宫颈上皮内瘤样病变临床诊断方法的分析

目的　探讨宫颈细胞学、阴道镜和宫颈活检联合检测对宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法　对宫颈细胞学异常 ,进行阴道镜检查及镜下多点活组织病理检查 195例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　电脑辅助细胞学检测系统 (CCT)检查共 195例。未明确诊断意义的不典型磷状上皮细胞 (ASCUS) 90例中 ,宫颈活检病理为炎症 2 6例 (30 % ) ;CIN 6 3例 (70 % ) ,其中 ,CINⅠ 5 2例 (5 7 78% ) ,合并人乳头状瘤病毒 (HPV)感染14例 (15 5 6 % ) ;CINⅡ 6例 (6 6 7% ) ;宫颈上皮内瘤样病变 (CIN)Ⅲ 5例 (5 5 6 % )。细胞学诊断低度磷状上皮内瘤变 (LSIL) 71例 ,其中 17例 (2 3 94 % )为炎症 ,符合低度病变为 4 5例 (6 3 38% ) ,高度病变为 9例(12 6 8% ) ,LSIL合并HPV感染 2 4例 (33 8% ) ,病理检查合并HPV感染 2 4例 (33 8% )。细胞学诊断高度磷状上皮内瘤变 (HSIL) 2 8例 ,其中低度病变为 8例 (2 8 5 7% ) ,符合高度病变为 18例 (5 7 14 % )。微小浸润癌 1例(3 5 7% )。结论　细胞学筛查异常者 ,应结合阴道镜下多点活检进一步诊断 ,有利于提高CIN的检出率。有性生活的妇女应定期进行细胞学筛查或阴道镜检查     

宫颈原位腺癌24例病例报道及文献复习

目的初步探讨宫颈原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)的临床诊断路径及处理方式。方法回顾性分析北京大学第一医院2006年1月至2014年12月收治的24例宫颈原位腺癌患者的临床表现、诊断方法、手术方式及病理结果。结果患者平均年龄(44.16±9.33)岁,45.8%表现为阴道不规则出血。细胞学提示腺上皮异常比例为10%,HR-HPV检测84.2%阳性,以HPV16、18、45型为主。22例接受阴道镜检查者镜下多为鳞状上皮异常,阴道镜下多点活检/ECC可发现63.2%的腺细胞异常。19例阴道镜下活检病理诊断CIN/AIS者,14例接受了宫颈锥切术,术后病理均为CIN/AIS。5例直接行宫颈锥切术者,术后病理均为CIN/AIS。治疗:24例患者中15例接受了子宫切除术,10例术前经宫颈锥切术确诊的AIS,术后病理均无升级;5例未经锥切术诊断直接行子宫切除术的患者中1例病理为宫颈浸润腺癌ⅠA1期。9例患者选择保守治疗,随访时间3~60个月,无复发病例。结论对于AIS的诊断应结合病史、筛查结果、阴道镜以及活检病理结果综合评判,对于任何提示腺上皮或鳞状上皮高级别异常者均建议行诊断性锥切术以确诊及制定进一步治疗方案。     

宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变筛查结果分析

目的　评价宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法　 2 0 0 0年 4月至 2 0 0 3年 7月间广东省惠州市中心医院对妇科门诊行宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变进行筛查 ,以组织学诊断为金标准 ,对结果进行分析。结果　宫颈涂片检查 2 0 2 3例 ,异常涂片 2 30例 (11 37% ) ,行阴道镜检查 2 39例 ,2 0 6例行阴道镜下活检。病理结果显示 :子宫颈鳞癌 8例 (0 39% ) ;宫颈上皮内瘤样病变 (CIN) 73例 ,其中CINⅠ 33例 (1 6 3% ) ,CINⅡ 2 1例 (1 0 3% ) ,CINⅢ 19例 (0 93% ) ;HPV感染 13例 (0 6 4 % ) ;急慢性宫颈炎 112例 (5 5 3% )。宫颈涂片细胞学检查诊断CIN符合率为 75 5 5 % ,阴道镜检查对CIN的诊断符合率为 90 4 1% ,两者比较差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。阴道镜诊断CIN的敏感性为 90 4 1% ,特异性为 84 0 0 %。结论　采用宫颈细胞学检查配合阴道镜下病理检查能及早发现癌前病变     

