托拉塞米治疗原发性高血压的临床评价

目的评价托拉塞米(torasemide)治疗轻、中度原发性高血压的疗效和安全性.方法选择门诊轻、中度原发性高血压患者(坐位舒张压(DBP)95 mmHg～115 mmHg),以随机、双盲、平行对照的方法,经1～2周药物洗脱期后,随机分入托拉塞米组或吲哒帕胺缓释片剂(indapamide)组,分别服用托拉塞米5 mg每日一次或吲哒帕胺缓释片剂2.5 mg每日一次.治疗4周末坐位DBP<90 mmHg者结束试验;坐位DBP≥90 mmHg者剂量分别加倍至托拉塞米10 mg每日一次或吲哒帕胺缓释片剂5 mg每日一次,继续服用4周.于洗脱期末及治疗2、4、6、8周测量诊室血压、心率并记录症状、体征;治疗期前、治疗第2周及试验结束时进行实验室检查.结果共130例合格的原发性高血压患者进入随机分组,118例完成试验,其中托拉塞米组56例(4周结束者30例,8周结束者26例),吲哒帕胺缓释片剂组62例(4周结束者41例,8结束者周21例).服药4周后,总有效率托拉塞米组67.86%(38/56例),吲哒帕胺缓释片剂组72.58%(45/62例);治疗8周后,加量者总有效率托拉塞米组34.62%(9/26例),吲哒帕胺缓释片剂组61.90%(13/21例),组间比较均无差异(P=1.00,P=0.67).两组药后2、4、6、8周坐位舒张压的下降幅度和下降率组间比较无统计学差异.治疗2周和试验结束时吲哒帕胺缓释片剂组的血钾、钠、氯均较托拉塞米组低(P<0.01或0.05).结论托拉塞米5～10 mg每日一次治疗轻、中度原发性高血压的疗效与吲哒帕胺缓释片剂2.5～5 mg每日一次相似,但对血钾、钠、氯的影响较吲哒帕胺缓释片剂轻.     

国产苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗轻中度原发性高血压的疗效和安全性

目的评价国产苯磺酸氨氯地平(安内真)治疗轻、中度原发性高血压的疗效和安全性.方法在12个研究中心选择轻、中度原发性高血压患者,采用随机、双盲、平行对照的方法,经2周单盲安慰剂洗脱期后,随机分入安内真组或进口苯磺酸氨氯地平(络活喜)组,分别服用安内真或络活喜5 mg每日一次,治疗4周末坐位DBP<90 mmHg者继续原剂量治疗至8周末;坐位DBP≥90 mmHg者剂量分别加倍至10 mg每日一次治疗至8周末.于安慰剂洗脱期末及治疗2、4、6、8周末测量诊室血压、心率、心律及体征并记录不良反应.试验开始前及结束时进行实验室检查.结果共266 例原发性高血压患者进入随机试验,安内真组134例,络活喜组132例;243 例完成试验,其中安内真组124 例,络活喜组119 例.两组服药后2、4、6、8周坐位收缩压和舒张压与服药前比较均有明显降低,差别有统计学意义(P<0.001);两组服药后2、4、6、8周坐位舒张压下降幅度组间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);服药8周后,安内真组和络活喜组总有效率分别为96.77% 和 94.12%,组间比较无统计学差异.两组不良反应轻而少,组间比较无显著性差别;两组试验结束时主要实验室检查指标与试验前比较无统计学差异.结论安内真5～10 mg每日一次治疗轻、中度原发性高血压安全有效.     

伊贝沙坦和培哚普利治疗老年高血压疗效和安全性

目的　评价伊贝沙坦和培哚普利对老年高血压病人的降压疗效及安全性,尤其是对坐位舒张压的影响。　方法　选用住院的 1~2级高血压病人 212例,服培哚普利为对照组 106例, 4mg/d,服伊贝沙坦为试验组 106例, 150mg/d,服药后第 3天、第 2、4、6周和第 8周,分别观察其血压变化、自觉症状和有关实验室检查,第 4周谷值坐位舒张压高于90mmHg者,加服吲哒帕胺 1. 25mg/d。　结果　除尿酸升高外,治疗前和治疗 8周后在血生化、肝酶和血脂等方面均无统计学差别,收缩压(SBP)在治疗后第 4周,舒张压(DBP)在第 6周降到正常,并一直稳定到第 8周。2组治疗后不同时期与治疗前相比,SBP和DBP均相差显著。加用吲哒帕胺的病例在第 6周平均谷值坐位DBP进一步下降并相差显著。治疗后试验组总有效率 81. 2%,对照组 79. 6%,试验组显效率、有效率均高于对照组,并有统计学意义,P<0 .05。对照组中咳嗽明显高于试验组,相差非常显著。　结论　伊贝沙坦和培哚普利均能有效控制和稳定血压,尤其在加用小剂量吲哚帕胺后,对谷值坐位DBP高者。但伊贝沙坦降低24h后谷值舒张压作用更好一些,不良反应更少。     

