The prevalence of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy: A retrospective study based at King Abdulaziz University Hospital,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy (TT) at a tertiary center.Methods:This retrospective study was conducted between 2014 and 2019 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study was based at the Department of General Surgery and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of KAUH. Medical records of 154 patients who had undergone TT were reviewed. Data such as age, gender, level of postoperative calcium at 24 and 48 hours after surgery, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, central neck dissection (CCND), histological diagnosis were entered into Microsoft Excel sheets.Results:Hypocalcemia occurred more on the second day after surgery in 67.4% of patients. Among them, 83.9% were female and 16.1% were male. The majority of patients were asymptomatic and benign thyroid disease was the most common. There was a significant association between hypocalcemia and the PTH level (p<0.001).Conclusion:There was a high prevalence of hypocalcemia on the second day after surgery. Presence of hypocalcemia association with the PTH level. Meticulous surgical technique and preservation of parathyroid vascularity are important in preventing postoperative hypocalcemia.     

Heterosexual risk of HIV infection in China: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background  Heterosexual sex has become the dominant transmission route in China. Recently studies reported high heterogeneity in heterosexual transmission risk in resource-limited countries. The aim of this study was to summarize the risk of HIV transmission among Chinese serodiscordant couples.

Methods  A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies of heterosexual HIV transmission among serodiscordant couples in China was conducted. Two reviewers conducted a literature search using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Medical Current Contents (CMCC), and Medline databases. Pooled transmission estimates per 100 person-years (PY) were calculated using a random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis stratified by study design, transmission direction and period of antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability were conducted to assess the factors associated with transmission.

Results  Eleven eligible studies were identified reporting on 11 984 couples and 405 HIV transmission events. HIV transmission risk from HIV-positive individuals to heterosexual partners was 1.68 (95% CI 0.74–2.62) per 100 PY. Study design did not reach statistical significance in meta-regression analysis. The pooled female-to-male transmission estimate was 1.11 (95% CI 0.09–2.14) per 100 PY and male-to-female transmission estimate was 1.43 (95% CI 0.19–2.68) per 100 PY. The pooled estimate for those before the availability of the Chinese National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program (2.13 (95% CI 0.00–4.63) per 100 PY) was higher than that for those after the implementation of this program (1.44 (95% CI 0.62–2.26) per 100 PY).

Conclusions  Transmission estimates in China were lower than other developing countries, but higher than developed countries. Research that better defines HIV secondary transmission rates and the associated behavioral, treatment adherence, and health-related risk factors among heterosexual serodiscordant couples in China is needed.

     

HIV母婴阻断的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的广泛流行已成为全球最为瞩目的公共卫生问题和社会问题。据估计全球每年大约有220万妇女和60万儿童感染HIV,其中90％的儿童是通过母婴传播途径感染的,所以进行HIV母婴阻断对控制HIV的流行具有非常重要的意义。目前主要的母婴阻断方式包括抗逆转录病毒治疗、剖官产及人工喂养等。     

宜宾市翠屏区预防艾滋病母婴传播工作效果分析

目的评估翠屏区预防艾滋病母婴传播项目工作成效,探索并改进实施方案。方法 2008～2011年对孕产妇进行艾滋病抗体检测,把艾滋病抗体检测阳性的孕产妇纳入预防艾滋病母婴传播项目进行干预。结果对33906例孕妇进行了艾滋病抗体检测,查出艾滋病病毒感染者15例,感染率为0.04%,均在不同阶段进行了干预治疗,取得了良好效果。结论通过预防艾滋病母婴传播项目工作的开展,对艾滋病病毒感染孕产妇及其所生婴儿进行干预,对预防艾滋病母婴传播起到有效的阻断作用。     

高效抗反转录病毒治疗预防HIV母婴传播效果的综合评价

目的了解孕期孕产妇人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染途径与相关危险行为,并对孕期接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)预防HIV母婴传播的效果进行综合评价。方法采用非概率抽样法调查孕产妇的社会人口学特征、相关危险行为、HIV感染途径及其配偶/固定性伴的HIV感染情况;对HIV感染的孕妇在孕期给予HAART,婴儿出生后4~6周和4个月分别进行HIV-1 DNA检测,12~18个月进行HIV抗体检测,判断婴儿的HIV感染情况。结果 HIV感染孕产妇经性传播途径感染比例高达84.56%,其中非婚异性性行为途径感染占58.26%,家庭内性传播占41.74%,有31.62%的配偶/固定性伴HIV抗体阴性;随访至2011年6月,有129例婴儿年满12~18个月,HIV抗体检测结果全部阴性,现阶段HIV母婴传播率为0。结论非婚性行为是性途径传播的主要影响因素、家庭内配偶/固定性伴间的传播不容忽视。规范的HAART结合安全分娩和人工喂养,可以达到联合国大会提出的消除母婴传播艾滋病病毒的目标。     

