炎症在高血压病患者肾功能损害中的作用

目的探讨炎症介质在高血压肾功能损害中的作用.方法 38 例高血压病患者(分为肾功能正常组(19例)、肾功能异常组(19例))和38例健康人,分别用放免法测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白介素1 β(IL1β)、白介素6(IL6)及尿微量白蛋白(ALB)、α1微球蛋白(α1 MG)、β2微球蛋白(β2 MG),用免疫比浊法测定血浆C反应蛋白(CRP),酶免法测量尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP).比较各组之间血浆CRP、TNFα、IL1β、IL6及尿ALB、α1 MG、β2MG、RBP水平及各指标之间相关分析.结果血浆CRP、TNFα、IL1β、IL6水平在高血压病患者升高,随肾脏功能损害的加重而进一步升高.多元线性回归分析,尿ALB、β2 MG、α1 MG与SBP呈直线相关,SBP与血浆IL1β、TNFα呈直线关系,尿RBP与血浆IL6呈直线相关.结论 SBP是肾脏功能损害的独立危险因素,炎症在高血压病肾脏功能损害中起重要作用.     

炎症在2型糖尿病患者肾功能损害中的作用

目的探讨炎症在2型糖尿病(DM)肾功能损害中的作用。方法60例2型糖尿病患者[依据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)和内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)分为单纯DM组20例,糖尿病肾病(DN)肾功能正常组20例,DN肾功能不全组20例]和20例健康人,分别用免疫比浊法测定血浆C反应蛋白(CRP),放免法测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα),白介素1β(IL1β),白介素6(IL6)。结果2型糖尿病患者血浆CRP,TNFα,IL1β,IL6水平升高,且随肾脏损害的加重而进一步增高,多元线性回归分析表明Ccr与病程、IL1β、收缩压(SBP)呈直线相关,24小时尿蛋白排泄量(UPER)与血浆IL6、SBP、TNFα水平呈直线相关。结论2型糖尿病患者存在炎症反应,炎症在糖尿病肾功能损害中起重要作用。     

炎症在高血压病并发陈旧性心肌梗死中的作用

目的探讨炎症在高血压病并发陈旧性心肌梗死中的作用.方法高血压病并发陈旧性心肌梗死患者27例、高血压患者28例和30例健康人,分别用放免法测定血浆炎症介质肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素6(IL-6)含量,用免疫比浊法测定血浆炎症介质C反应蛋白(CRP)含量.同时常规测定体重指数、吸烟指数、血压、血浆空腹血糖、血脂、尿酸.结果高血压患者血浆CRP、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL6含量水平升高,并发陈旧性心肌梗死患者进一步升高.多元线性回归分析,血浆CRP、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL6含量与体重指数、收缩压(SBP)、血浆空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)呈直线正相关,且SBP、FPG、TG进入上述血浆炎症介质含量直线回归方程.结论高血压病并发或不并发陈旧性心肌梗死患者均有炎症活动;SBP、FPG、TG可能通过炎症介导心肌梗死.     

炎症在高血压病并发陈旧性心肌梗死中的作用

目的探讨炎症在高血压病并发陈旧性心肌梗死中的作用。方法高血压病并发陈旧性心肌梗死患者27例、高血压患者28例和30例健康人，分别用放免法测定血浆炎症介质肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素113(IL-1β)、白介素6(IL-6)含量，用免疫比浊法测定血浆炎症介质C反应蛋白(CRP)含量。同时常规测定体重指数、吸烟指数、血压、血浆空腹血糖、血脂、尿酸。结果高血压患者血浆CRP、TNF-α、IL-1-β、IL6含量水平升高，并发陈旧性心肌梗死患者进一步升高。多元线性回归分析，血浆CRP、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量与体重指数、收缩压(SBP)、血浆空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)呈直线正相关，且SBP、FPG、TG进入上述血浆炎症介质含量直线回归方程。结论高血压病并发或不并发陈旧性心肌梗死患者均有炎症活动；SBP、FPG、TG可能通过炎症介导心肌梗死。     

炎性因素对A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害的影响

目的探讨炎症介质对A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害的影响。方法研究对象90例分为A型行为高血压组(A组,n=30)、非A型行为高血压组(B组,n=30)及健康对照组(C组,n=30),检测、比较各组间血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及尿β2微球蛋白、微量白蛋白水平并作相关分析。结果A组血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及尿β2微球蛋白、微量白蛋白水平明显高于B组(P均<0·05);B组血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及尿微量白蛋白水平明显高于C组(P均<0·05)。经多元线性回归分析,尿β2微球蛋白与血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平直线相关(P<0·05~0·01);尿微量白蛋白与血IL-1β、IL-6水平直线相关(P<0·05~0·001)。而且血浆CRP、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量亦互相呈正相关(P均<0·001)。结论A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害较非A型行为高血压者严重,A型行为是高血压病肾脏损害的独立危险因素;炎症介质可能在A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害中起重要作用。     

