14例偶测血压正常动态血压升高病人临床分析

背景长期以来,临床工作者常常只注意偶测血压高而动态血压正常者,即"白大衣高血压"(white coat hypertension),而对偶测血压正常、动态血压升高的病人未予以重视.目的探讨偶测血压正常、动态血压升高病人(masked hypertension)的临床特征与临床意义.方法 89例临床诊断为血压正常的受试者,由受过专门训练的护士在受试者家中测量血压二次,时间间隔为2～3周,二次测量共获得10个读数的平均值作为偶测血压.采用24小时动态血压监测仪记录动态血压.结果该人群中偶测血压正常、动态血压升高的患病率为15.7%,以男性多见,其中64.3%为偶测血压正常高值者(血压131～139/85～89 mmHg);患者中饮酒的比例、体重指数、血清胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均高于偶测血压及动态血压均正常者.不同日二次测量共10个血压读数的均数与白昼动态血压的相关性好于同日测量、5个读数的均数.结论由于偶测血压的局限性,可使一部分白昼动态血压升高的患者漏诊,后者主要见于偶测血压正常高值者.应对偶测血压正常高值者予以随访检查.     

汉族人群中血压与动脉硬化关系的研究

目的 :探讨汉族人群中家庭测量血压与动脉硬化的关系。方法 :将 471名受试者分为青年组 (n =2 3 5 )和中年组 (n =2 3 6) ,各组又分为血压正常者和高血压者。对受试者进行 2次家访 ,每次家访各测 5次血压 ,取其 10次读数的平均值作为血压值。应用动脉脉搏波分析 (PWA )仪记录受试者桡动脉脉搏波形 ,经计算机自动转化为中心动脉脉搏波 ,以反射波增强指数 (AIx)作为反映全身动脉硬化的参数。结果 :血压正常者PWA结果显示 ,中年组与青年组比较增强指数有极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,经年龄调整后两组间无显著性差异。两组中高血压者与血压正常者比较增强指数均升高 ,有极显著性差异 (P均 <0 .0 1)。即使在血压正常者中 ,血压正常高值者 (血压 13 0～ 13 9/ 85～ 89mmHg ,1mmHg =0 .13 3kPa)增强指数也显著高于血压正常值者 (血压 <13 0 / 85mmHg ,P <0 0 0 1)。将增强指数作为因变量 ,年龄、身高、心率、家访时的收缩压及舒张压作为自变量进行多元回归分析显示 ,受试者年龄及收缩压与增强指数呈显著的正相关。结论 :血压正常者中 ,增强指数随年龄的增加而升高。高血压者与血压正常者相比 ,增强指数显著升高 ,提示高血压患者动脉顺应性下降、动脉硬化 ;收缩压与动脉顺应性显著相关。即使血压正常高值者 ,增     

隐性高血压病人中心动脉压及增强指数

目的探讨"隐性高血压"与中心动脉压及动脉硬化的关系.方法采用脉搏波分析仪记录89例临床诊断为血压正常(偶测血压<140/90 mm Hg)及75例高血压(偶测血压≥140/90 mm Hg或正在服用降压药物者)患者的桡动脉脉搏波,经计算机自动转换为相应的中心动脉脉搏波,并分析中心动脉压力及反映全身动脉硬化的增强指数(AIx).结果小样本人群中,隐性高血压的患病率为15.7%.与血压正常(偶测血压<140/90 mm Hg及白昼动态血压<135/85 mm Hg)组相比,隐性高血压组的血浆总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度、饮酒的比例显著增高;中心动脉收缩压、舒张压、收缩末期压及中心动脉增强压分别增加14.8 mm Hg(CI 5.6～24.0 mm Hg)、9.1 mm Hg(CI 3.1～15.1 mm Hg)、14.0mm Hg(CI 5.8～22.2)及4.2(CI 0.6～7.8 mm Hg),增强指数增加11.9%(CI 2.8%～20.9%).虽然隐性高血压组的偶测血压显著低于高血压组,经年龄、性别及身高调整后,两组的白昼动态血压、中心动脉收缩压、舒张压、增强压及增强指数均无显著差异.结论隐性高血压患者的中心动脉压力及增强指数升高,提示动脉顺应性下降,动脉硬化.这些血液动力学的改变可能增加心血管病危险,对其进行评价有助于偶测血压正常者的危险分层.     