复方缬沙坦治疗轻中度原发性高血压患者的疗效观察

目的评价复方缬沙坦（缬沙坦80mg／氢氯噻嗪12．5mg复方制剂）治疗经单用缬沙坦80mg控制不良的轻、中度原发性高血压患者疗效和安全性。方法采用多中心、双盲、双模拟、随机、活性药物对照、平行试验方法。对经2周洗脱期的轻、中度原发性高血压患者[坐位舒张压≥95mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）且〈110mmHg]采用单药缬沙坦80mg／d治疗4周,在单药导入结束后,坐位舒张压仍〉190mmHg的864例患者按1：1随机、双盲分为复方缬沙坦组或缬沙坦80mg／d组,继续治疗8周。在治疗4周和结束时评估药物安全性及有效性。结果在轻、中度原发性高血压患者中复方缬沙坦每日1次比单用缬沙坦80mg／d血压进一步下降、达标率提高。治疗结束时平均坐位收缩压多降低3．5mmHg,平均坐位舒张压多下降2．2mmHg,血压控制〈140／90mmHg的患者在复方缬沙坦组和单用缬沙坦80mg／d组分别为53．9％及40．9％。结论轻、中度原发性高血压患者采用复方缬沙坦治疗组降压有效率及达标率均优于每日1次服用缬沙坦80mg／d组。复方缬沙坦适用于缬沙坦单药控制不良的轻、中度原发性高血压患者。     

缬沙坦/氨氯地平复方片剂对单药控制不良的轻中度高血压患者的疗效观察

目的 评价缬沙坦(80 mg)/氨氯地平(5 mg)复方片剂(复方片剂)治疗经氨氯地平5 mg或缬沙坦80 mg控制不良的轻、中度原发性高血压患者疗效和安全性.方法 采用多中心、双盲、双模拟、随机、活性药物对照、平行试验方法进行两项临床研究.在两项研究中对经1～4周洗脱期的轻、中度原发性高血压患者[坐位舒张压≥95 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)且<110 mm Hg]分别采用单药氨氯地平5 mg或缬沙坦80 mg治疗4周,在单药导入结束后,坐位舒张压仍然≥90mm Hg且<110 mm Hg的患者随机进入复方片剂组或继续原有的单药治疗,共8周.其间,在治疗4周和试验结束时评估药物的安全性及有效性.结果 治疗结束时,复方片剂组平均坐位收缩压/平均坐位舒张压下降幅度较氨氯地平单药治疗组多4.4mm Hg/3 mm Hg(P<0.0001);较缬沙坦80 mg组多6.4 mm Hg/4.2 mm Hg(P<0.0001).两项研究中复方片剂组的血压控制率(血压<140/90 mmHg)分别为71.0%及71.2%,显著优于氨氯地平或缬沙坦单药治疗组,不良事件发生率与单药治疗组相当.结论 复方片剂组的血压控制率显著优于其两种成分(氨氯地平5 mg或缬沙坦80 mg)单药的治疗,且具有良好的安全性和耐受性.     

卡托普利联合尼群地平治疗高血压的临床分析

目的评价卡托普利联合尼群地平治疗高血压的疗效和安全性。方法共入选100例轻、中度高血压患者(90mmHg≤坐位舒张压110mmHg;145mmHg≤坐位收缩压≤170mmHg)。单药卡托普利25mg,2次/d治疗4周,结束后坐位舒张压仍大于90mmHg的72例患者按1∶1随机、双盲分为两组,联合组:卡托普利12.5mg,2次/d,联合尼群地平10mg,2次/d。单药组:卡托普利25mg,2次/d,继续治疗8周。治疗结束时评价药物安全性及有效性。结果联合组比单药组患者血压下降明显,达标率高。结论轻中度原发性高血压患者采用卡托普利联合尼群地平治疗达标率优于单用卡托普利。     

