Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow, Poland

Experimental evidence has shown that certain phthalates can disrupt endocrine function and induce reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, few data are available on the extent of human exposure to phthalates during pregnancy. As part of the research being conducted by the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, we have measured levels of phthalates in 48-hr personal air samples collected from parallel cohorts of pregnant women in New York, New York, (n = 30) and in Krakow, Poland (n = 30). Spot urine samples were collected during the same 48-hr period from the New York women (n = 25). The following four phthalates or their metabolites were measured in both personal air and urine: diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP). All were present in 100% of the air and urine samples. Ranges in personal air samples were as follows: DEP (0.26-7.12 microg/m3), DBP (0.11-14.76 microg/m3), DEHP (0.05-1.08 microg/m3), and BBzP (0.00-0.63 microg/m3). The mean personal air concentrations of DBP, di-isobutyl phthalate, and DEHP are higher in Krakow, whereas the mean personal air concentration of DEP is higher in New York. Statistically significant correlations between personal air and urinary levels were found for DEP and monoethyl phthalate (r = 0.42, p < 0.05), DBP and monobutyl phthalate (r = 0.58, p < 0.01), and BBzP and monobenzyl phthalate (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). These results demonstrate considerable phthalate exposures during pregnancy among women in these two cohorts and indicate that inhalation is an important route of exposure.     

人体生物样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类的含量

目的　研究和探讨环境内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸酯类在人体生物样品中的含量水平。方法　运用反相高效液相色谱分析法测定了人体生物样品 (6 0份血清、36份精液、11份脂肪 )中 3种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质 (phthalates) [邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DBP)和邻苯二甲酸 2 乙基己酯 (DEHP) ]的含量水平 ,同时测定了血清中有关激素水平和精液常规指标 ,并运用SPSS分析软件中的非参数统计方法对测定结果进行了相关性分析。结果　上述 3种人体生物样品中均可检测到 phthalates,脂肪中的phthalates含量范围在ND～ 2 19mg/kg ,血清中为ND～ 37 91mg/L ,精液中为 0 0 8～ 1 32mg/L ;Spearman相关分析显示 ,女性血清中DBP与E2 呈正相关 (r =0 4 4 2 ) ,DEP与T呈负相关 (r =- 0 4 86 ) ;精液中phthalates与液化时间呈显著正相关关系 (P <0 0 1) ,DBP与精液量、活力分级中的c级精子活力呈显著负相关 ,与b级精子活力呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,DEHP与精液量、活力分级中的c级精子活力呈显著负相关 ,与精子畸形率、b级精子活力呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　邻苯二甲酸酯类物质存在于人体组织中 ,并可影响人类的精液质量.     

城乡儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的浓度

目的了解10～12岁城市和农村儿童血清中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的含量。方法于2007年1月运用反相高效液相色谱分析法(RP-HPLC)测定36名10～12岁城市儿童和38名10～12岁农村儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物[邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)]含量。结果城市儿童血清中DEP、DBP、DEHP含量(中位数)分别为0.0026、0.0359、0.10625mg/L,农村儿童血清中DEP、DBP、DEHP含量(中位数)分别为0.0000、0.0406、0.05245mg/L。城市儿童血清中DEP和DEHP的含量高于农村儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论该地区城市儿童血清中DEP和DEHP的含量水平高于农村儿童。     

Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans

After briefly discussing human exposure to phthalates—diesters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid)—this article first presents recent findings from the Study for Future Families, a multi-center pregnancy study in which the human analogue of the phthalate syndrome was first identified. This is one of an increasing number of studies that have investigated human endpoints in relation to environmental exposure to these ubiquitous compounds. This literature, which includes a range of human health endpoints following prenatal, neonatal, childhood, and adult exposures, is then summarized. At least one significant association has been reported for urinary metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BzBP), diethyl phthlate (DEP), and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and for three of the urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Many of the findings reported in humans—most of which have been in males—are consistent with the anti-androgenic action that has been demonstrated for several phthalates. Replication of the results described here and further mechanistic studies are needed to strengthen links between phthalates and adverse health outcomes.     

Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites in 129 healthy Danish children and adolescents: estimation of daily phthalate intake

Background

Phthalates are a group of chemicals with widespread use in the industrial production of numerous consumer products. They are suspected to be involved in male reproductive health problems and have also been associated with several other health problems in children including obesity and asthma.

Objectives

To study the urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites in Danish children recruited from the general population, and to estimate the daily intake of phthalates in this segment of the population.

Method

One 24 h urine sample and to consecutive first morning urine samples were collected from 129 healthy Danish children and adolescents (range 6–21 yrs). The concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites of 5 different phthalate diesters were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

The analyzed metabolites were detectable in almost all 24 h urine samples. The median concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and the sums of the two monobutyl phthalate isoforms (∑MBP(i+n)), metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHPm) and of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (∑DiNPm) were 29, 17, 111, 107 and 31 ng/mL, respectively. The youngest children were generally more exposed to phthalates than older children and adolescents (except diethyl phthalate (DEP)). Boys were more exposed than girls. The median estimated daily intake of phthalate diesters was: 4.29 (dibutyl phthalate isoforms (DBP(i+n))), 4.04 (DEHP), 1.70 (DiNP), 1.09 (DEP) and 0.62 (butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP)), all calculated as μg/kg body weight/24 h. Between 40% and 48% of the absolute amount of phthalate metabolites excreted over 24 h were excreted in first morning urine voids.

Conclusion

Danish children are exposed simultaneously to multiple phthalates. The highest exposure levels were found for DBP(i+n) and DEHP, which in animal models are the known most potent anti-androgenic phthalates. The combined exposure to the two isoforms of DBP, which have similar endocrine-disrupting potencies in animal models, exceeded the TDI for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in several of the younger children.     

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in artificially contaminated soils

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dioctyl phthalate, to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were studied when earthworms were exposed to two artificially contaminated agricultural and forest soils. Only DBP and DEHP were detected in earthworms. The uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP in earthworms was fast within the initial 10 days followed by a nearly steady state for the subsequent 20 days. An equilibrium partitioning model could be used to describe the uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP by earthworm in two types of soils (r = 0.709-0.864). The average biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) of DBP and DEHP at 5 mg kg(-1) in soil were 0.27 +/- 0.07 and 0.17 +/- 0.03, respectively, in agricultural soil, while the BSAFs were 0.21 +/- 0.06 and 0.07 +/- 0.02, respectively, in forest soil. The concentrations of phthalates in earthworms increased with increasing concentrations of phthalates in soil. There was a significant correlation between logC(soil) and logC(worm), with r = 0.999-0.993, demonstrating a single linear partitioning of phthalates between soil and earthworms. The bioavailability of DBP and DEHP was assessed by Soxhlet, methanol, and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods. Our results indicated that the extractable amounts of freshly added DBP and DEHP in soils by these extraction methods were significantly correlated with those in earthworms. It was observed that the extractable DBP and DEHP by the methanol and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods decreased with their increasing residence time in soil. In contrast, the amount extracted by the Soxhlet extraction method did not show a similar decline. Therefore, Soxhlet extraction was a poor indicator of the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP to earthworms in soil, which could lead to overestimation of the risk of soil-associated DBP and DEHP. The extractable DBP and DEHP by methanol and methanol-water (1:1) significantly decreased over 440 days. Compared with the methanol-water (1:1) extraction method, the methanol extraction method was preferred for its ability to predict the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP in aged soils.     

Estimated daily phthalate exposures in a population of mothers of male infants exhibiting reduced anogenital distance

Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants in animal studies. A recent epidemiologic study showed certain phthalates to be significantly associated with reduced anogenital distance in human male infants, the first evidence of subtle developmental effects in human male infants exposed prenatally to phthalates. We used two previously published methods to estimate the daily phthalate exposures for the four phthalates whose urinary metabolites were statistically significantly associated with developmental effects in the 214 mother-infant pairs [di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) , diethyl phthalate (DEP) , butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) , diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) ] and for another important phthalate [di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) ]. We estimated the median and 95th percentile of daily exposures to DBP to be 0.99 and 2.68 microg/kg/day, respectively ; for DEP, 6.64 and 112.3 microg/kg/day ; for BBzP, 0.50 and 2.47 microg/kg/day ; and for DEHP, 1.32 and 9.32 microg/kg/day. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference doses for these chemicals are 100 (DBP) , 800 (DEP) , 200 (BBzP) , and 20 (DEHP) microg/kg/day. The median and 95th percentile exposure estimates for the phthalates associated with reduced anogenital distance in the study population are substantially lower than current U.S. EPA reference doses for these chemicals and could be informative to any updates of the hazard assessments and risk assessments for these chemicals.     

Embryotoxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in mice

Two major compounds of PVC plasticizers, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), were mixed with food at levels of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 wt% and given to pregnant mice of ICR-JCL strain throughout gestation. Treatment with 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0% DEHP and 1.0% DBP resulted in decreased maternal weight gain and increased resorption rate. All of the implanted ova died in utero at 0.4 and 1.0% level of DEHP. The malformation rate in term fetuses increased at 0.2% level of DEHP and 1.0% level of DBP, the difference from the control group being at the borderline level of significance. The major malformations observed in the treated groups were neural tube defects (exencephaly and spina bifida), suggesting that the phthalic acid esters could interfere with the closure of neuropores in developing embryos. Treatment with the compounds caused intrauterine growth retardation and delayed ossification with an apparently dose-related response pattern. These results indicate that DEHP and DBP at a high dose level could be embryotoxic and possibly teratogenic mice. The maximum no effect level of the PAEs on mouse fetuses was 70 mg/kg/day, which is far higher than the estimated human current intake from the environment.     

餐饮环节食品包装材料中塑化剂含量及迁移研究

目的了解餐饮环节食品包装材料中20种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(PAEs)的含量以及在脂肪性食品模拟物中的迁移情况。方法采集餐饮环节样品100份,测定其中20种PAEs含量,选取其中直接接触脂肪性食品的样品(共62份),研究其在脂肪性食品模拟物(异辛烷)中的迁移量,采用气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)法进行测定。结果 100份样品中10种塑化剂有检出,分别为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丙烯酯(DAP)、苯甲酸苄酯(BBZ)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DPP)、邻苯二甲酸二己酯(DHXP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP),检出率最高的为DBP(84.0%),其次是DIBP(76.0%);检出率最低的为DPP和BBP(1.0%)。迁移试验中,DMP、DEP、DIBP、DBP和DEHP5种塑化剂有检出,其中DEHP和DBP检出率较高,分别为100.0%和93.5%,而DMP的检出率较低,仅为8.1%。从迁移量来看,5种有检出的塑化剂的迁移量均较低。结论餐饮环节食品包装材料中普遍检出邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂,但浓度普遍比较低,同时,在脂肪性食品模拟物中的迁移量均未超过国家限值的要求。     

肥胖儿童血清中三种PAEs的检测和分析

目的了解10～12岁肥胖儿童血清中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)——邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的含量。评估三种PAEs对肥胖儿童可能产生的危害。方法运用反相高效液相色谱分析法(HPLC)测定10～12岁肥胖儿童36名和正常体重儿童36名血清中三种PAEs含量,对两人群三种PAEs测定值(mg/L)作对比分析及性别差异分析。结果肥胖儿童血清中三种PAEs的中位数(mg/L)分别为0.0032(DEP)、0.1649(DBP)和0.1680(DEHP);正常体重儿童血清中三种PAEs的中位数(mg/L)分别为0.0026(DEP)、0.0359(DBP)和0.1063(DEHP);经Wilcoxon两样本检验,Z值分别为1.1013、5.5584和3.0128,P值分别为0.2708、<0.0001和0.0026,肥胖儿童与正常体重儿童血清中DBP和DEHP的含量差异有统计学意义,而DEP含量差异无统计学意义。两组儿童的含量构成比经χ2检验,χ2值分别为18.57、34.5956和10.9193,P值分别<0.0001、<0.0001和0.0043,肥胖儿童与正常体重儿童血清中DEP、DBP和DEHP的含量构成比均有统计学意义。结论肥胖儿童DBP、DEHP的含量平均水平显著高于正常体重儿童,且肥胖儿童在含量较高水平上的人数多于正常体重儿童。     