隐性高血压病人中心动脉压及增强指数

目的探讨“隐性高血压”与中心动脉压及动脉硬化的关系。方法采用脉搏波分析仪记录89例临床诊断为血压正常(偶测血压<140/90 mm Hg)及75例高血压(偶测血压≥140/90 mm Hg或正在服用降压药物者)患者的桡动脉脉搏波,经计算机自动转换为相应的中心动脉脉搏波,并分析中心动脉压力及反映全身动脉硬化的增强指数(AIx)。结果小样本人群中,隐性高血压的患病率为15.7%。与血压正常(偶测血压<140/90 mm Hg及白昼动态血压<135/85 mm Hg)组相比,隐性高血压组的血浆总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度、饮酒的比例显著增高;中心动脉收缩压、舒张压、收缩末期压及中心动脉增强压分别增加14.8 mm Hg(CI5.6~24.0 mm Hg)、9.1 mm Hg(CI3.1~15.1 mm Hg)、14.0mm Hg(CI5.8~22.2)及4.2(CI0.6~7.8 mm Hg),增强指数增加11.9%(CI2.8%~20.9%)。虽然隐性高血压组的偶测血压显著低于高血压组,经年龄、性别及身高调整后,两组的白昼动态血压、中心动脉收缩压、舒张压、增强压及增强指数均无显著差异。结论隐性高血压患者的中心动脉压力及增强指数升高,提示动脉顺应性下降,动脉硬化。这些血液动力学的改变可能增加心血管病危险,对其进行评价有助于偶测血压正常者的危险分层。     

动态血压监测对预测老年高血压病左室肥厚的价值

众所周知，高血压是老年人常见病之一，而血压长期升高可导致左心室肥厚，偶测血压由于多种因素干扰常无法如实反映血压的真正水平及预测靶器官受累的情况。近年来动态血压监测(ABPM)证实白昼(或夜里)血压均值与靶器官受损程度的相关性比偶测血     

动态血压监测的方法学及临床意义

1概念通常人们测得的血压均属偶测血压。偶测血压存在一定的局限性；①有的人在测量时由于心情紧张或情绪波动造成血压读数偏高；②偶测血压值只能代表被测者当时的血压状况，而不能反映全天的动态血压变化趋势。动态血压监测（ABPM）是让受检者佩带一个动态血压记录器，回到日     

血压正常高值者动态血压负荷及血压变异性与肿瘤坏死因子α的相关性

目的探讨血压正常高值者动态血压负荷及血压变异性与肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-a)的关系。方法选择理想血压者100例,血压正常高值者105例,高血压患者110例,进行24 h动态血压监测,分别计算三组动态血压负荷及血压变异性,并测定TNF-a水平。结果血压正常高值组TNF-a水平、24 h、白昼及夜间动态血压负荷高于理想血压组,低于高血压组(P<0.01)。血压正常高值组24 h、白昼及夜间血压变异性高于理想血压组,24 h及白昼收缩压变异性、24 h及夜间舒张压变异性低于高血压组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析及多元逐步线性回归分析显示,血压正常高值组TNF-α与24 h收缩压负荷、24 h舒张压负荷、24 h收缩压变异性、白昼收缩压负荷、夜间舒张压负荷、夜间收缩压变异性呈正相关(P<0.05),24 h收缩压负荷及变异性、夜间收缩压负荷及变异性是TNF-α的影响因素(P<0.01)。结论血压正常高值者动态血压负荷及血压变异性与TNF-α相关,高血压早期炎症与血压升高有关。     

为什么要作24小时血压监测

长期以来，人们一直用血压计测量血压，这种方法称偶测血压。偶测血压在发现高血压患者，指导高血压的治疗、评价患者的预后及在进行预防保健方面均起到了重要的作用。但偶测血压还有以下不足，比如说．有的病人偶测血压已经控制在正常范围而病人仍然发生靶器官损害和心血管疾病。也有的病人血压很高但病人并未出现心脑肾的损害．这就使得很多高血压患者感到困惑。除此之外，偶测血压的不足还包括。     

