Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for unsuspected unilateral primary adrenal lymphoma

Background:

Rarely, a patient presents to a surgeon for evaluation of an adrenal incidentaloma where the final pathology is primary malignancy. For primary adrenal lymphoma, fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature.

Case Report:

We report a case of unilateral primary adrenal aggressive B cell lymphoma discovered incidentally in a 41-year-old female. Preoperative testing demonstrated the 6-cm mass to be biochemically silent. Subsequently, the patient underwent a laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Following pathologic diagnosis of B cell lymphoma, a metastatic workup was negative, and she underwent treatment with systemic chemotherapy. She is currently disease free 6 months postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Primary adrenal lymphoma should be considered in patients with unilateral adrenal incidentaloma. We believe that adherence to guidelines of resection of incidentalomas allowed for early surgical intervention and possible cure.     

肾上腺淋巴瘤的临床与病理特点分析

目的 探讨肾上腺淋巴瘤的临床和病理特征。方法 回顾性分析1994年至2004年收治的6例以肾上腺肿瘤为首发表现的淋巴瘤患者资料。6例均为男性。中位年龄55岁（35～75岁）。单侧2例、双侧4例，伴脾肿大4例、伴同侧肾上极受累3例、骨受侵1例。腹部CT均表现为肾上腺肿瘤，形态不规则，密度较均匀，增强后肿瘤轻度强化，未见出血和钙化。结果 6例中术前误诊5例，均行左侧肾上腺肿瘤切除，其中行同侧肾切除2例，胰尾切除1例；穿刺活检证实1例。病理报告均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤，弥漫性大细胞型，B细胞型。术后5例中接受化疗3例，化放疗1例，失访1例，1例化疗后无瘤生存28个月后失访，余3例术后分别生存6、17和24个月后死亡；穿刺活检后接受化放疗联合利妥昔单抗（美罗华）治疗1例，随访16个月无瘤健在。结论 肾上腺肿瘤患者特别是双侧或伴脾肿大，影像学表现形态不规则、密度较均匀、增强不明显者，应高度怀疑淋巴瘤的可能。以肾上腺肿瘤为首发表现的淋巴瘤不管是原发或同时伴有其他器官受累者，恶性程度较高，预后相对不良。     

原发性肾上腺恶性淋巴瘤临床病理学研究(附二例报告及文献复习)

目的 探讨原发性肾上腺恶性淋巴瘤的临床及病理学特点。方法 分析2例原发性肾上腺恶性淋巴瘤病例资料,并进行组织形态学观察和免疫组织化学检测。结果 2例患者年龄分别为45岁及57岁,临床上无特异性,组织学上瘤细胞呈弥散分布,其间可见薄壁小血管,瘤细胞多呈圆形或卵圆形,胞浆少,核深染,异形明显,可见核分裂像。免疫组化染色LCA、L26、CD74阳性,UCHL－1阴性,S－100蛋白及CK阴性。2例病人中1例术后3个月因明显恶液质体征自动出院,1例失访。结论 原发性肾上腺恶性淋巴瘤是一种罕见的、恶性程度较高的肿瘤,诊断依赖于组织病理学及免疫组织化学标记检查。     

原发性骨淋巴瘤误诊1例

患者,男,16岁,左髋部疼痛、活动受限半年加重1个月,于2010年4月21日入院。半年前出现低热盗汗症状,随后感左髋部疼痛、活动受限,休息后不能缓解。就治于甘肃徽县中医医院,诊断：左髋化脓性关节炎,抗炎治疗效果不佳。     

双侧肾上腺转移性非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨肾上腺转移性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床特点及诊治方法.方法 回顾分析1例双侧肾上腺转移性非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的临床资料并复习相关文献.结果 患者为68岁男性,因纳差、体重下降2个月,发现双侧肾上腺肿块1天入院.CT提示双侧肾上腺区占位性病变,行左侧腹膜后肿块切除术,术后病检为非霍奇金淋巴瘤.结论 肾上腺转移性非霍奇金淋巴瘤临床少见,临床表现无明显特异性,主要通过CT等影像学检查结合临床表现来诊断,确诊需病理证据,治疗上主要采取以免疫化学治疗为主、结合放疗与手术的综合治疗.     

Bilateral adrenal metastases from a primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Metastatic tumors to the adrenal gland are more common than primary adrenal carcinoma. However, bilateral adrenal metastases as the first manifestation of an occult or small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are very rare. An elderly male presented with transient edema of lower limbs with findings of bilateral adrenal masses and a small liver lesion on CT scan. In spite of thorough biochemical and imaging investigative modalities the final diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma could be reached only after a needle core biopsy of the lesions.     

