Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Risks in Female Sex Workers in the China-vietnam Border County of Hekou

ObjectiveTo survey the prevalence and risk factors of HSV-2 among Chinese and Vietnamese female sex workers (FSW) in the border county of Hekou, Yunnan Province, China.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on demographics, sexual behavior, medical history, and drug use among FSWs. Laboratory samples were obtained to test for HSV-2 and other STIs such as HIV, Syphilis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Bacterial vaginosis, and Yeast infections. Cervicitis and genital warts were also diagnosed.ResultsOf the 345 FSWs who participated in this study, 112 (32.5%) were ethnic Chinese and 233 (67.5) were Vietnamese. Among FSWs in Hekou, the prevalence rates were 58.3% for HSV-2, 5.5% for HIV, and 4.1% for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Age <21 (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8), duration of commercial sex work ≤3 months (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8), oral and vaginal sex with the last client (as opposed to only vaginal sex) (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7), HIV (OR: 11.4; 95% CI: 1.5, 87.2), and bacterial vaginosis (BV) (OR: 5.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 26.9) were significantly correlated with HSV-2 infection.ConclusionMultivariate analysis showed that several factors were significantly correlated with the high prevalence of HSV-2 in FSWs in the border area between China and Vietnam. Further studies and interventions are needed for HSV-2 epidemiology in the border area.     

Mortality rates among patients with end-stage renal disease in Canada, 1981-86.

We assessed the mortality rates by age, sex, race, blood type, primary diagnosis, treatment and transplantation history of 8432 patients in Canada for whom end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was diagnosed between 1981 and 1986. Significant differences in the probability of dying were found between those with and without diabetes mellitus, between those who had received a renal transplant and those who had not, between white and nonwhite patients and between various age groups. The mortality rates of the ESRD patients were at least three times higher than those of the general Canadian population. Primary diagnosis and treatment were significantly associated with the risk of dying among the ESRD patients. For those who had received a transplant, the length of time spent waiting for a transplant was positively associated with the risk of death from ESRD. Patients who had received peritoneal dialysis before transplantation had a higher risk of death than those who had received either hemodialysis (risk ratio 1.3) or transplantation (risk ratio 3.2) as the first treatment. No significant differences were found in the cause of death between those who had received peritoneal dialysis and those who had received hemodialysis. Almost half of the deaths among women without diabetes who had received a transplant were due to infection.     

Mortality in children hospitalised with respiratory syncytial virus infection in Singapore

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to investigate the trend and seasonality of infection due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH) in Singapore and to examine the risk factors for mortality among children with RSV infection requiring admission to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).METHODSA retrospective study was conducted at KKH on children with RSV infections who were admitted to the PICU between January 2004 and December 2010. The medical records of children who died from RSV infections were reviewed. Linear regression was performed to determine the risk factors for RSV mortality.RESULTSRSV infection was documented in 5,785 children during the study period; the infection was noted to be occurring throughout the year, with a small increase in prevalence between the months of June and August every year. Among 85 (1.5%) out of 5,785 children who were admitted to the PICU for RSV infection, 74 (1.3%) survived and 11 (0.2%) died. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that haemodynamically significant cardiac disease (odds ratio [OR] 12.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9–16.7, p = 0.05), immunodeficiency (OR 71.4, 95% CI 8.2–500, p < 0.001) and metabolic disease (OR 71.4, 95% CI 4.3–1,000, p = 0.003) were independent risk factors for mortality in RSV infections. Prematurity increased the risk of admission to the PICU but was not significantly associated with mortality.CONCLUSIONChildren with haemodynamically significant cardiac disease, immunodeficiency and metabolic disease were at higher risk of death after hospitalisation for RSV-related illnesses. These children should be considered for palivizumab prophylaxis.     