肾性高血压患者的动态血压昼夜节律

本研究应用２４小时无创性全自动动态血压记录仪观察了６７例受试对象，其中肾实质性高血压（ＲＰＨＴ）１２例；肾血管性高血压（ＲｖＨＴ）Ⅱ例；Ⅰ～Ⅱ期原发性高血压（ＥＨＴ）４４例。结果表明，各组受试者的偶测血压均明显高于动态血压。ＲＰＨＴ和ＲＶＨＴ的昼夜节律均明显减弱，收缩压和舒张压的夜间下降值均明显小于原发性高血压患者，夜间下降率低于１０％者的比率却明显高于原发性高血压患者．ＥＨＴ的动态血压呈夜间下降、白昼上升的节律性。     

偶测血压与动态血压监测结果分析

目的通过对偶测血压与动态血压监测的结果进行分析,探讨高血压可靠的监测方法。方法选择监测动态血压结果与平时偶测血压不同的18例患者资料进行对比分析。结果动态血压监测发现,白天血压正常而夜间高血压者4例;白大衣高血压5例;隐匿性高血压2例。偶测血压评价高血压疗效不准确者6例。结论单纯用偶测血压作为诊断高血压的标准或评价高血压的疗效存在一定的局限性。而动态血压与偶测血压相比,具有方便、变异性小、能监测24h血压等优点;但也有其局限性。     

动态血压监测二级筛选诊断高血压的价值

选择上海人民出版社医务室管辖的７７０名职工中的１０８例高血压（确诊１０２例，临界６例）为对象，观察停服降压药２周以上后的２４ｈ动态血压（ＡＢＰ）参数。在１０１例（检测率９３．５％）受检患者中，ＡＢＰ各项参数均正常者占１９．８％，随年龄增大而减少，男性１５．２％，女性３６．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；各项参数均升高者占２５．７％，随年龄增大而增加，男性３０．４％，女性９．１％（Ｐ＜０．１）。高血压患病率根据随测血压的ＷＨＯ标准为１４．０％，按照ＡＢＰ参数则为１１．２％。结果提示动态血压监测可以作为高血压诊断的二级筛选手段，有助于识别＂诊所高血压＂和高危患者。     

Stroke risk in systolic and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension determined using ambulatory blood pressure. The Ohasama study

BACKGROUND: To investigate the risk of stroke in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension (SDH) in a Japanese general population, we used 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and casual-screening blood-pressure (CBP) readings. METHODS: Subtypes of hypertension were defined based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) >135 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >80 mm Hg for 24-h ABP, and SBP >140 mm Hg or DBP >90 mm Hg for CBP. We obtained 24-h ABP and CBP data for 1271 (40% male) subjects aged > or =40 years (mean age, 61 years) without a history of symptomatic stroke; their stroke-free survival was then determined. The prognostic significance of each subtype of hypertension was determined by Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: There were 113 symptomatic strokes during follow-up (mean time, 11 years). Compared with normotension, among the hypertension subtypes determined by 24-h ABP, the adjusted relative hazards (RHs) of stroke were 2.24 for ISH (P = .002) and 2.39 for SDH (P = .0004). The association was less marked among subtypes determined by CBP (RH = 1.40 and P = .13 for ISH; RH = 2.07 and P = .017 for SDH). The IDH group was excluded from the Cox analysis because both the prevalence and the number of events were low in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated systolic hypertension, as determined by 24-h ABP measurements, was associated with a high risk of stroke, similar to that found in SDH subjects; this suggests that the prognosis of hypertensive patients would be improved by focusing treatment on 24-h systolic ABP.     