Haemorrhagic shock from the spontaneous rupture of an adrenal cortical carcinoma. A case report

Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare endocrine neoplasm which can be either functioning or non-functioning. Usually, patients refer to the doctor because of abdominal pain or symptoms associated with the mass effect. We present an unusual case of a patient with adrenal cortical carcinoma who was immediately operated due to massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage following the spontaneous rupture of the tumour. Adrenal cortical carcinoma should enter in differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal haemorrhage. Surgeons should be familiar with this clinical entity and attempt complete resection if possible.     

A rare cavernous hemangioma of the adrenal gland

INTRODUCTION

Cavernous hemangiomas of the adrenal gland are rare. We report a case of a cavernous hemangioma of the adrenal gland presenting as an adrenal incidentaloma suspicious for adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC).

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 78 year old woman was admitted after a fall. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a large right adrenal lesion with features suspicious for adrenal cortical carcinoma (5.4 cm × 3.3 cm, unilateral, tumor calcifications, average Hounsfield units 55). The tumor was removed intact by a laparoscopic approach and pathology revealed a cavernous hemangioma of the adrenal gland.

DISCUSSION

Adrenal incidentalomas are found in up to 10% of patients undergoing abdominal imaging. Differential diagnosis includes both benign and malignant lesions. Guidelines for removal of adrenal incidentalomas recommend surgery based on functional status, size, and presence of concerning features on diagnostic imaging. Cavernous hemangiomas are rare, benign vascular malformations which can be challenging to distinguish pre-operatively from malignant lesions such as ACC.

CONCLUSION

Cavernous hemangiomas of the adrenal gland are exceedingly rare. These benign tumors have imaging features which may be suggestive of adrenal cortical carcinoma. The treatment of choice is surgical excision due the difficulty of excluding malignancy.     

原发性肾上腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤七例报告

目的 探讨原发性肾七腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床特点和诊治方法.方法 以肾上腺肿瘤为首发表现的淋巴瘤患者7例.男5例,女2例.年龄33～62岁,平均48岁.单侧2例、双侧5例.体检发现2例;低热、乏力伴体质量下降3～4个月2例;睾丸肿大2个月1例;单侧腰痛伴脾肿大2例.7例血清乳酸脱氢酶367～568 U/L(正常值100～245 U/L),β2微球蛋白5.9～6.3 mg/L(正常值<2.4 mg/L).CT检查示肾上腺肿瘤直径6.3～13.0 cm,呈不规则肿块,境界不清、密度不均、增强后肿瘤轻度强化,未见出血和钙化.结果 术前误诊4例,分别误诊为皮质腺痛2例,肾上腺转移瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤各1例.行肾上腺肿瘤切除4例,其中2例行同侧肾切除,穿刺活检汪实2例,睾丸活检证实1例.病理诊断为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,T细胞型1例、B细胞型6例.免疫组化T细胞型CD3、CD45-RO阳性、B细胞型L26、CD79a阳性.术后4例接受化疗,1例随访2年健在,余3例分别生存2、6、20个月后死亡;穿刺活检和睾丸活检3例接受放化疗,分别生存1 9、32、38个月后死亡.结论以肾上腺肿瘤为首发表现的淋巴瘤临床表现缺乏特异性,术前诊断困难,肿瘤局部病变广泛,影像学表现形态不规则.原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤恶性度较高,预后差,治疗上主要采用手术联合放化疗.     

