海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪在青光眼诊断中的应用

视盘形态学改变是青光眼早期征象，可出现在视野缺损之前。青光眼视盘改变主要表现有视网膜神经纤维层受损、盘沿面积的缩小和杯形的改变等。海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪检查可及时、无创伤地获得视盘三维图像，并可定量分析和随访青光眼视盘改变。现介绍其原理及在青光眼诊断和随访中的应用。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2002, 18: 250-252)     

应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪对高眼压症视盘结构参数的测定

目的 应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(HRT)对高眼压症患者视盘结构进行测试,观察眼压大于25mmHg和小于25mmHg的高眼压症视盘结构参数的异同.方法 对27例(50只眼)高眼压症患者和27名(50只眼)正常人进行HRT检查,并将高眼压症患者分为眼压≥25mmHg(23只眼).和眼压＜25mmHg(27只眼)两组.将获得的视盘结构参数分为三组进行比较:①高眼压症眼与正常眼②眼压≥25 mmHg和＜25mmHg的高眼压症眼.③眼压25mmHg的高眼压症眼与正常眼.结果 高眼压症眼与正常眼比较视盘参数中盘沿面积、盘沿体积、最大杯深、轮廓线高度变化值、神经纤维截面面积差异有显著性(P＜0.05):眼压大于和小于25mmHg的高眼压症眼比较盘沿面积、盘沿体积、平均网膜神经纤维层厚度、神经纤维截面面积差异有显著性(P＜0.05);眼压＜25mmHg的高眼压症眼与正常眼比较各视盘参数问差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 眼压＜25mmHg高眼压症的HRT视盘结构无明显变化,而眼压≥25mmHg高眼压症的HRT视盘结构参数中盘沿面积、盘沿体积、平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度及神经纤维截面面积发生了较明显改变,这四个参数可作为诊断早期青光眼的重要参考指标.     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪在开角型青光眼视盘检测中的意义

目的 探讨海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(HRT)检测开角型青光眼视盘参数与视野损害的关系。评价HRT在早期诊断青光眼中的意义。方法 正常人26例(41只眼)，高眼压11例(16只眼)、原发性开角型青光眼28例(38只眼)。采用Humphrey全自动视野计、HRT分别进行视野、视盘形态检测。比较正常组、高眼压组、青光眼组HRT视盘检测参数．分析青光眼组视野检测的平均缺损(MD)与HRT视盘检测参数的关系。结果 正常组、高眼压组、青光眼组视杯面积、杯／盘面积比、盘沿面积、视杯形态测量指数、视网膜神经纤维层厚度差异有显著性。青光眼组的盘沿面积、杯／盘面积比、视杯形成测量指数、视网膜神经纤维层厚度与视野检测的平均缺损有显著相关。结论 HRT能够反映青光眼视盘改变，为临床早期诊断青光眼提供更多的信息。     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪在眼科的应用

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪 (Heidelberg RetinaTomograph,HRT)是一种共焦激光扫描眼底镜(confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy,CSLO)。CSLO技术开始主要在生物医学和材料科学方面发展 ,近年来才应用于眼科研究及临床 ,是一种安全、有效、方便、非损伤性的新的影像学诊断方法〔1〕。 HRT可以对眼底视乳头及视网膜进行客观的、可重复的、实时的三维图像获取 ,并对其表面和深度进行高分辨率定量测量和地形图分析 ,具有较高的精确性和重复性。HRT对视乳头形态结构的定量分析可以应用于青光眼的早期诊断和追踪观察 ,对视网膜组织结构的…     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪Ⅱ型在青光眼诊断中的应用

目的：评价海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪Ⅱ型(Heidelberg retina tomograph-Ⅱ，HRT-Ⅱ)在青光眼诊断中的应用价值。方法：对青光眼组46例(46只眼)和对照组64例(64只眼)分别行HRT-Ⅱ检查，比较两组间视盘结构参数的差异，并应用ROC曲线分析不同参数的诊断灵敏度和特异度。结果：两组间年龄、视杯面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘沿容积、杯盘面积比、平均杯深、视杯形态、平均神经纤维层厚度、神经纤维截面面积均有显著性差异。杯盘面积比诊断价值最大(灵敏度和特异度分别为82．6％和82．8％)。应用多因素分析可以提高诊断的灵敏度和特异度。     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪在开角型青光眼中的应用

介绍海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪（HRT）在开角型青光眼中的应用。HRT检查提供的视乳头及神经纤维层厚度参数,是客观准确的指标,对原发性开角型青光眼的早期诊断有很大的帮助。     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪动态图与眼底立体像对青光眼性视神经损害判断的一致性研究