CD4+ T-lymphopenia in HIV negative tuberculous patients at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Tuberculosis (Tb) is a chronic infectious disease in which the cellular immunity (specifically CD4+ and CD8 lymphocytes) provides the most important defense in controlling infection. CD4 lymphopenia is a well-defined risk factor for the development of active tuberculosis in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. In HIV - negative patients, CD4 and CD8 cell count suppression has been associated with Tb infection. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of CD4 and CD8 in HIV negative patients diagnosed with active Tb in Saudi Arabian patients. We recruited twenty-eight, non-HIV patients with tuberculosis for the study group comprising 16 males and 12 females with either disseminated or localized active Tb infection. Two control groups were selected one of twenty-one matched healthy controls and the second of forty-two subjects from pool of controls of an ongoing study in same population for normal CD4 and CD8 counts. The baseline pre-treatment CD4 and CD8 counts in the study group were significantly lower than either control group. Specifically the mean ± SD of CD4 counts were 556.79 ± 298.81 in the study group vs 1,132.38 ± 259.90 in control group 1 and 1,424.38 ± 870.98 in control group 2 (p 0.000). Likewise the CD8 counts in the study group were 1,136.00 ± 512.06 vs. 1,461.90 ± 367.02 in control group 1 and 1,495.90 ± 565.32 in control group 2 (p 0.000) respectively. After treatment of tuberculosis, the study patients experienced a significant increase in their mean ± SD CD4 and CD8 cell counts, from 556.79 ± 297.81 to 954.29 ± 210.90 for CD4 cells (p 0.005) and 1136.00 ± 512.06 to 1,316.54 ± 286.17 for CD8 cells (p 0.002). Analysis of study patients with disseminated disease found significantly lower CD4 cells (but not lower CD8 cells) compared to study patients with localized disease, both at baseline and after treatment. The mean ± SD baseline CD4 cells were 247.60 ± 187.80 with disseminated vs 728.56 ± 186.32 for localized disease (p = 0.000) which rose to 842.30 ± 93.55 vs 1016.50 ± 233.51 (p = 0.033) respectively. We conclude that tuberculosis may be associated with CD4 and CD8 lymphopenia even in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection, there was the tendency of recovery towards normality especially of the CD4 and CD8 counts after treatment, and that disseminated disease is associated specifically with profound CD4 lymphopenia.     

A prospective study of congenital malformations among live born neonates at a University Hospital in Western Saudi Arabia

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of major and minor congenital malformations among liveborn infants at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Estimation of risk factors were also evaluated. METHODS: Between March 2004 and May 2005, a total of 5356 babies born at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, were enrolled in this study for malformations. Details of cases were recorded after parents' interviews, clinical, radiological, and laboratory evaluations. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-seven (27.06/1000 livebirth) and 13 (2.39/1000 birth) stillbirth had congenital anomalies. In all livebirth, incidences of major anomalies were 93.9% and minor were 6.1%. Mothers of 95.9% with congenital malformation were healthy, 3.4% were diabetic and 0.7% had cardiac malfomation. In 38.8% of cases parents were consanguineous. Among the liveborn births, the most common system involved was cardiovascular (7.1/1000), followed by musculoskeletal/limb (4.1/1000), external genitalia (2.8/1000), urinary (2.6/1000), multiple chromosomal (2.2/1000), orofacial (1.9/1000), central nervous system (1.9/1000), skin (1.7/1000), multiple single gene (1.3/1000), multiple sequence (0.75/1000), eyes (0.56/1000), unclassified (0.19/1000), musculoskeletal/abdominal (0.19/1000), endocrine (0.19/1000). CONCLUSION: High incidence of major malformation in Jeddah. Importance of Genetic Counseling is revealed in our study since more than three quarters of mothers were under 36 years, and may well plan future pregnancies.     

The prevalence of internet gaming disorder among medical students at King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) among King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia medical students and to determine the association of IGD with gender, age, academic achievement, amount of sleep, and accommodation.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study between October 2019 and April 2020 on KSU medical students with a sample size of 281 medical students currently studying at KSU chosen by a stratified proportionate random sampling. The questionnaire contained the IGD short scale and questions eliciting demographic data.Results:The sample comprised of 228 responses. The prevalence of IGD was 8.8% (n=20), while 19.3% (n=44) of the participants were risky gamers. There was a significant association (p=0.0040) between IGD and gender, with 10.1% (n = 15) of males having IGD compared to 6.3% (n=5) of females. Additionally, 25% (n = 37) of males were risky gamers, as compared to 8.8% (n=7) of females.Conclusion:There is a high prevalence of internet gaming disorder among KSU medical students, with higher frequency among males. However, there was no significant association between this disorder and age, sleep, academic achievement, or accommodation.     