血清降钙素原定量与半定量检测在细菌感染诊断中的效能比较

目的:比较血清降钙素原(PCT)定量与半定量检测在细菌感染诊断中的效能。方法:选取182例疑似细菌感染患者作为研究对象,用胶体金免疫结合半定量法、化学发光定量法对所有患者进行血清PCT水平检测,比较两种检测方法诊断细菌感染的特异度、灵敏度。结果:细菌培养结果显示:182例疑似患者中,细菌感染153例,非细菌感染29例;细菌感染的患者中有局部细菌感染64例,全身炎性反应综合征(SIRS)51例,脓毒血症38例;经受试者工作特征曲线分析得知,将PCT≥0.5 ng/mL当作阳性诊断界点,化学发光定量法检测的特异度为65.41%,灵敏度为95.52%,明显高于胶体金免疫结合半定量法检测的46.32%、85.42%;SIRS和脓毒血症患者PCT水平明显高于局部细菌感染患者和非细菌感染患者,且脓毒血症患者PCT水平明显高于SIRS患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);SIRS患者、脓毒血症患者PCT阳性率均高于局部细菌感染患者和非细菌感染患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);局部细菌感染患者和非细菌感染患者的血清PCT水平、PCT阳性率比较,脓毒血症患者和SIRS患者的PCT阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:血清PCT定量检测对细菌感染的诊断效能高于半定量检测的诊断效能,且检测血清PCT水平对诊断全身细菌感染的价值更高,可指导临床治疗。     

The impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and its correlation with the level of perceived stress among the Saudi population.Methods:In July 2020, a cross-sectional survey of 2909 participants in Saudi Arabia during the outbreak was conducted to collect data related to sociodemographic characteristics and scores on the Brief Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (BOCS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).Results:Most participants were female (73.9%) with a university level of education or higher (81%). The prevalence of new-onset obsessions was 57.8%, compulsions 45.9%, and moderate/high perceived stress 72.4%. New-onset dirt, germs, and virus obsessions were significantly higher among 40-49 age group, employees, housewives, students, quarantine discipliners, and those who spent 20 or more days in quarantine. New-onset hand-washing compulsions were significantly higher among the 30-49 age group. A significantly higher level of perceived stress was reported among those in the 18-29 age group, females, singles, participants with no children, students, non-smokers, those who were unemployed, living with families, diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, living in the northern region, quarantine discipliners, and those who spent 60 or more days in quarantine.Conclusion:This study revealed a significantly higher prevalence of high perceived stress in respondents with new-onset OCD contamination symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This implies that a biodisaster is associated with high psychological morbidity.     

降钙素原联合C反应蛋白检测在儿科院内感染中的应用

目的 探讨联合检测降钙素原（PCT）和C反应蛋白（CRP）对儿科院内感染病原体和严重程度的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析笔者医院儿科病房2013年7月～2015年7月72例院内感染的患儿,检测PCT、CRP及两者联合对细菌及病毒感染的效度。结果 PCT对细菌感染的敏感度及特异性均高于CRP,但两者联合可以提高对细菌感染的特异性。PCT联合CRP的敏感度为61.53%,特异性为95.65%,阳性预测值为88.89%,阴性预测值为81.48%。脓毒症院内感染患儿PCT及CRP较非脓毒症明显升高（P<0.01）。结论 PCT及CRP联合检测对院内细菌感染的特异性高,脓毒症时PCT及CRP明显升高。     

Prevalence and outcome of isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To determine the prevalence and outcome in patients with isoniazid-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and compare them to those in patients with non-isoniazid-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Methods:This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data were retrospectively collected from the electronic medical records of patients who tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis between May 2015 and April 2019.Results:We identified 105 patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The prevalence proportion of isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis was 8.6% (n=9). Five patients with isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis (55.6%) were successfully treated, while one patient died. In the nonresistant population, 51 (53.1%) patients were successfully treated. However, 12 (12.5%) patients with no isoniazid resistance had an unsuccessful treatment outcome. The resistant group had a longer treatment duration with a mean of 12 months compared to the non-isoniazid-resistant group, with a mean treatment duration of 9.5 months. Twenty-eight patients (26.7%) had adverse events, with the majority of them being in the non-isoniazid-resistant group.Conclusion:Isoniazid monoresistance is the most common form of drug resistance found in our population. Our study has not shown any significance in the outcome of isoniazid-resistant cases compared to non-isoniazid-resistant cases. This may be due to the low number of isoniazid-monoresistant cases in our population.     

降钙素原在肾移植术后并发细菌感染中的临床应用

目的 :探讨降钙素原 (PCT)在肾移植术后并发细菌感染诊断中的临床意义。方法 :采用免疫层析法检测肾移植患者血清中的PCT浓度。结果 :肾移植术后并发细菌感染时患者血清中PCT浓度增高 ,发生急性排斥反应时不增高 ,二者之间的差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;发生急性排斥反应患者与无并发症患者血清PCT浓度之间的差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;随着感染的控制 ,PCT浓度逐渐下降至正常水平 ,若感染不能控制 ,PCT浓度将继续维持在可检测水平。结论 :PCT的检测可为肾移植术后并发细菌感染的诊断 ,及其和急性排斥反应的鉴别诊断提供有效的实验室依据。     