Accuracy of telemedical home blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension

This study was conducted to compare the accuracy of clinic blood pressure (CBP) and telemedical home blood pressure (HBP) measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension in primary care. The study subjects were 411 patients with average CBP > or =140 mmHg systolic or > or =90 mmHg diastolic, who performed telemedical HBP measurement (5 days, four times daily) and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring in random order. Main outcome measure was the agreement of CBP and HBP with daytime ABP. CBP was much higher than daytime ABP and average HBP (P<0.001) with no difference between the latter two. The correlation between CBP and ABP was weak (systolic: r=0.499, diastolic: r=0.543), whereas strong correlations existed between HBP and ABP (systolic: r=0.847, diastolic: r=0.812). A progressive improvement in the strength of the linear regression between average HBP of single days and ABP was obtained from day 1 to day 4, with no further benefit obtained on the fifth day. The HBP readings taken at noon and in the afternoon showed significantly stronger correlations with ABP than the blood pressures measured in the morning and in the evening. In conclusion, the accuracy of telemedical HBP measurement was substantially better than that of CBP in the diagnosis of hypertension in primary care. HBP most accurately reflected ABP on the fourth day of monitoring, and the readings at noon and in the afternoon seemed to be most accurate.     

Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response to Exercise – A New Portent of Masked Hypertension

Masked hypertension (MHT) is a popular entity with increased risk of developing sustained hypertension, heart attack, stroke, and death. Subjects have normal blood pressure (BP) at office but elevated values at night so it is difficult to diagnose. Exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise (EBPR) is also a predictor of future hypertension. To investigate the relationship between these two entities, we evaluated 61 normotensive subjects with EBPR. The subjects underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). The prevalence of masked hypertension among subjects with EBPR was 41%%. Body mass index (BMI), non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at peak exercise and recovery, nondipping DBP pattern, and elevated early morning average BPs were associated with masked hypertension. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the DBP measured at peak exercise was detected as an independent predictor of MHT in subjects with EBPR. Subjects with abnormally elevated BP during exercise are prone to MHT, necessitate medical assessment and close follow-up for hypertension.     

急性脑卒中患者血压特点的分析

目的研究急性脑卒中患者血压影响因素及动态血压特点。方法82例发病在7天内的急性脑卒中患者。记录患者住院诊室血压及24 h动态血压。血压≥140/90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为诊室血压升高;24 h动态血压平均值≥130/80 mm Hg、日间平均值≥135/85 mm Hg、夜间平均值≥125/75 mm Hg为动态血压升高。结果既往高血压病史对急性脑卒中患者诊室血压升高有影响(P<0.05)。有高血压病史者平均诊室血压(146.02±18.89)/(86.36±11.52)mm Hg,无高血压病史者平均诊室血压(136.22±14.63)/(82.61±11.86)mm Hg,二者收缩压水平差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。急性脑卒中患者动态血压表现为夜间血压负荷增加,24 h平均血压于发病后4~5天明显升高,6~7天降低。诊室血压升高与诊室血压正常比较,血压形态均以非杓形和反杓形为主,2组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论急性脑卒中诊室血压升高与高血压病史有关,急性脑卒中随发病时间延长,血压呈下降趋势。     

Tele-monitoring of home blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients

AIM: To compare the accuracy of clinic blood pressure (CBP) and telemedical home blood pressure (HBP) measurement in the assessment of antihypertensive effect. METHODS: 362 patients on antihypertensive medication performed HBP measurement (5 days, duplicate measurements, four times daily) and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring in random order. Main outcome measure was the agreement of CBP and HBP with daytime ABP. RESULTS: CBP was much higher than ABP and average HBP (p < 0.001). There was a progressive decline in HBP over the course of the study, achieving the level of daytime ABP on the last 2 monitoring days. The correlation between CBP and ABP was weak (systolic: r = 0.343, diastolic r = 0.430), whereas strong correlations existed between HBP and ABP (systolic r = 0.804, diastolic r = 0.776). A progressive improvement in the strength of the correlation between average HBP of single days and ABP was obtained over the 5 monitoring days. The HBP readings taken in the afternoon showed a stronger correlation with ABP than the values measured in the morning, at noon and in the evening. Averaging more HBP readings taken on succeeding days resulted in a progressive improvement in the agreement with ABP with a further benefit when readings of day 1 were included. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of telemedical HBP measurement is substantially better than that of CBP. The results suggest, that HBP should be measured for 5 days, and afternoon measurements should be preferred in assessing control of hypertension.     

