前循环血管狭窄(ICA+MCA)和后循环血管狭窄(VA+BA)一致率分别为78.41%、71.84%。结论 OCSP分型与神经影像学改变分型和血管改变分型的一致性较好。     

脑血管侧支循环与缺血性脑血管病

缺血性脑血管病源于局部脑组织血流低于某阚值所致,局部脑组织的血流是由供血动脉的病变程度和侧支循环状况共同决定的,两者是影响血流动力学状况的关键因素。一般认为,血管狭窄程度与缺血性脑血管病发病率相关,侧支循环的建立可增加脑血流量、防止脑缺血的发生。侧支循环血管可以来自硬膜内、硬膜及硬膜外血管,大致可分为原发性侧支循环（即基底动脉环,又称Willis环）和继发性侧支循环（皮质软脑膜支吻合、脑外代偿等）。     

临床颈动脉系统TIA患者的脑血管造影分析

目的:以数字减影脑血管造影为手段,分析颈动脉系统TIA患者脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的分布、程度以及侧枝循环建立情况。方法:颈动脉系统TIA患者70例均行脑血管造影检查,包括主动脉弓上造影及至少双侧颈总及锁骨下动脉四根血管造影。明确有无脑供血动脉的狭窄、狭窄的位置、程度及侧枝循环情况。结果:62例患者存在脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞,共检出病变132处,轻度狭窄40处(30.3%),中度狭窄34处(25.8%),重度39处(29.5%),闭塞19处(14.4%)。可判断责任血管者58例(85.0%):单纯前循环45例,前后循环联合病变有13例。以颈内动脉狭窄80处为对象,研究颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧枝循环情况。汇总邻近可能引起同一侧枝循环通路的病变,共分析病变58处,发现合并侧枝的病变有23处,有侧支数量36处。各种侧支循环中,Willis环出现频度最高,包括前交通代偿13处和后交通代偿5处。其次为软膜血管代偿13处。结论:颈动脉系统TIA患者,颅外血管病变多于颅内血管病变。责任血管不单纯是在前循环,还可以是前后循环联合病变。颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞最常见的侧枝循环是Wlliis环和软脑膜血管,严重的脑供血动脉狭窄更易引发侧枝循环建立。     

DSA对单侧颈内动脉系统大动脉狭窄或闭塞后侧支循环建立的应用价值

目的 探讨DSA对单侧颈内动脉系统大动脉狭窄或闭塞后侧支循环建立的应用价值,探讨三级侧支循环在单侧颈内动脉开口部位狭窄或闭塞及大脑中动脉M1段狭窄或闭塞中的特点.方法 分别对56例颈内动脉开口处狭窄或闭塞及94例大脑中动脉M1段狭窄或闭塞的患者进行脑血管造影检查,根据其狭窄程度分析其侧支循环建立的情况.结果 颈内动脉开口部位闭塞组大脑动脉环开放率约38.5%,颅内外沟通开放率30.8%,软脑膜吻合支开放率约30.8%;重度狭窄组大脑动脉环开放率35.1%,软脑膜吻合支开放率16.2%,颅内外沟通开放率约5.4%;中轻度狭窄组无侧支循环建立.大脑中动脉M1段闭塞组大脑动脉环开放率5%,软脑膜吻合支开放率95%;重度狭窄组仅软脑膜吻合支开放,开放率约61%;轻中度狭窄组无侧支形成.结论 在颈内动脉开口部位重度狭窄或闭塞的病例中,一级侧支循环的开放代偿最为重要,二级侧支循环起着重要的辅助作用.在大脑中动脉M1段重度狭窄或闭塞的病例中,二级和三级侧支循环的开放起主要的代偿作用.     

颈内动脉狭窄相关性脑缺血病变的临床分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉狭窄致脑缺血病变的临床特点及发生机制,为临床指导治疗及判断预后提供依据.方法 回顾分析111 例经CT 血管造影(CTA)证实的颈内动脉狭窄患者的颅内Willis 环形态、TCD 资料及临床表现.结果 颈内动脉轻、中、重度狭窄组脑梗死发生率分别为14.7% 、30.6% 、46.3%,三组间差异具有显...     