Abdominal and Chest Ultrasonography: A predictor for disease progression in nonsevere dengue

BackgroundDengue is one of the most rapidly spreading arboviral infections in the world. Ultrasound is well established in abdomino-thoracic evaluation of patients with dengue infection. The aim of this study was to explore the role of ultrasound in predicting occurrence of severe infection in dengue patients and in predicting deterioration in patients with nonsevere dengue.MethodsThe serologically proven dengue patients who reported to hospital during the study period were divided into three categories based on the dengue infection severity score. Ultrasound findings of abdomen and chest in these patients were noted in the initial, as well as follow-up scans and inferences drawn.Results61% belonged to the category of Dengue Fever, 35% were in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever category, and 4% had Dengue Shock Syndrome. Positive ultrasound findings were seen to be significantly higher in patients with severe dengue. Logistic regression analysis revealed the presence of pericholecystic fluid to be significantly associated with the severe disease, while the presence of gall bladder wall edema, ascites, and any ultrasound finding were significantly associated with the disease progression. The odds of a patient with severe dengue having gall bladder wall edema, ascites, or any ultrasound finding were 2.74, 2.04, and 2.619 times, respectively.ConclusionOur study indicates that positive findings on ultrasound are significantly higher in severe dengue and also that ultrasound can be reliably used to identify the patients with nonsevere dengue who are likely to progress to severe dengue.     

Frequent hospital admissions for bacterial infections among aboriginal people with diabetes in central Australia

OBJECTIVE: To determine hospital-based morbidity and mortality from bacterial infections among Aboriginal people with diabetes in central Australia. DESIGN: Examination of medical records on diabetic inpatients between January 1984 and December 1986. SETTING: Alice Springs Hospital in central Australia, covering an Aboriginal population of about 12,500 people. PATIENTS: Subjects admitted with a bacterial infection (n = 165) were selected from the database of all Aboriginal people known to have diabetes in the region (n = 374; all had non-insulin dependent diabetes). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of admissions, type and site of infections, causative organisms, duration of hospital stay and cause of death. RESULTS: The 281 admissions for infections accounted for 4.6% of adult Aboriginal admissions to hospital. Thirteen patients died. Eleven patients required amputation of a digit or limb. In 1986, 13/200 patients admitted with diabetes had bacteraemia compared with 14/1885 patients who did not have diabetes. One patient had Fournier's gangrene, one had malignant otitis externa, one community acquired Acinetobacter pneumonia, one pneumonia with Succinivibrio spp. found in blood cultures, and one meningitis and transverse myelopathy with Streptococcus milleri found in blood cultures. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency, type and severity of infections in the relatively young patients result in high personal costs to the community and financial costs to the health care system. Standard preventive measures must be implemented to control severe bacterial infections among subjects with diabetes in this socially and economically marginalised population group.     

Clinical application of real time-polymerase chain reaction in determining cytomegalovirus viral DNA load in renal transplant recipients

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a significant clinical problem among immunosuppressed renal transplant patients.Quantitative PCR assays have become the most common methods in the determination of CMV infections in transplant patients.This study was to determine the relationship between CMV infection and the acute rejection of the transplanted kidney.Methods Plasma samples from 77 renal transplant patients that were pre-transplant negative for CMV infection were tested using real-time quantitative PCR and CMV gene-specific primers.The detected viral loads were retrospectively compared with the acute rejection rate and the chronic or mild rejection rates of the renal transplant.Results CMV-DNA was detected in 29 of 77 recipients,yielding a positive rate of detection of 37.7％ for this procedure.Twelve of the 21 recipients (57.1％) who suffered acute rejection had positive CMV-DNA.Among the 56 recipients suffered from chronic or mild rejection,17 (30.4％) had positive CMV-DNA plasma.Moreover,of the 29 recipients who had detectable CMV-DNA after transplant,12 (41.4％) suffered from acute rejection; of the 48 recipients with undetectable CMV-DNA,only nine (18.8％) developed acute rejection.Post-transplant patients with acute rejection had a higher rate (57.1％ vs.30.4％,P=0.03) of post-transplant CMV infection than those with chronic or mild rejection.Conclusion CMV infection is a risk factor of acute renal transplant rejection and CMV infection should be prevented and treated in renal transplant recipients.Chin Med J 2012; 125(19):3575-3577     