Ambulatory blood pressure during antihypertensive therapy guided by conventional pressure

Subjects with elevated conventional clinic or office blood pressure (CBP) may have normal ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). The purpose of this review is to summarize studies in which ABP was monitored while the initiation or intensification of antihypertensive therapy was guided by CBP. These studies show that ABP does not decrease or decreases only slightly in response to treatment in subjects with elevated CBP and low ABP, whereas the CBP is significantly reduced in such patients.     

The ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: results from an international database

Objective: To delineate more precisely an operational threshold for making clinical decisions based on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) measurement by studying the ABP in subjects who were diagnosed as either normotensive or hypertensive by conventional blood pressure (CBP) measurement.Subjects: Twenty-four research groups recruited 7069 subjects. Of these, 4577 were normotensive (systolic CBP ≤ 140 mmHg and diastolic CBP ≤ 90 mmHg) and 1773 were hypertensive (systolic CBP ≥ 160 mmHg and/or diastolic CBP ≥ 90 mmHg). Of the latter, 1324 had systolic and 1310 had diastolic hypertension.Results: Ninety-five percent of the normotensive subjects had a 24-h ABP below (systolic and diastolic, respectively) 133 and 82 mmHg. Of the patients with systolic hypertension, 24% had a 24-h systolic ABP of < 133 mmHg. Similarly, 30% of those with diastolic hypertension had a 24-h diastolic ABP of < 82 mmHg. The probability that hypertensive patients had a 24-h ABP below these thresholds was higher in women than in men, increased with age and was 2- to 4-fold greater if the CBP of the patient had been measured at only one visit and if fewer than 3 CBP measurements had been averaged to establish the diagnosis of hypertension. By contrast, for each 10-mmHg increment in systolic CBP, this probability decreased by 54% for the 24-h systolic ABP and by 25% for the 24-h diastolic ABP, and for each 5 mmHg increment in diastolic CBP it increased by 6 and 9%, respectively.Conclusion: The ABP distributions of the normotensive subjects included in the present international database were not materially different from those in previous reports in the literature. One-fifth to more than one-third of the hypertensive patients had an ABP which was below the 95th centile of the ABP in normotensive subjects, but this proportion decreased if the hypertensive patients had shown a higher CBP upon repeated measurement. The prognostic implications of elevated CBP in the presence of normal ABP remain to be determined.     

动态血压监测与高血压病预后的关系

目的 :探讨动态血压 (ABP)及偶测血压 (CBP)与高血压预后的关系。方法 :2 2 0例原发性高血压患者入选时分别测量基础状态下ABP及CBP、并根据白昼舒张压水平分为高、中、低 3个亚组 (HL、ML、LL) ,然后长期随访观察与高血压病相关的心脑血管“事件”。结果 :平均随访 38个月 ,发生各类“事件”者 2 6例 ,单因素分析表明 :“事件”组各项ABP参数明显高于“非事件”组 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,而 2组CBP间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。LL、ML、HL 3个亚组中“事件”发生率分别为 2例 10 0人年、3 4例 10 0人年及 6 3例 10 0人年。多因素分析显示 :SBP节律、夜间SBP水平及总胆固醇 (CT)水平为高血压患者“事件”发生的独立危险因素 ,分别为RR =3 0 8、RR =1.2 6、RR =1.4 9(P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。结论 :ABP在判断高血压预后方面较CBP更具有临床意义 ,较高的ABP水平提示不良的预后 ,SBP节律、夜间SBP水平是预测高血压患者心脑血管“事件”及肾脏受损的独立危险因素     

老年高血压病人动态血压波动特征

目的：通过对调查资料的分析，了解和掌握老年高血压患者动态血压（ABP）波动特点。方法：分析707例虱的ABP测量资料，比较高血压病人和血压正常值的ABP以及ABP与诊室血压（CBP）之间的异同。结果：老年高血压患者的ABP主要表现为收缩压（SBP）和脉压（PP）升高，高血压患者和血压正常者的24小时ABP波动曲线类似，均呈双峰双谷状。结论：大动脉顺应性下降是SBP和PP升高的原因，老年人24小时ABP的波动特性可能是其自主神经功能失调的反映。