目的 比较海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(HRT)动态图和眼底立体像获得的视盘及周边神经纤维层(RNFL)形态的参数,评价两者的一致性,并探讨利用动态图对HRT结果进行定性判断的可能性.方法 比较同时接受HRT和眼底立体像检查患者的HRT动态图和立体像所测盘沿宽度、视盘宽度、两者发现上下方盘沿小于鼻侧盘沿、RNFL存在缺损眼...     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪检测青光眼患者视乳头地形图参数的一致性研究

目的 评价不同观察者间和同一观察者不同时间对视乳头地形图参数分析的一致性。方法 应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(HRT)检测14例(24只眼)正常人和16例(26只眼)原发性开角型青光眼患者的视乳头地形图,再由3位青光眼专业医师分别独立描画受检者的视乳头边界轮廓线,其中1位医师于不同时间分别描画3次。用HRT软件(2．01版本)对11个视乳头地形图参数(视乳头面积、视杯面积、视杯／视盘面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘沿容积、平均视杯深度、最大视杯深度、视杯形态测量、平均视网膜神经纤维厚度、视网膜神经纤维层截面面积)进行分析,并分别计算类内相关系数(ICC值)和结果判断一致性(kappa值)。结果 3位不同观察者间检测患者视乳头地形图的各参数基本一致,ICC值为0．976～0．999,kappa值为0．649～0．767,显示三者间检测结果的一致性较好;同一观察者不同时间检测的视乳头地形图各参数基本一致,ICC值为0．983～0．999,kappa值为0．810～0．951,显示同一观察者不同时间检测结果的一致性较好。结论 在具有一定经验的观察者间和同一观察者不同时间,对HRT图像视乳头轮廓线描画的一致性均较好,该方法可用于青光眼的临床诊断和追踪观察。     

海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪在青光眼诊断中的应用

世界上有近50％的青光眼患者没有被诊断。临床对于青光眼的评价通常包括眼压测量、视野检查和对视乳头的分析。眼压升高是青光眼神经病变发展最重要的危险因素。研究显示，不同个体对眼压及其波动有不同的耐受性。在多数情况下，不管是对青光眼的诊断还是随访监测，仅测量眼压是不够的。视野检查是评价视神经功能很好的检查方法。     

慢性闭角型青光眼与正常眼压性青光眼视盘形态比较

目的探讨眼压依赖型与非眼压全依赖型青光眼患者视盘损害的形态异同。方法用回顾性配对设计研究。选择具有青光眼性视野缺损（MD〈10dB）的慢性闭角青光眼（CACG）和正常眼压青光眼（NTG）患者各20例20眼,年龄、视野平均偏差（mean deviation,MD）一对一相匹配。应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪（HRT-Ⅱ）进行定量视盘参数检查,并对检查结果进行比较。结果CACG组视盘总体和颞下、鼻下、鼻上分区的盘沿面积大于NTG组;差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;CACG组视盘总体和各分区（除颞侧外）视杯容积小于NTG组,两组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;CACG组视盘总体和各分区（除颞侧及颞下外）视杯平均深度及视杯形态测量值小于NTG组,两组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论CACG与NTG在疾病早中期视盘形态明显不同,提示眼压依赖型与非眼压全依赖型青光眼可能具有不同的视神经病变发生机制。     

Heidelberg retina tomograph parameters of the optic disc in eyes with progressive retinal nerve fibre layer defects

Purpose: To determine the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) parameters that identify glaucomatous changes in optic nerve head (ONH) topography associated with progression of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects. Methods: A total of 68 eyes with open‐angle glaucoma were included in this retrospective study: 34 eyes showed progression of an RNFL defect during the follow‐up period and 34 eyes did not. Successful RNFL photographs and scanning laser tomography examinations with the HRT were taken in all patients at each of three visits. The change in HRT parameter values during follow‐up was calculated. Results: Progression of the RNFL defect was statistically significantly correlated (p = 0.049) with only one topographic ONH parameter, the cup shape measure. The best combination of two parameters (p = 0.009) included the maximum cup depth and the linear cup : disc area ratio; the best combination of three parameters (p = 0.007) included the maximum cup depth, the linear cup : disc area ratio and the horizontal cup : disc area ratio. Sensitivity and specificity values were 52.9% and 73.5%, respectively, for the cup shape measure, 70.6% and 73.5%, respectively, for the two‐parameter combination, and 76.5% and 79.4%, respectively, for the three‐parameter combination. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.617, 0.724 and 0.753, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that the HRT parameters may be used to detect small ONH changes associated with progression of the RNFL defect. With the exception of the cup shape measure, the parameters which provide the best correlation with progression differ from those considered optimal for recognizing the presence or absence of glaucoma.     