系统性红斑狼疮继发深部真菌感染的临床研究

目的:探讨系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)继发深部真菌感染的临床特点。方法:对中南大学湘雅医院近年收治的48例合并深部真菌感染的SLE患者及41例未合并感染的SLE患者进行临床观察研究。结果:SLE合并深部真菌感染的部位以肺部、神经系统、泌尿系统为主,致病真菌以白色念珠菌、曲霉菌为主。随着病程、免疫抑制药及抗生素使用时间的延长,低蛋白血症、白细胞减少等合并症的出现,SLE患者深部真菌感染的发生率明显增加,SLE继发深部真菌感染的患者C反应蛋白(CRP)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平均明显增高。结论:发生深部真菌感染的SLE患者主要的临床特点是病程长,免疫抑制药或抗生素使用时间长,合并有低蛋白血症及白细胞减少等。CRP及TNF-α这两项指标在真菌感染中可能有重要作用,可作为诊断真菌感染的参考指标。     

Lower Helicobacter pylori infection rate in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients with peptic ulcer disease

BackgroundDistinguishing the rates of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) from that in PUD patients without CKD is critical.MethodsWe first stratified the original 1 million study population according to CKD or ESRD. We retrospectively investigated the incidence of H. pylori infection in PUD patients with or without CKD or ESRD between 2000 and 2008 in a nationwide, population-based cohort using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The comparison cohort consisted of PUD patients without CKD. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals, to determine whether the occurrence of H. pylori infection in CKD or ESRD patients with PUD differed from that of PUD patients without CKD.ResultsAmong the CKD patients, 261 patients had H. pylori-positive and 185 H. pylori-negative peptic ulcers. Among the ESRD patients, 81 had H. pylori-positive and 63 H. pylori-negative peptic ulcers. Among the non-CKD control patients, 1658 patients had H. pylori-positive and 702 H. pylori-negative peptic ulcers. Our results revealed a lower H. pylori infection rate in CKD (OR = 0.64, p < 0.001) and ESRD (OR = 0.54, p = 0.001) patients with PUD than in PUD patients without CKD.ConclusionThe H. pylori infection rate is lower in PUD patients with CKD and ESRD than in those without CKD.     

Bacterial Endocarditis Occurring After Open-Heart Surgery

A review was made of 520 patients who survived cardiopulmonary bypass for repair of congenital or acquired heart disease between 1956 and 1965. The incidence of early and late bacterial endocarditis was 2.7%, a figure which was higher than the reported incidence in the pre-bypass era but comparable to the experience reported by others. When those patients who had ball-valve prostheses inserted were considered separately, endocarditis was found to have occurred in 3.9%. The most common infecting organism was Staphylococcus albus (nine of 14 cases). Twelve of the 14 patients died, most often from complications of the infection, such as disruption of patches and prosthetic valves. The infections were difficult to control and in three patients recurred from one to three times. There was no apparent source of infection. Six patients developed infections six to 45 months after operation; the remaining eight had proved endocarditis within two months of operation. With one possible exception, treatment with antibiotics appeared to be ineffective in eradicating the infection unless foreign material was removed from the heart.     

Disparity of human immunodeficiency virus incidence and drug resistance in college student,non-student youth and older men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study from seven major cities of China

Background:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among student men who have sex with men (MSM) in college is more than 5.0% and keeps on increasing in China. This study aims to clarify the proportion of HIV recent infection, its propeller and the source among college student MSM.Methods:We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study in seven major Chinese cities during 2012-2013. HIV recent infections (≤ 168 days) and incidence was measured and estimated by BED HIV-1 capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) testing strategy. HIV-related behaviors and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) were investigated and compared between the college student MSM, <25-year-old non-student youth MSM (NSYM), and ≥25-year-old non-student non-youth MSM (NSNYM), using structured survey, and analyses of drug resistance.Results:Overall, 4,496 (4496/4526, 99.3%) were eligible for enrollment, comprising 565 college student MSM, 1,094 NSYM, and 2,837 NSNYM. The proportion of HIV recent infection were 70.3% (26/37), 50.8% (65/128) and 35.1% (95/271), the HIV incidence rate were 10.0 (95% CI: 6.2-13.9)/100PY, 12.9 (95% CI: 9.8-16.1)/100PY, 6.8 (95% CI: 5.4-8.2)/100PY, and TDR prevalence were 7.4% (2/27), 2.0%, (2/98) and 4.9% (11/226), among student MSM, NSYM, and NSNYM, respectively. Among HIV positive student MSM with age< 21-year-old, the proportion of HIV recent infection is 90.9% (10/11). Factors independently associated with HIV recent infection in student MSM was usage of recreational drug in the past 6 months (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.0–5.8).Conclusions:College student MSM had higher proportion of HIV recent infection and TDR than the youth and older MSM in China during 2012-2013. The HIV infections were more likely to happen during the early year of college life among student MSM.     