Relationship between urinary phthalate and bisphenol A concentrations and serum thyroid measures in U.S. adults and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008

Background: Limited animal, in vitro, and human studies have reported that exposure to phthalates or bisphenol A (BPA) may affect thyroid signaling.Objective: We explored the cross-sectional relationship between urinary concentrations of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and BPA with a panel of serum thyroid measures among a representative sample of U.S. adults and adolescents.Methods: We analyzed data on urinary biomarkers of exposure to phthalates and BPA, serum thyroid measures, and important covariates from 1,346 adults (ages ≥ 20 years) and 329 adolescents (ages 12–19 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2008 using multivariable linear regression.Results: Among adults, we observed significant inverse relationships between urinary DEHP metabolites and total thyroxine (T₄), free T₄, total triiodothyronine (T₃), and thyroglobulin, and positive relationships with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The strongest and most consistent relationships involved total T₄, where adjusted regression coefficients for quintiles of oxidative DEHP metabolites displayed monotonic dose-dependent decreases in total T₄ (p-value for trend < 0.0001). Suggestive inverse relationships between urinary BPA and total T₄ and TSH were also observed. Conversely, among adolescents, we observed significant positive relationships between DEHP metabolites and total T₃. Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, a secondary metabolite of both DBP and di-n-octyl phthalate, was associated with several thyroid measures in both age groups, whereas other DBP metabolites were not associated with thyroid measures.Conclusions: These results support previous reports of associations between phthalates—and possibly BPA—and altered thyroid hormones. More detailed studies are needed to determine the temporal relationships and potential clinical and public health implications of these associations.     

合肥市水源水与出厂水中增塑剂污染特征及其水环境健康风险评估

[目的]调查合肥市主要水源水与出厂水中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates,PAEs）及己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）等增塑剂污染特征,评估其对人体潜在健康风险。[方法]分别于平水期、丰水期和枯水期采集巢湖西半湖水、合肥市A、B水厂水源水及其出厂水,水样经固相萃取柱富集后由气相色谱一质谱法（GC／MS）检测PAEs和DEHA;采用美国环境保护署（EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,从饮水途径对致癌和非致癌风险进行定量评估。[结果]合肥市水源水与出厂水中均检出5种增塑剂[邻苯二甲酸二（2．乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）],但均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,平均贡献率分别为60．22％和21．43％。不同水期增塑剂污染种类未见明显变化,总污染浓度水平呈丰水期〉枯水期〉平水期。巢湖水,A、B水厂水源水及出厂水对人群致癌风险水平为0．80×10-6～2．72×10-6,非致癌风险水平为2．95×10-3～1．04×10-2。致癌和非致癌风险主要来自于DEHP,其贡献率分别为99．0％～99．4％和92．8％～93．8％。[结论]合肥市主要水源水及出厂水中可不同程度地检出PAEs和DEHA,初步评价其致癌风险和非致癌风险的风险值均小于美国环境保护署（USEPA）的推荐限值,为可接受水平。     

塑料瓶装饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量分析

[目的]了解塑料瓶装饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates）化合物的污染水平及其影响因素。[方法]随机购买市售49种不同品牌的饮料作为研究对象,采用气相色谱法检测饮料中的邻苯二甲酸酯含量。[结果]饮料中的邻苯S-甲酸二丁酯（di-butylphthalate,DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯[di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的检出率分别为98．O％和100．O％,平均含量分别为0．038mg／L和0．071mg／L,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（di-ethyl phthalate,DEP）未检出;其中,茶饮料中DBP和DEHP的检出浓度范围分别为0—0．047mg／L和0．045—0．146mg／L;果汁饮料中DBP的最高检出浓度达0．127mg／L,DEHP的检出浓度范围为0．060～0．371mg／L;咖啡乳饮料中检出DBP和DEHP的最大值分别为0．081mg／L和0．089mg／L,最小值分别为0．032mg／L和0．033mg／L。果汁饮料和咖啡乳类饮料中DBP的含量均高于茶饮料（P=0．003和P=0．002）,果汁饮料中DEHP的含量高于茶饮料和咖啡乳类饮料（P=0．001和P=O．002）;拟合的线性回归模型结果显示,与茶饮料相比,果汁饮料和咖啡乳饮料中DBP浓度的对数值分别高出0．36个单位和0．50个单位;果汁饮料中DEHP浓度的对数值高于茶饮料0．47个单位,酸性组饮料中DEHP浓度的对数值比弱酸性组饮料高0．30个单位。[结论]塑料瓶装饮料中DBP、DEHP检出率均很高,不同种类饮料中其含量差异有统计学意义,饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯均在国家规定限值内;但在饮料种类和存储时间固定的条件下,饮料中DEHP含量水平随着pH值变小而增大。     