原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤二例报告

目的 探讨原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤的诊断和治疗.方法 原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤患者2例.例1,男,58岁.临床表现为发热、乏力3个月.CT检查示双肾上腺区软组织肿块,右侧2.0 cm×6.0 cm,左侧4.0 cm×7.2 cm,轮廓清,腹膜后未见肿大淋巴结.胸部X线检查、血常规化验未见异常.例2,男,32岁.临床表现为发热3周.CT检查示双肾上腺体积弥漫性增大,右肾上腺区2.5 cm×3.6 cm肿块,腹膜后未见肿大淋巴结.胸部X线检查、血常规化验未见异常.结果例1行后腹腔镜下右肾上腺切除术.肿物剖面呈暗紫色.镜下瘤细胞呈圆形或卵圆形,细胞异形性明显,可见核分裂象.免疫组化染色:CD20、CD45 RO、胎盘碱性磷酸酶(PLAP)阳性.病理诊断:大B细胞恶性淋巴瘤.予CHOP方案(环磷酰胺、表阿霉素、长春新碱及泼尼松)化疗1周期,患者呈明显恶液质,自动出院后2个月死亡.例2行后腹腔镜下双肾上腺切除术.肾上腺剖面呈腐肉样,质脆.镜下瘤细胞弥漫分布,呈圆形或多角形,胞质少,核仁明显.免疫组化染色;CD3、CD45RO阳性,CD20.阴性.病理诊断:T细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤.CHOP方案化疗4周期,随访5个月,一般情况良好.结论原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤临床罕见,尤其是T细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤,手术加化疗或放疗效果优于单一治疗. 碱性磷酸酶(PLAP)阳性.病理诊断:大B细胞恶性淋巴瘤.予CHOP方案(环磷酰胺、表阿霉素、长春新碱及泼尼松)化疗1周期,患者呈明显恶液质,自动出院后2个月死亡.例2行后腹腔镜下双肾上腺切除术.肾上腺剖面呈腐肉样,质脆.镜下瘤细胞弥漫分布,呈圆形或多角形,胞质少,核仁明显.免疫组化染色;CD3、CD45RO阳性,CD20.阴性.病理诊断:T细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤.CHOP方案化疗4周期,随访5个月,一般情况良好.结论原发性 上腺淋巴瘤临床罕见,尤其是T细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤,手术加化疗或放疗效果优于单一治疗. 碱性磷酸酶(PLAP)阳性.病理诊断:大B细胞恶性淋巴瘤.予CHOP方案(环磷酰胺、表阿霉素、长春新碱及泼尼松)化疗1周期,患者呈明显恶液质,自动出院后2个月死亡.例2行后腹腔镜下双肾上腺切除术.肾上腺剖面呈腐肉样,质脆.镜下瘤细胞弥漫分布,呈圆形或多角形,胞质少,核仁明显.免疫组化染色;C     

Bilateral primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the adrenal glands with adrenal insufficiency: a case report.

A 72-year-old woman with bilateral non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the adrenal glands causing adrenal insufficiency is reported. The left-side lymphoma (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) was removed surgically but the right-side lymphoma could not be removed. Complete response was obtained with subsequent combined chemotherapy and was maintained for 6 months with repeated chemotherapies. However, the patient died of liver recurrence 1 year after admission. In cases of malignant lymphoma forming a bulky mass, surgery with subsequent chemotherapy appears to reduce the cancer volume and improve the therapeutic outcome.     

Laparoscopic resection of a large right adrenal gland cyst

A case of a benign cyst of the right adrenal gland resected laparoscopically is presented. The approach was through the right subcostal space mobilizing the right lobe of the liver and the right colonic flexure. The procedure was of 75 min duration and was uneventful. The patient was discharged the 3rd postoperative day free of postoperative pain. The advantages and disadvantages of this new modality for the treatment of adrenal gland cysts are discussed.     

Chinese Journal of Traumatology won the financial aid from ＂Global Influ- ence Promotion Project for Chinese Scientific and Technical Journals＂

Objective： To determine the frequency of adrenal injuries in patients presenting with blunt abdomi- nal trauma by computed tomography （CT）. Methods： During a 6 month period from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2011, 82 emergency CT examinations were performed in the setting of major abdominal trauma and ret- rospectively reviewed for adrenal gland injuries. Results： A total of 7 patients were identified as having adrenal gland injuries （6 males and 1 female）. Two patients had isolated adrenal gland injuries. In the other 5 patients with nonisolated injuries, injuries to the liver （1 case）, spleen （1 case）, retroperitoneum （2 cases） and mesentery （4 cases） were identified. Overall 24 cases with liver injuries （29 %）, 11cases with splenic injuries （13%）, 54 cases with mesenteric injuries （65%）, 14 cases （17%） with retroperitoneal injuries and 9 cases with renal injuries were identified. Conclusion： Adrenal gland injury is identified in 7 patients （11.7%） out of a total of 82 patients who underwent CT after major abdominal trauma. Most of these cases were nonisolated injuries. Our experience indicates that adrenal injury resulting from trauma is more common than suggested by other reports. The rise in incidence of adrenal injuries could be attributed to the mode of injury.     