中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的临床及病原学的回顾性调查分析

目的 了解重症监护室（ICU）中心静脉导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）的感染率、危险因素、病原菌种类、耐药性及临床结局,对有效抗感染治疗及预防CRBSI的发生提供指导。方法 回顾性分析2010年4月~2014年4月共483例留置过中心静脉导管（CVC）的患者。计算感染率、感染相关性因素及筛选危险因素分析并应用SPSS20.0统计软件进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 共有17例患者发生CRBSI,感染率为3.5%;不同置管者、置管地点、置管部位构成的比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析,发现影响CRBSI的独立危险因素是抗生素大量使用和导管日,OR值分别为7.898和1.044。革兰阳性菌（gram-positive bacteria,G⁺）占35.3%,革兰阴性菌（gram-negative bacteria,G^-）占47.1%,真菌占17.6%;G⁺菌感染患者,经治疗后病情100% 好转;G^-菌感染患者,87.5% 好转,12.5% 恶化;真菌感染患者,66.7% 好转,33.3% 恶化。结论 CRBSI的发生率随抗生素大量使用以及导管日延长而增加。患者经治疗后,大部分好转,但真菌感染者病死率相对较高,应引起临床关注。     

Genital chlamydia trachomatis infection among female undergraduate students of University of Port Harcourt,Nigeria

Background:

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. There is little information about this infection in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among female undergraduates of University of Port Harcourt and identify the various associated risk factors.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional prospective study of 354 female students was done. Their socio-demographic characteristics and pattern of sexual behaviour was noted followed by collection of endocervical swab which was analysed with a Chlamydia Rapid Test Device. Data management was done by SPSS version 17.0 statistical package.

Result:

The prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection was 30.2%. First coital exposure at14 years or less had the highest prevalence of the disease. Multiple sexual partners, tribe and inconsistent use of condom were significantly related with Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Conclusion:

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis is prevalent among female undergraduates of the University of Port Harcourt.     

注射用比阿培南治疗呼吸系统、泌尿系统细菌感染的随机对照多中心临床研究

目的 评价注射用比阿培南治疗呼吸系统和泌尿系统细菌感染的疗效和安全性。方法 采用多中心、随机、盲法、阳性药物平行对照试验方法,共入选288例呼吸系统和泌尿系统感染患者,随机分别接受比阿培南（试验组,144例）或美罗培南（对照组,144例）的治疗,统计两组的临床治愈率、细菌学疗效和不良反应发生率并进行比较。结果 试验组和对照组临床治愈率分别为95.10%（136/143）和92.25%（131/142）,呼吸系统感染治愈率分别为93.06%（67/72）和94.29%（66/70）,泌尿系统感染治愈率分别为97.18%（69/71）和90.28%（65/72）;试验组和对照组细菌清除率分别为88.00%（66/75）和92.65%（63/68）,呼吸系统感染细菌清除率分别为83.33%（30/36）和90.62%（29/32）,泌尿系统感染细菌清除率分别为92.31%（36/39）和94.44%（34/36）;两组间临床治愈率、细菌学疗效比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;试验组不良反应发生率为2.08%（3/144）,对照组为8.33%（12/144）,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.030 6）。非劣效性检验结果显示,试验组的细菌清除率和综合疗效非劣于对照组成立。结论 比阿培南治疗呼吸系统感染和泌尿系统感染的疗效与美罗培南相仿,安全性更好。     

Joint replacement in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at risk for bacterial and opportunistic infections with worsening immunosuppression.MethodsFrom June 2000 to January 2009, six patients who were diagnosed with HIV infection underwent 10 joint replacement procedures, including six total hip arthroplasties, two total knee arthroplasties, and one shoulder hemiarthroplasty. An ordinary dose of postsurgical-empirical antibiotics was prescribed, with an average follow-up period of 38.6 months. All prostheses of total knee arthroplasty and shoulder hemiarthroplasty were fixed with vancomycin-impregnated bone cement.ResultsThe rate of postoperative infection for HIV infected patients is supposed to be higher than for HIV negative patients. However, in our institution, there have been no HIV- positive patients who have suffered postoperative infection.ConclusionHIV-positive patients can have excellent outcomes after undergoing various arthroplastic surgeries. This revelation, coupled with the advances in antiviral therapy that have helped to lengthen HIV patient lifespans, strongly suggests that these patients should receive arthroplastic surgery.