低出生体重儿脐血及其母血中几种环境内分泌干扰物含量水平测定

目的 研究邻苯二甲酸酯类和表面活性剂类环境内分泌干扰物(EDs)在低出生体重儿脐血及其母血中的含量水平.方法 运用反相高效液相色谱分析法测定了21份母血和30份脐血中邻苯二甲酸酯类[邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己基酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己酯(DEHP)及其代谢物邻苯二甲酸单乙基己酯(MEHP)]和2种表面活性剂[辛基酚(OP)和壬基酚(4-NP)]的含量水平.结果 低出生体重儿的平均体重为(2158.48±125.06)g,出生身长为(45.36±2.52)cm.母血中DEP、MEHP、DBP、DEHP、4-NP和OP的浓度分别为18.90、11.8、7.67、8.84、1.51和2.86 mg/L;检出率分别为81.0%、81.0%、71.4%、81.0%、71.4%和57.1%.脐血中,DEP、MEHP、DBP、DEHP、4-NP和OP的浓度分别为11.92、9.94、5.71、5.20、1.12和1.19 mg/L;检出率分别为86.7%、63.3%、60.0%、63.3%、56.7%和66.7%.无论是在母血还是在脐血中,邻苯二甲酸酯类的含量和检出率均高于表面活性剂.代谢物MEHP含量高于原型DEHP.脐血中游离的各EDs含量分别占母血含量的47.82%～84.05%.结论 人从胚胎时期就暴露于环境内分泌干扰物.     

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in PSW Recycling Sites: A Typical Case Study

The concentrations of six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) in 700 soil samples and 110 sediment samples from an area in China containing plastic solid waste (PSW) recycling sites were determined. The total concentrations of the six PAEs in soil and sediment were not detected – 274 and not detected – 597 mg kg^?1, respectively, and the mean concentrations in soil and sediment were 14.4 and 31.7 mg kg^?1, respectively. The dominant PAEs were di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate. PAEs were detected in soil collected from the surface to 0.5 m below ground level around the PSW recycling sites, and the concentrations were markedly higher in these areas than at other polluted sites. PSW recycling is an important source of PAEs to soil and sediment. The di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate concentrations in soil were higher than the relevant concentrations that pose environmental risks for sensitive land uses and non-sensitive land uses (42 and 121 mg kg^?1, respectively), indicating emissions of PAEs from PSW recycling sites may pose environmental risks. The results indicate that PAE pollution at PSW sites needs to be better controlled and managed.

     

Identifying sources of phthalate exposure with human biomonitoring: Results of a 48 h fasting study with urine collection and personal activity patterns