Detection of optic disc change with the Heidelberg retina tomograph before confirmed visual field change in ocular hypertensives converting to early glaucoma

AIM: To determine whether analysis of sequential optic disc images obtained with the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) is able to demonstrate optic disc change before the development of reproducible field defects in a group of ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients converting to early glaucoma. METHODS: Two groups were analysed: (1) 13 eyes of 13 OHT patients who subsequently developed reproducible field defects (converters); and (2) 13 eyes of 11 normal control subjects. Two sequential optic disc images were obtained using the HRT (median separation between images was 12 months for the converters and 13 months for the normals). The second image in the converter group was obtained before confirmed visual field loss. The optic disc variables were analysed both globally and segmentally using HRT software version 1.11. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine if there were any significant differences between the variables of the two image sets. RESULTS: Significant optic disc change was demonstrated in the group of converters: (1) global variables: the cup area increased by 9.7%, the C/D area ratio increased by 10.5%, and the rim area decreased by 6.9%; (2) segmental variables: the superonasal cup area increased by 11.0%, the superonasal C/D area ratio increased 11.7%, and the inferonasal cup volume increased by 28.4%. The temporal rim volume decreased by 15.6%, the inferotemporal rim volume decreased by 23.6%, and the rim area in the superonasal and superotemporal segments decreased by 6.6% and 6.9% respectively. CONCLUSION: Analysis of sequential optic disc images on the HRT allowed the detection of glaucomatous change before confirmed visual field change in a group of OHT patients converting to early glaucoma.     

视网膜断层扫描仪测定正常壮族成人的视盘参数

目的:了解壮族正常人群视盘参数的正常值并建立壮族数据库。方法:3代居住广西隆林县无血缘关系的正常壮族成年人120例。运用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(Heidelberg retina tomograph-Ⅱ,HRT-Ⅱ)分别检测不同年龄段视乳头地形图总体参数。结果:壮族人视盘正常值:DA为2.26±0.47mm2,CA为0.51±0.35mm2,RA为1.75±0.34mm2,C/DAR为0.21±0.12,R/DAR为0.80±0.12,CV为0.12mm3,RV为0.53±0.14mm3,MCD为0.21±0.10mm,MxCD为0.60±0.22mm,HVC为0.45±0.10mm,CSM为-0.20±0.07mm,mRNFLT为0.30±0.07mm,RNFLA为1.57±0.43mm2。各象限mRNFLT,RNFLA与年龄呈负相关关系。性别间和眼别间差异无统计学意义。壮族C/DAR比值双眼差值范围为0.00~0.16。结论:HRT-II可定量检测壮族正常人视盘参数,年龄对视盘参数有一定影响。     

Agreement between stereoscopic photographs, clinical assessment, Heidelberg retina tomograph and digital stereoscopic optic disc camera in estimating vertical cup:disc ratio

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to determine the agreement between stereo photography, Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT), digital stereoscopic optic disc camera (DISCAM) and ophthalmoscopy in estimating the vertical cup : disc ratio (VCDR). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-nine eyes of 100 subjects from glaucoma clinics were examined by a single glaucoma specialist and the VCDR on ophthalmoscopy was recorded. All eyes were classified as definite glaucoma, glaucoma suspect or no glaucoma based on the entire clinical assessment. Two glaucoma specialists viewed stereo photographs of the eyes separately and independently. A trained technician acquired HRT and DISCAM images. The agreement of VCDR among the four modalities was assessed by the method described by Bland and Altman. RESULTS: Of the 199 eyes, 28.1% were classified as definite glaucoma, 36.2% as glaucoma suspect and 35.7% as no glaucoma. The 2 SD for the agreement between the two glaucoma specialists using stereo photographs was 0.18 VCDR. The 2 SD for the agreement between stereo photographs and HRT, DISCAM and ophthalmoscopy were 0.31, 0.31 and 0.28, respectively. The 2 SD for ophthalmoscopy and HRT was 0.32, for ophthalmoscopy and DISCAM it was 0.32, and for HRT and DISCAM it was 0.22. When the eyes were divided into tertiles according disc size and VCDR, the 2 SD was higher for smaller optic discs (<1.5 mm vertical height) and smaller optic cups (VCDR <0.4). CONCLUSIONS: There was good agreement between VCDR values estimated independently using stereo photographs by the two clinicians. However, when the different modalities were compared using Bland and Altman analysis, all showed poor agreement with a large 2 SD. The agreement was worse for small discs and smaller cups. The VCDR values obtained by the different methods were found not to be interchangeable in a clinic setting.     