艾滋病抗病毒治疗对配偶间人类免疫缺陷病毒传播的影响分析

摘要：目的  了解艾滋病抗病毒治疗对单阳配偶间人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）传播的影响。方法  采取回顾性队列研究的方法,选择百色市2005～2014年797例艾滋病患者及其未感染HIV的配偶为研究对象,根据患者接受抗病毒治疗状态分为治疗组和未治疗组随访观察阴性配偶的HIV转归,按患者不同年随访时间和基线特征分别计算阴性配偶每100人年HIV阳转率,并运用COX比例风险模型来评估治疗的风险比,运用Kaplan-Meier分析HIV阴性配偶仍保持阴性的概率。结果  在HIV血清结果不一致的797例阳性配偶中,治疗组与未治疗组患者分别为487例和310例,平均年龄分别为（41.234±12.326）和（36.903±12.267）岁,基线CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数分别为（222.856±145.112）和（514.900±233.792）个/mm3,中位随访时间分别为29（IQR：15～46）和31个月（IQR：18～52）,两组均以男性、18～44岁、高中以下化程度、已婚、农民及农民工、壮族和异性性途径感染为主。随访期间共33例阴性配偶发生HIV阳转,阳转率为1.414/100人年,其中治疗组HIV阳转12例,阳转率为0.881/100人年,非治疗组HIV阳转21例,阳转率为2.159/100人年,经抗病毒治疗后配偶间HIV传播的危险性降低68.2%[AHR=0.318,（95%CI：0.125,0.807）],但抗病毒治疗对配偶间HIV传播的保护性作用有统计学意义仅是随访的第2年[AHR=0.157,（95%CI：0.031,0.786）]。结论  在当前社会环境下,抗病毒治疗对预防配偶间HIV传播作用显著,但这种保护作用的持久性在桂西少数民族山区乃至发展中国家仍需进一步观察和研究,才能更好地推广治疗即预防的公共卫生策略。

     

重庆市某三甲医院2007~2013年人类免疫缺陷病毒感染状况分析

目的：分析重庆市某三甲医院人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况及流行特征,为艾滋病防控相关决策提供证据。方法对2007年1月至2013年12月重庆市某三甲医院 HIV 感染情况进行整理,统计 HIV 感染率并分析人群特征。结果2007~2013年度,重庆市某三甲医院 HIV 感染者新增1114例,各年增长速度分别为53.7%、55.9%、49.7%、38.9%、35.2%、23.8%和22.4%;新增 HIV 感染者男女构成差异有统计学意义,男性的比例有增加的趋势;婚姻状况构成差异有统计学意义,已婚者居多(78.5%);各年龄组构成比差异有统计学意义,20~49岁年龄组的比例在各年都最高;文化程度构成差异有统计学意义,低文化程度 HIV 感染者的比例髙(60.5%),但高文化程度 HIV 感染者构成比有增加的趋势。传播途径构成差异有统计学意义,性传播(包括同性和异性)感染比例大(88.6%),且有逐年上升趋势。结论2007~2013年重庆市三甲医院 HIV 感染呈逐年上升的趋势,但增长速度有所放缓,应进一步加强艾滋病防治工作,重点关注文化程度较低的青年男性人群的防治工作。     

某同性恋浴室男男性接触者ＨＩＶ／梅毒感染状况的研究

目的:了解经常在浴室活动的男男性接触人群(MSMs)HIV/梅毒相关知识、态度、行为及其感染状况,为制定有效的防治措施提供信息和依据.方法:在某MSMs聚集的浴室对目标人群进行匿名问卷调查,并采集静脉血进行HIV/梅毒检测.结果:该人群艾滋病知识总知晓率为75.3%.只有21.6%的男男性接触者(MSM)在每次肛交时坚持使用安全套,而从未使用、有时使用安全套者占78.4%.近3个月与异性发生过阴道交行为的MSM有117人,仅19.7%每次使用安全套.HIV阳性率为4.7%,TPPA阳性率为39.9%,RPR阳性率为27.0%.年龄、近3个月性伴数、婚姻状况、文化程度、安全套使用情况、籍贯等因素与HIV/梅毒感染率之间无统计学联系.结论:经常出入浴室的MSMs中高危性行为普遍存在,HIV/梅毒感染率高,应尽快采取针对性的行为干预措施.     