炎性因素对A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害的影响

目的探讨炎症介质对A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害的影响.方法研究对象90例分为A型行为高血压组(A组,n=30)、非A型行为高血压组(B组,n=30)及健康对照组(C组,n=30),检测、比较各组间血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及尿β2微球蛋白、微量白蛋白水平并作相关分析.结果A组血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及尿β2微球蛋白、微量白蛋白水平明显高于B组(P均<0.05);B组血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及尿微量白蛋白水平明显高于C组(P均<0.05).经多元线性回归分析,尿β2微球蛋白与血CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平直线相关(P<0.05～0.01);尿微量白蛋白与血IL-1β、IL-6水平直线相关(P<0.05～0.001).而且血浆CRP、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量亦互相呈正相关(P均<0.001).结论 A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害较非A型行为高血压者严重,A型行为是高血压病肾脏损害的独立危险因素;炎症介质可能在A型行为高血压患者早期肾脏损害中起重要作用.     

原发性高血压患者微量蛋白尿与早期肾损害

目的：探讨尿液微量蛋白与高血压病(EH)早期肾功能损害的关系。方法：用速率免疫散射比浊法测定了105例EH思考和32例正常对照市的尿液微量白蛋白(mAL)、白蛋白(ALB)、α1微球蛋白(α1—MG)、β2微球蛋白(β2—MG)。结果：EH患早期即有α1—MG水平的升高(P＜0．05)。结论：尿液α1—MG的测定有利于EH患肾功能损害的早期诊断、治疗。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者早期肾功能损害相关分析

目的分析探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者早期肾功能损害指标,并作相关性分析。方法共募集AECOPD患者76例,健康体检人群30例;收集一般临床资料;进行血肌酐、尿素氮、C反应蛋白(CRP)、动脉血气、尿α_1-微球蛋白(α-MG)、尿β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)测定;及肺功能检查。结果与对照组比较,AECOPD组患者血肌酐、尿素氮及肾小球滤过率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而尿α_1-MG、尿β_2-MG显著升高(P0.05),其中尿α_1-微球蛋白与氧分压(PaO_2)、FEV_1%及FVC%呈负相关,与CRP呈正相关;尿β_2-微球蛋白与FEV_1%、FVC%及FEV_1/FVC呈负相关。按GOLD 2013年指南肺功能分级进一步亚组分析显示,伴随肺功能严重程度的加重,AECOPD组患者尿α_1-微球蛋白、尿β_2-微球蛋白显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。此外,依指南予以正规内科治疗后,AECOPD组肺功能及CRP指标较前改善,血清CRP、尿α_1-微球蛋白、尿β_2-微球蛋白均较前改善,但仍高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 AECOPD患者存在早期肾功能损害,尿α_1-微球蛋白、尿β_2-微球蛋白可作为早期肾功能损害指标。对于急性加重期患者,加强尿α_1-MG、尿β_2-MG的监测可及早发现早期肾功能损害,正规的内科治疗可进行有效干预,从而避免肾功能不可逆性损害的发生。     

慢性肾小球肾炎与细胞因子含量表达的相关性

目的探讨慢性肾小球肾炎发病与机体内细胞因子含量表达的相关性。方法应用酶联免疫吸附实验双抗体夹心法检测慢性肾小球肾炎患者血浆中转化生长因子(TGF)-β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β及IL-6的含量表达。并进行肾脏B超检查,详细记录肾脏形态学改变。结果 TGF-β、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量表达水平明显升高,与肾功能损害程度呈正相关。结论慢性肾小球肾炎患者血浆中炎症细胞因子含量表达水平与疾病的发生发展密切相关。临床上通过阻断炎症细胞因子的生物学效应可改善或减轻慢性肾小球肾炎患者肾功能损害。     

美托洛尔部分逆转心力衰竭恶病质作用的观察

目的探讨美托洛尔对心力衰竭恶病质患者体质量及血浆细胞因子水平变化的影响。方法选择心力衰竭患者分为恶病质组和非恶病质组,给予美托洛尔治疗。检测患者治疗前后体质量、血浆肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素1β（IL1β）和白介素6（IL6）的变化及不良事件发生率。结果治疗后两组患者血浆TNFα、IL1β和IL6较治疗前显著降低,恶病质组改变更为显著,且恶病质组体质量显著增加;治疗前后恶病质组体质量均低于非恶病质组,血浆TNFα、IL1β水平则均高于非恶病质组,IL6无显著差异。结论美托洛尔可以增加心力衰竭恶病质患者体质量,同时能降低血浆细胞因子浓度,有利于心力衰竭恶病质状态的逆转。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.