HRT在青光眼与近视眼中的研究

青光眼是以进行性视神经损害为特征的不可逆性致盲眼病,其病理基础是视网膜神经节细胞及其纤维的进行性丧失;近视眼是开角型青光眼的易患因素,合并近视的青光眼患者其检查结果又有自身的特点,这给我们早期的准确诊断增加了难度;HRT是一种自动化的电子计算机控制的共焦激光眼底断层扫描仪。利用HRT(heidelberg retinatom ograph)可以获取视盘的三维地形图,通过对图像的分析处理,得到视盘和视网膜神经纤维层厚度的定量描述,并且可用于地形图变化的定量分析。本文就HRT在青光眼和近视眼特别是近视合并青光眼中的诊断和在视神经损害监测中的研究作一综述。     

慢性闭角型青光眼的HRT-Ⅱ研究

目的使用HRT-Ⅱ检测正常人和慢性闭角型青光眼(CACG)患者的视盘结构参数,并判断Moorfields回归分析 (MRA)和线性判别函数(LDF)对CACG诊断的敏感性和特异性。设计前瞻性对照研究。研究对象 51例(77眼)CACG患者及年龄和屈光度数相匹配的正常人32例(64眼)。方法对CACG患者及正常人进行静态视野和HRT-Ⅱ检测。CACG组被研究眼根据视野平均缺损值(MD)及视野异常评判标准分为无视野缺损组(MD≤2dB或视野评判标准阴性)和视野缺损组(MD>2dB及视野评判标准阳性)。比较正常组、无视野缺损组和视野缺损组三组间及任意两组间各视盘参数的差异。采用MRA和LDF诊断 CACG的敏感性和特异性。主要指标 HRT-Ⅱ视盘结构参数,MD,视野评判标准,诊断敏感性和特异性。结果正常人组和CACG 组间除视盘面积无明显差异外,其余各参数两组间差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0．05)。除视盘面积和轮廓线高度变化值三组间无明显差异外,其余各参数三组间差异均有极显著性意义(P<0．01)。正常组和视野缺损组除视盘面积外,无视野缺损组和视野缺损组除视盘面积和轮廓线高度变化值外,其余各视盘参数两组间均有显著性差异(P<0．05)。正常组和无视野缺损组视盘参数比较,仪盘沿容积和视网膜神经纤维层横截面积两个参数有显著性差异(P<0．05)。对已出现视野缺损的CACG诊断的敏感性和特异性,MRA分别为74．42％及95．31％;LDF则分别为69．77％和92．19％。对临床上诊断的CACG,MRA的敏感性和特异性准确性分别为55．84％和95．30％;LDF则分别为49．35％和92．19％。结论 HRT-Ⅱ对CACG和正常人的视盘检测显示两者视盘的结构具有明显的差异;盘沿容积和视网膜神经纤维层横截面积在正常人和早期CACG存在显著差异;HRT-Ⅱ对已出现视野损害的 CACG诊断的准确性较好,但对早期CACG的诊断仍不明确;HRT-Ⅱ诊断系统中,MRA对CACG诊断的敏感性和准确性较好。     

HRT视盘参数在原发性开角型青光眼早期诊断中的作用

目的:在众多海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪(heidelberg retina tomogragh,HRT)测定的视盘参数中,筛选出最有助于青光眼早期诊断的视盘参数。方法:用HRT测定23例视野损害较轻的青光眼患者和23例正常人的视盘参数(杯盘面积比、盘沿面积、盘沿容积、视杯容积、视杯形态测量、视杯高度变异轮廓和平均神经纤维层厚度)作逐步判别分析。结果:盘沿面积和杯盘面积比对青光眼早期诊断最有帮助,其诊断敏感度和特异度分别为87%和96%。结论:本组资料盘沿面积和杯盘面积比是区分青光眼和正常眼最好的判别因素。     

Agreement in identification of glaucomatous progression between the optic disc photography and Heidelberg retina tomography in young glaucomatous patients