广西壮族自治区来宾市艾滋病母婴阻断项目效果评价

目的对艾滋病母婴阻断项目在广西来宾市的实施进行效果评估,为全市预防艾滋病母婴传播提供科学依据。方法在全市实施艾滋病母婴阻断技术,对凡参加孕检的孕产妇免费进行艾滋病咨询检测,对检出阳性者进行艾滋病母婴阻断(感染母亲及所生婴儿按艾滋病母婴阻断技术方案服用抗逆转录病毒药物、实行安全助产和人工喂养指导等)。结果 2010—2015年全市共有207 861例孕产妇参加艾滋病咨询检测,检测率99.17%(207 861/209 600),检出艾滋病抗体阳性325例,检出阳性率0.16%(325/207 861);对检出艾滋病抗体阳性的孕妇纳入艾滋病母婴阻断系统管理,通过卫生咨询指导,告知患者艾滋病的传播方式及其危害性、预防措施和伦理等知情选择,最后自愿选择终止妊娠87例,选择生育的238例;238例艾滋病抗体阳性者中有227例按艾滋病母婴阻断技术方案全程足量服用抗逆转录病毒药物,服药率95.38%(227/238);活产婴儿232例,按艾滋病母婴阻断技术方案全程足量服用抗逆转录病毒药物221例,服药率95.26%(221/232);而后按艾滋病母婴阻断技术方案对出生婴儿满42天和3个月进行艾滋病早期诊断,检出阳性1例,检出阳性率0.45%;最后对198例出生满18个月婴儿,进行艾滋病抗体检测,未捡出艾滋病抗体阳性者。结论孕产妇在进行正常孕产检时同时进行艾滋病咨询检测,对艾滋病的早期发现,可以取得事半功倍的效果;对检出艾滋病阳性孕妇及所生婴儿采取艾滋病母婴阻断综合性预防措施,是预防艾滋病母婴传播的有效方法。     

Pattern of cancers in adolescent and young adults.: A 15-year retrospective study at King Fahad Hospital,Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah,Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To evaluate the incidence and pattern of cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) age group in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah region of Saudi Arabia.Methods:This retrospective histopathology-based study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia and comprised cases of cancers for 15 years between January 2006 and December 2020.Results:During the last 15-year period, 8,769 cases of cancers were diagnosed out of which 475 (5.4%) cases were registered in AYAs. Of these cases, 232 (48.8%) were males while 243 (51.2%) were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.9:1. The 3 most common cancer groups in the entire cohort were carcinomas (n=165; 34.7%), lymphomas (n=135; 28.4%), and leukemias (n=91; 19.2%). The most common sites in carcinomas were thyroid (n=60; 12.6%), breast (n=35; 7.4%), and gastrointestinal (n=18; 3.8%). The leading cancers in males were the lymphomas (n=74; 15.6%), leukemias (n=57; 12%), bone (n=21; 4.4%), and central nervous system (n=20; 4.2%), while in females, the most common cancers were the lymphomas (n=61; 12.8%), thyroid (n=40; 8.4%), breast (n=34; 7.2%), and leukemias (n=34; 7.2%).Conclusion:Our findings are in concordance with studies in national and international literature and we believe that our study provides a baseline tool for future population-targeted studies.     

河南省感染10年以上且未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者调查分析

目的了解河南省感染10年以上且未接受抗病毒治疗的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者的现况。方法采用横断面调查的方法,对河南省7个县区内感染时间大于10年且未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者进行调查,了解其感染途径、感染时间、配偶感染、经济收入及社会认知等情况;采集抗凝全血,检测CD4+T淋巴细胞、HIV病毒载量及丙型肝炎病毒抗体。结果 101例HIV感染者中84例合并丙型肝炎病毒感染(83.17%);67.33%(68例)为36~45岁的青壮年,体质指数(BMI)平均为24.25 kg/m2,其中,97%大于18.5 kg/m2;CD4+T淋巴细胞数为530.50(444.75~686.75)个/μl;长期不进展者19例(18.81%),长期不进展者CD4+/CD8+比值明显小于非长期不进展者(Z=1.860,P=0.002)。结论部分感染时间大于10年且未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者身心状况良好;加强对HIV感染者的健康教育,可改善感染者的身心健康。     

Progress of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programs in China: successes, challenges and way forward

HIV still remains a global public health problem despite decades of interventions to eliminate the virus.In 2010,there were 390 000 children globally,under 15 years old,newly infected with HIV,mainly through mother-to-child transmission.1 China had 780 000 HIV infected people at the end of 2011,of these,28.6％ were women and 1.1％ were children infected through mother-to-child transmission.2 The first case of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in China was reported in 1995.3 Few years later,the proportion of MTCT in China increased from 0.1％ in 1997 to 0.4％ in 2002.4 The Ministry of Health in China in conjunction with the Central for Maternal and Child Healthcare and the Chinese Centre for Disease Control launched prevention of mother-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programs in China in 2003.The programs were launched in five provinces with high prevalence of HIV namely,Henan,Guangdong,Yunnan,Guangxi and Xinjiang.