Absent collateral function of the circle of Willis as risk factor for ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: Autopsy studies show a higher prevalence of circle of Willis anomalies in brains with signs of ischemic infarction. Our goal was to examine the collateral function of the circle of Willis in ischemic stroke patients and to assess in a case-control study if a collateral deficient circle of Willis is a risk factor for ischemic stroke in patients with severe internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusive disease. METHODS: Our case-control study included 109 patients with an acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and 113 patients with peripheral arterial disease and no known history of cerebral ischemia. The collateral function of the anterior and posterior communicating arteries of the circle of Willis was assessed by means of transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography (TCCD) and carotid compression tests. RESULTS: TCCD was successfully performed in 75 case patients (mean age 64 years, range 41-91 years) and in 100 control patients (mean age 61 years, range 35-89 years). In 26 cases and 19 controls, a >/=70% stenosis or occlusion of the ICA was found. A nonfunctional anterior collateral pathway in the circle of Willis was found in 33% of the cases and in 6% of the controls (p < 0.001). The posterior collateral pathway was nonfunctional in 57% of the cases and in 43% of the controls (p = 0.02). In patients with severe ICA occlusive disease, the odds ratios of a nonfunctional anterior and a nonfunctional posterior collateral pathway were 7.33 (95% confidence interval, CI, = 1.19-76.52) and 3.00 (95% CI = 0.77-12.04), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who suffer ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation have a higher incidence of collateral deficient circles of Willis than those with atherosclerotic vascular disease without ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The presence of a nonfunctional anterior collateral pathway in the circle of Willis in patients with severe ICA occlusive disease is strongly associated with ischemic stroke.     

A comparison of cerebral hemodynamic parameters between transient monocular blindness patients, transient ischemic attack patients and control subjects

PURPOSE: To assess whether patients with transient monocular blindness (TMB) and patients with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks (hTIA) differ from each other with respect to cerebral hemodynamic parameters. METHODS: Seventeen TMB patients and 23 hTIA patients with a moderate to severe stenosis or an occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) underwent magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, (1)H MR spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler sonography. Thirty-one control subjects were investigated to obtain reference values for the MR investigations. Quantitative flow was measured in the ICAs, the basilar artery and the middle cerebral arteries (MCA). Metabolic changes in the MCA territory were studied by assessing N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA)/choline ratios and prevalences of lactate. The prevalence of collateral flow was assessed in the circle of Willis and the ophthalmic arteries. The vasomotor reactivity was studied by measuring the CO(2) reactivity of the MCA territories. RESULTS: Quantitative flow in the cerebropetal arteries and the MCAs did not differ between TMB patients and hTIA patients. Also patterns of collateral flow, prevalence of lactate and CO(2) reactivity were similar. The mean ipsilateral NAA/choline ratio was lower in hTIA patients compared with TMB patients (p < 0.01), and was predominantly correlated with symptomatology (p < 0.01), i.e. whether patients had TMB or hTIA, and not with ipsilateral MCA flow (p = 0.2) or ipsilateral CO(2) reactivity (p = 0.7). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that there are no cerebral hemodynamic differences between TMB patients and hTIA patients. It is therefore unlikely that hemodynamic factors account for differences in clinical characteristics between the two patient groups.     

Collateral configuration of the circle of Willis: transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography and comparison with postmortem anatomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The anterior communicating artery (AcoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PcoA) of the circle of Willis provide the main route for collateral blood flow in cases of carotid artery obstruction. Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography (TCCD) allows real-time measurement of the collateral function of the AcoA and PcoA. The primary objective of this study was to determine the collateral artery threshold diameters for supplying collateral flow. METHODS: In 12 acute stroke patients with a median age of 75 years (51 to 91 years), the collateral integrity of the circle of Willis as assessed by TCCD and carotid compression tests was compared with their postmortem anatomy. The lengths and diameters of the collateral arteries were measured. RESULTS: TCCD demonstrated absent anterior collateral flow in 3 patients. In 1 of these patients, absence of anterior cross-flow was due to an occluded anterior cerebral artery, which was revealed at autopsy. Absent posterior collateral flow was found in 14 hemispheres. In 2 of these hemispheres, autopsy revealed a fetal configuration of the posterior cerebral artery hampering posterior collateral flow. The median (range) diameters as found at autopsy of the functional (n=19) and nonfunctional (n=16) collateral arteries of the circle of Willis were 1.1 (0.4 to 2.0) and 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) mm, respectively (P=0.003). PcoA diameters were found to correlate negatively (rho=-0. 50, P=0.01) to the diameters of their accessory P1 segments. CONCLUSIONS: The threshold diameter allowing for cross-flow through the primary collateral arteries of the circle of Willis is between 0. 4 and 0.6 mm.     