AIM:To evaluate concordance between the clinical assessment of glaucomatous progression of the optic disc photography and progression identified by Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) in patients with suspected primary juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG).METHODS:Optic disc photographs and corresponding HRT Ⅱ series were reviewed. Optic disc changes between first and final photographs were noted as well as progression identified by HRT topographic change analysis (TCA) and rim area regression line (RARL) Agreement between progression indentified by photography and HRT methods was assessed. Progression, determined from optic disc photographs by consensus assessment was used as the reference standard.RESULTS: A total of 31 patients (59 eyes) with suspected JOAG were studied. Agreement for progression/no progression between TCA and photography was obtained in 4 progressing eyes and 38 stable eyes (71.19%, k=0.11). Agreement for progression/no progression between RARL and photography was detected in 5 progressing eyes and in 34 stable eyes (66.10%, k=0.15). The number of HRT per patient was statistically higher in the progressing group (P=0.034).CONCLUSION:Agreement for detection of longitudinal changes between photography and HRT analysis was poor. One way to improve the chance of discovery of the progression could be increasing the number of HRT examinations.     

Reproducibility of volumetric measurements of normal maculae with the Heidelberg retina tomograph

AIMS—The Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) is a scanning laser ophthalmoscope with confocal optics. The reproducibility of the optic nerve head topography is accurate and reliable. The authors describe a new technique for the assessment of macular thickening by volumetric quantification and present the results of its reproducibility in normal subjects.
METHODS—Topographic images of the macula, centred on the fovea were obtained in one eye of 44 normal subjects. The volumes above the reference plane bound by a 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm diameter circle were measured. The reference plane was adjusted to the lowest point of the height variation of the contour line at each examination. The reproducibility of repeated measurements within a 2 mm diameter circle was assessed in 20 eyes selected at random. Three HRT scans of each eye were obtained. The measurements of volume above reference plane of each scan were repeated three times on three separate days.
RESULTS—The intrascan coefficients of variability measured 7.12-9.57%. The 95% confidence interval for the geometric mean ratio of single volume measurements was 0.92 to 1.24 for scans 1 and 2, 0.89 to 1.17 for scans 1 and 3, and 0.81 to 1.12 for scans 2 and 3. When the mean of three measurements of one scan were compared with the mean of three measurements of a second scan, the 95% confidence interval for their geometric mean ratio was 0.89 to 1.20 for scans 1 and 2, 0.89 to 1.16 for scans 1 and 3, and 0.84 to 1.13 for scans 2 and 3. The average standard deviation (SD) for one measurement per scan was 0.02 mm³, and 0.019 mm³ for two or three measurements per scan. Linear regression demonstrated a significant increase in SD as volumetric measurements increased (p = 0.003). Age did not significantly affect the SD of volumetric measurements (p = 0.797). The authors found no significant differences in volumetric measurements across all ages for all three circles (p = 0.314, p = 0.471, p = 0.267).
CONCLUSION—Good reproducibility for volumetric measurements at the macula was found with the HRT using the above technique in normal subjects. This method may be extremely useful for the identification and quantification of diabetic macular oedema and for monitoring the effects of argon laser photocoagulation.

Keywords: Heidelberg retina tomograph; volume above reference plane; reproducibility; macula     

Comparison of optic nerve head topography in healthy adults using a Heidelberg retina tomograph and retinal thickness analyzer

PURPOSE: To compare optic nerve head topographies measured using a Heidelberg retina tomograph I (HRT) and a retinal thickness analyzer (RTA) and thereby to determine clinical agreement between the two devices. Also, to investigate the reproducibility of optic nerve head measurements using the HRT and RTA. METHODS: The study included 50 normal left eyes of 50 white adults. Ophthalmologic examination, keratometry, fundus photography, and examination with HRT and RTA were performed. To determine reproducibility, 10 volunteers had repeated examinations after a week. Mean (SD), median, and 5th and 95th percentiles were calculated for the HRT and RTA measurements and differences in measurements between HRT and RTA were tested for statistical significance. Clinical agreement was assessed with limits of agreement and reproducibility by a repeatability coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between measurements by HRT and RTA were observed for all topographic parameters, except for rim area (P = 0.051) and height variation contour (P = 0.054). The limits of agreement between HRT and RTA were wide. The repeatability coefficient for HRT was good (< or =0.10) for all parameters, except for retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) cross-sectional area (0.28). The repeatability coefficient for RTA was >0.10 for cup area (0.15), rim area (0.19), maximum cup depth (0.13), height variation contour (0.11), and RNFL cross-sectional area (0.14). The ICC was good (> or =90%) for all parameters, except for mean RNFL thickness (89%) for HRT, and height variation contour (84%) for RTA. CONCLUSION: The observed differences within the limits of agreement were clinically important. Therefore, the two devices cannot be used interchangeably in clinical practice.