Human biomonitoring studies measuring phthalate metabolites in urine have shown widespread exposure to phthalates in the general population. Diet is thought to be a principle route of exposure to many phthalates. Therefore, we studied urinary phthalate metabolite patterns over a period of strict fasting and additionally recorded personal activity patterns with a diary to investigate non-dietary routes of exposure. Five individuals (3 female, 2 male, 27–47 years of age) fasted on glass-bottled water only over a 48-h period. All urine void events were captured in full, and measured for metabolites of the high molecular weight (HMW) di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DiDP), and the low molecular weight (LMW) di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). In all, 21 metabolites were measured in a total of 118 urine events, including events before and after the fasting period. At the onset of the study all phthalate metabolite concentrations were consistent with levels found in previous general population studies. Metabolites of the HMW phthalates (DEHP, DiNP and DiDP) showed a rapid decline to levels 5–10 times lower than initial levels within 24 h of the fast and remained low thereafter. After food consumption resumed, levels rose again. By contrast, metabolites of the LMW phthalates including DMP, DEP, BBzP, DnBP and DiBP showed a cyclical pattern of rising and declining concentrations suggestive of ongoing non-food exposures. Furthermore, metabolites of most of the LMW phthalates (BBzP, DnBP and DiBP) tracked each other remarkably well, suggesting concurrent exposures. Diary entries could not help explain exposure sources for these phthalates, with one exception: rises in MEP concentrations around males’ showers suggest personal care products as a major source of DEP. Exposure to HMW phthalates in this cohort appears to be driven by dietary intake, while non-dietary routes such as use of personal care products and ubiquitous sources including dust and indoor air appear to explain exposure to LMW phthalates.     

烟台市售饮料及酒中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类污染水平调查

目的 通过对烟台市售饮料及酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质（PAEs）含量的检测分析,了解烟台市售饮料及酒中16种PAEs的污染状况。方法 按照GB /T 21911－2008,对烟台市售的190份酒和210份饮料中16种PAES进行检测。结果 175份白酒中,PAEs的检出率为76.00%（133/175）,超标率为 32.00%（56/175）。DMP、DIBP、DBP、BMPP、DPP、DEHP、DNP、DEP、DMEP均有检出,检出率分别为8.00%、54.29%、63.43%、2.86%、11.43%、12.00%、5.71%、2.86%、0.75%,其中DBP最高含量为4.11mg/kg,超标13.7倍,DEHP最高含量为3.29 mg/kg,超标2.19倍。其他PAEs均未检出。6份啤酒样品均未检出PAEs;5份葡萄酒样品中有3份检出PAEs;4份黄酒样品中有3份检出PAEs。210份饮料中,PAEs的检出率为11.43%,合格率为100.00%。结论 烟台市售饮料及酒中存在PAEs污染,尤其是白酒中普遍检出PAES,需要进一步进行风险评估。     

Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Danish children and correlations with phthalates in dust samples from their homes and daycare centers

Around the world humans use products that contain phthalates, and human exposure to certain of these phthalates has been associated with various adverse health effects. The aim of the present study has been to determine the concentrations of the metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), di(iso-butyl) phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in urine samples from 441 Danish children (3–6 years old). These children were subjects in the Danish Indoor Environment and Children's Health study. As part of each child's medical examination, a sample from his or her first morning urination was collected. These samples were subsequently analyzed for metabolites of the targeted phthalates. The measured concentrations of each metabolite were approximately log-normally distributed, and the metabolite concentrations significantly correlated with one another. Additionally, the mass fractions of DEP, DnBP, DiBP and BBzP in dust collected from the children's bedrooms and daycare centers significantly correlated with the concentrations of these phthalates’ metabolites (monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), respectively) in the children's urine. Such correlations indicate that indoor exposures meaningfully contributed to the Danish children's intake of DEP, DnBP, DiBP and BBzP. This was not the case for DEHP. The urine concentrations of the phthalate metabolites measured in the present study were remarkably similar to those measured in urine samples from children living in countries distributed over four continents. These similarities reflect the globalization of children's exposure to phthalate containing products.     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的二极管阵列检测高效液相色谱测定法

目的建立一种同时测定食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）残留的方法，调查这5种物质在食品中的污染情况。方法用正己烷浸泡，超声提取对样品中PAEs进行提取并净化，采用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法测定其中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DUP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DOP），并用建立的方法分析实际样品。结果5种PAEs线性相关系数r〉0．997，RSD在1．2％-9．3％之间，高、中、低不同水平的加标回收率在80．9％～119．8％之间，测定38种食品样品PAEs的检出率为18．4％。结论该方法简便快速，精密度较高，重现性较好，可应用于食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类的同时测定。调查结果显示，食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的污染比较严重，应引起有关部门的重视。