单侧颈动脉阻塞性病变时侧支循环募集的特征分析

目的以数字减影血管造影为检查方法,分析单侧颈动脉阻塞性病变时侧支循环的募集特征。方法选择2007年1月～2011年11月北京大学首钢医院神经科DSA检查患者336例,观察每位患者的颈动脉及颅内动脉狭窄程度、Willis环组成及其他侧支循环出现情况。结果 (1)颈动脉狭窄程度与COW各段的完整性均不相关。(2)颈动脉狭窄率≤85%者均未见有代偿侧支。颈动脉86%～99%狭窄者85.7%患者代偿侧支有ACOA和PCA经软脑膜动脉通路,未见PCOA和OA通路;闭塞组则4条通路都有开放,最多是ACOA通路(92.3%),其次是PCA和OA通路(46.2%)。就代偿程度而言,ACOA通路代偿较充分,级别较高。(3)相关分析显示,各代偿通路开放与否及代偿程度均与颈动脉狭窄程度相关,其中ACOA通路、总的侧支通路数和代偿级别与之重度相关。结论 Willis环各段不因颈动脉狭窄程度的发展而改变;侧支循环只出现于颈动脉≥86%狭窄者,各侧支通路开放与否及侧支代偿程度均与颈动脉狭窄程度相关;单侧颈动脉狭窄后,ACOA是最重要的侧支通路。     

Cerebral hemodynamics in relation to patterns of collateral flow.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to investigate the relation between collateral flow via different pathways and hemodynamic parameters measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI in patients with severe carotid artery disease. METHODS: Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in 66 patients and 33 control subjects. Patients had severe stenosis (>70%, n=12), unilateral occlusion (n=38), or bilateral occlusion (n=16) of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Cerebripetal flow and collateral flow via the circle of Willis were investigated with MR angiography. Collateral flow via the ophthalmic artery was investigated with transcranial Doppler sonography. RESULTS: Patients with ICA stenosis had well-preserved cerebral perfusion and were in general not dependent on collateral supply. Patients with unilateral ICA occlusion had impaired cerebral perfusion. However, appearance time, peak time, and mean transit time in white matter were less increased in patients with than in patients without collateral flow via the circle of Willis (P<0.05). Furthermore, patients with collateral flow via both anterior and posterior communicating arteries had less increased regional cerebral blood volume than patients with collateral flow via the posterior communicating artery only (P<0.05). Patients with bilateral ICA occlusion had severely compromised hemodynamic status despite recruitment of collateral supply. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with unilateral ICA occlusion, the pattern of collateral supply has significant influence on hemodynamic status. Collateral flow via the anterior communicating artery is a sign of well-preserved hemodynamic status, whereas no collateral flow via the circle of Willis or flow via only the posterior communicating artery is a sign of deteriorated cerebral perfusion.     

Collateral variations in circle of willis in atherosclerotic population assessed by means of transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography combined with common carotid artery (CCA) compression can be used to assess the collateral function of the circle of Willis. The aim of this study was to assess the unknown fraction of hemodynamic functional anterior and posterior communicating arteries (AcoA and PcoA, respectively) in an atherosclerotic population with no cerebrovascular symptoms. METHODS: In 76 patients with a mean age of 61 (35 to 89) years, the blood flow velocity changes in the precommunicating parts (A1 and P1, respectively) of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries were measured during CCA compression. The AcoA was defined as functional if blood flow was reversed in the ipsilateral A1 and enhanced in the contralateral A1 during CCA compression. The PcoA was defined as functional if the flow velocity in the P1 was enhanced >20% during ipsilateral CCA compression. RESULTS: It was possible to assess cross flow through the anterior part of the circle of Willis in 95% of the subjects. Failure of this collateral pathway was caused by a hypofunctional AcoA in 4% and a hypofunctional A1 in 1% of the subjects. Anomalies in the posterior part of the circle of Willis hampering collateral flow from the basilar to the internal carotid artery were found in 45% of the hemispheres. Thirty-eight percent of PcoAs were hypofunctional, and 7% of the posterior cerebral arteries had a persistent fetal anatomy. CONCLUSIONS: We found that in subjects with no cerebrovascular symptoms, the anterior collateral pathway of the circle of Willis was nearly always functional. In contrast, the posterior collateral pathway was nonfunctional in almost half of the total number of hemispheres. Comparing these basic data with data from patients with cerebral ischemic disease might further help to elucidate the importance of the collateral capacity of the circle of Willis.     

连续40例出血型烟雾病的DSA影像学分析

目的探讨烟雾病患者的DSA影像学诊断特征。方法回顾性分析40例烟雾病病例的DSA影像学表现,40例患者均经CT诊断为颅内出血,均经DSA确诊。结果双颈内动脉末段狭窄闭塞22例,一侧颈内动脉末段狭窄闭塞8例,一侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞3例,双侧大脑前动脉和一侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞1例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄闭塞3例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞1例,一侧大脑中动脉及对侧大脑前动脉狭窄闭塞2例,均伴颅底异常血管网形成。结论DSA为诊断烟雾病的金标准,DSA检查可清楚显示烟雾病血管狭窄闭塞的部位、侧支循环情况及是否合并动脉瘤,据其表现可指导进一步治疗。