带蒂肾上腺背部皮下移位术治疗肾上腺髓质增生症

目的 进一步探讨肾上腺髓质增生症的手术方法。方法 肾上腺髓质增生患者8例,手术分离并结扎肾上腺下、内侧血管,使肾上腺上组血管形成5.0-6.0cm的蒂,自第11肋间拉至背部皮下,以带蒂肾上腺背部皮下移位术治疗,结果 术后8例均获得随访,随访时间6个月-4年,平均2年,除1例患者伴有神经官能症,症状未减,余7例血压及内分泌检查皆恢复正常。结论 带蒂肾上腺背部皮下移位术治疗髓质增生,操作简单,疗效满意。     

Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: a case report

A case of myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is reported. The patient was a 50-year-old male who was obese and robust, and complained of right flank pain. Laboratory investigation of adrenal functions were within normal levels. Excretory urography showed a large radiolucent mass in the right upper quadrant, displacing the right kidney to a lower position. Angiography demonstrated a large hypovascular mass. CT scan showed a large mass with low density in the right retroperitoneal space. The tumor was surgically removed through a lumbar incision, and was 800 gm in weight and well capsulated. A pathological study of the tumor disclosed adrenal myelolipoma consisting of mature fat cells and myeloid elements. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is rare and 33 cases of adrenal myelolipoma from the English and Japanese literature including this case were reviewed and analyzed statistically.     

A case of primary adrenal lymphoma diagnosed from percutaneous needle biopsy.

A case of bilateral lymphoma of the adrenal glands is reported. A 72-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of bilateral adrenal masses. A 20-gauge core needle biopsy of the left adrenal tumor was performed under ultrasonographic guidance. The pathological specimen revealed a malignant lymphoma. The diagnostic procedure for adrenal lymphoma is discussed.     

Management of blunt adrenal gland injury in a community-based hospital

IntroductionInjury of the adrenal gland in blunt trauma is rare. The routine usage of the whole body computed tomography (CT) scan helps in early diagnosis. We aimed to study the incidence, mechanism of injury, management, and outcome of adrenal injury in blunt trauma patients treated in a community-based hospital.MethodsCT scan of the abdomen of all blunt trauma patients who were admitted to our institution between October 2010 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The files of all the patients with CT scan-detected adrenal injuries were retrieved. Studied variables included demography, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, GCS, ISS, Intensive Care Unit admission, hospital stay, and outcome.Results4991 blunt trauma patients were admitted to the hospital. CT scan of the abdomen was performed for 2359 (47%) patients. Blunt adrenal injuries were diagnosed in eleven male patients (0.22%). The main mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collisions in eight (72.7%) patients. Nine (81.8%) patients had right adrenal gland injury. The mean (range) ISS was 22 (6–50). All patients had intra-adrenal hematoma and periadrenal fat stranding. None of our patients had acute adrenal insufficiency. One patient died (overall mortality 9.1%).ConclusionsThe incidence of blunt adrenal injury, although rare, is similar in a community-based hospital to those reported from trauma I centers. It is associated with severe and multiple organ injuries. Blunt adrenal injuries are usually self-limiting.     

Primary cyst hydatid of adrenal: A case report

Adrenal cysts are very rare lesions, especially with parasitic origin.Here, primary cyst hydatid of adrenal in a 51 years old woman whoconsulted with a left flonk pain, is presented and the literatureis reviewed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: report of a case

A 50-year-old male was admitted to our municipal hospital because of his right suprarenal tumor which had been found by ultrasonography by chance at National Toneyama Hospital. His physical examination was normal except for obesity. Hematological examination and blood chemistry were normal and no endocrine disorder was found. Excretory urogram revealed neither deformity of the collecting system nor displacement of the right kidney. Computed tomography visualized sharp marginated in homogeneous structured mass of different densities within the negative range. Angiography revealed hypovascularity of the tumor. Right adrenalectomy was performed and the specimen weighed 72 g. Histopathologically is consisted of adult fat tissue and hematopoietic tissue. In addition to our case, 17 cases of surgically removed myelolipoma reported in the Japanese literature are reviewed.     

Ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland: report of a case

A 38-year-old man was referred to our clinic with the complaint of upper abdominal discomfort. Ultrasonography and computerized tomography showed a mass occupying the left retroperitoneal space. Endoclinological results were within the normal range except for 17-OHCS and 17-KS. Preoperative diagnosis was left non-functioning adrenal tumor. Exploration was done via transperitoneal approach. The specimen weighed 100 g and was 11 x 6 x 5 cm in size. Histopathological diagnosis was ganglioneuroma of the left adrenal gland. There have been 35 reported cases with ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland including our case in the Japanese literature and we reviewed the pathogenesis and treatment of this rare disease.