奥美沙坦酯与氯沙坦钾治疗中国轻、中度原发性高血压患者8周的疗效与安全性比较

目的 通过与氯沙坦钾比较评价奥美沙坦酯治疗轻、中度原发性高血压患者的疗效和安全性。方法采用随机、双盲、双模拟、阳性对照、平行分组、多中心临床试验方法。共入选287例轻、中度原发性高血压患者,按照1：1的比例随机分组,分别接受奥美沙坦酯20mg或氯沙坦钾50mg,每天1次口服治疗。在用药4周后对患者进行血压评价,如果患者舒张压（DBP）仍≥90mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,则试验药物剂量加倍,直至8周试验结束;治疗4周后DBP〈90mmHg的患者则维持原剂量继续治疗至第8周。结果（1）治疗4周后,奥美沙坦酯组坐位DBP谷值平均下降11．72mmHg,氯沙坦钾组平均下降9．23mmHg,两组间比较P=0．004。（2）治疗8周后,奥美沙坦酯组坐位DBP谷值平均下降12．94mmHg,氯沙坦钾组平均下降11．01mmHg,两组间比较P=0．035。（3）治疗4周后,奥美沙坦酯组有效数为81例（65．3％）,氯沙坦钾组有效数为68例（52．7％）,两组间比较P=0．028;治疗8周后,两组有效病例数和有效率相当,P〉0．05。（4）治疗8周后,24h动态血压监测显示,奥美沙坦酯组DBP和SBP的个体和总体谷／峰比值均高于氯沙坦钾组,奥美沙坦酯在24h内的作用持续时间比氯沙坦钾组长。（5）奥美沙坦酯组和氯沙坦钾组发生的与试验药物有关的不良事件的发生率分别为10．5％和13．9％,P〉0．05。结论奥美沙坦酯每日口服20～40mg能够有效、安全地治疗高血压。与氯沙坦钾每日口服50-100mg相比,奥美沙坦酯的降压效果优于氯沙坦钾。     

伊贝沙坦治疗原发性高血压的疗效和安全性评价

目的评价伊贝沙坦(irbesartan)治疗轻、中度原发性高血压的疗效和安全性.方法选取137例坐位舒张压(SeDBP)95～115mmHg(1mmHg＝0.133kPa)[根据1993年<新药(西药)临床研究指导原则>治疗前舒张压水平分成轻(95～104mmHg)、中(105～114mmHg)和重(＞115mmHg)三类]的轻、中度原发性高血压患者,随机分为伊贝沙坦组(150mg每日1次)和贝那普利(benazepril)组(10mg每日1次).于4周末SeDBP≥90mmHg者剂量分别加倍,继续服用4周.于安慰剂期末及治疗2、4、6、8周测诊室血压、心率并记录症状、体征;试验前后行实验室检查.结果有效率伊贝沙坦组81.2%,贝那普利组70.5%,两组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).8周伊贝沙坦组及贝那普利组SeSBP/SeDBP均下降,其中2、4、6、8周伊贝沙坦组SeDBP的下降幅度大于贝那普利组,两组有显著性差异(4周P＜0.05,2、6、8周P均＜0.01).贝那普利组咳嗽5例,发生率8%.结论伊贝沙坦150～300mg/d治疗轻、中度原发性高血压的有效率近似于贝那普利10～20mg/d,但耐受性好于贝那普利.     

氯沙坦及氯沙坦与双氢克尿噻合剂对原发性高血压患者肾素活性影响的比较

目的比较血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦及氯沙坦与双氢克尿噻合剂对原发性高血压患者的降压疗效和肾素活性水平的影响。 方法坐位舒张压95～115mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)的76例原发性高血压患者,经1周药物洗脱期,2周安慰剂期后,随机服用氯沙坦50mg(氯沙坦组,n=37),每日1次或氯沙坦50mg与双氢克尿噻12.5mg合剂(氯沙坦+双氢克尿噻合剂组,n=39),每日1次。4周末坐位舒张压≥90mmHg者,剂量分别加倍,继续服用4周。于安慰剂期末及服药8周末测量诊室坐位血压和测定立位血浆肾素活性水平。 结果服药8周末平均坐位舒张压氯沙坦组(n=35)下降10.1±9.1mmHg;氯沙坦+双氢克尿噻合剂组(n=33)下降14.6±7.5mmHg(组间比较P＜0.05);同时服用末次药24小时后氯沙坦组的平均血浆肾素活性从1.6ng/(ml*h)增加至5.4ng/(ml     

吲哒帕胺抗高血压疗效及安全性观察

94例患者经过2周安慰剂洗脱期后,48例服吲哒帕胺缓释片1.5mg,46例服吲哒帕胺普通片2.5mg,每日1次,均服药6周。结果:两组治疗后2、4、6、8周血压较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01),8周末两组降压总有效率分别为70.8％及73.9％(P>0.05)。吲哒帕胺缓释片组不良反应(2％)明显少于普通片组     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.