高度子宫颈上皮内瘤变患者宫颈锥切前后病理结果分析

目的探讨阴道镜下宫颈活检诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）2/3与锥切标本的病理学结果的一致性。方法回顾性分析182例阴道镜下多点活检结果为CIN2/3行宫颈环形电切术（LEEP）或冷刀锥切术患者的临床病理资料。结果在87例CIN2患者中,LEEP锥切术后病理结果：炎症12例,CIN1 19例,CIN2 48例,CIN3 8例,符合率为55.17%（48/87）;在95例CIN3患者中,冷刀锥切术后病理结果：炎症10例,CIN211例,CIN3 68例,宫颈浸润癌6例,符合率为71.58%（68/95）。结论重度宫颈上皮内瘤变患者的宫颈活检诊断与宫颈锥切术后病理结果存在一定的差异,必要时术前应进行诊断性锥切。     

宫颈电圈环切术诊治宫颈上皮内瘤变的临床观察

目的探讨宫颈电圈环切术(LEEP)在诊治宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)中的作用。方法选择304例CIN患者作为研究对象,采用LEEP行宫颈锥切术,比较术前宫颈活检与术后病理结果,术后3个月和6个月复查宫颈薄层液基细胞学检测(LCT)、HPV结果。结果与术前活检结果相比术后病理结果降级占3.6%(11/304),相同占91.1%(277/304),升级占5.3%(16/304),浸润癌1例;切缘阳性率为3.9%(12/304)。LCT随访结果,术后3个月正常者99.3%;术后6个月正常者93.8%。HPV随访结果,术后3个月HPV阴性者占91.7%,术后6个月HPV阴性者占92.7%。结论LEEP是诊断及治疗CIN安全且有效的方法。     

子宫颈上皮内瘤变筛查方法的综合评价

目的　对宫颈上皮内瘤变 (CIN)筛查方法即宫颈涂片自动检测系统 (papnetcytologycomputertechnology ,CCT)和新柏氏程控超薄细胞检测系统 (thinpreppaptest,TPT)两种细胞学检查方法进行综合评价。方法　对因细胞学检查异常而行阴道镜下多点活组织检查 (活检 )及病理检查的 374例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　细胞学检查诊断为炎症者 9 1% ,低度鳞状上皮内瘤变(LSIL) 4 3 3% ,高度鳞状上皮内瘤变 (HSIL) 2 0 3% ,可疑癌 1 9% ;经阴道镜下多点活检及病理检查 ,诊断为炎症者增加到 5 3 5 % ,CINⅠ减少到 17 9% ,CINⅡ、CINⅢ、原位癌占 2 5 4 % ,可疑早期浸润癌和浸润癌增加到 3 2 %。 2 5 4 %的细胞学不能明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮病变中 ,5 2 6 % (5 0 /95 )为炎症或未见异常 ,4 7 4 % (45 /95 )为CINⅠ以上的病变。 374例患者中 ,行CCT检查者 188例 ,TPT检查者 186例 ,两种细胞学检查结果分别与阴道镜检查结果相比 ,TPT的符合率显著高于CCT(P<0 0 1)。细胞学检查诊断为LSIL及以下病变的符合率 (79 7% )显著高于诊断为HSIL以及癌变者的符合率 (2 0 3% ) ,两者比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,而两种细胞学检查方法间无差别。人乳头状瘤病毒 (HPV)感染的发生率为 34 0 % ,阴道镜检查的     

宫颈上皮内瘤变宫颈锥切术后二次手术术式探讨及临床疗效分析

目的探讨宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)宫颈锥切术后需二次手术且要求保留子宫及生育功能患者的术式选择及临床疗效。方法选取2012年1月至2017年5月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的既往因CIN行宫颈锥切术[环形电切术(LEEP)或冷刀锥切],术后由于切缘阳性、术后病理升级、随访中发现病变残留或复发以及持续细胞学异常需再次手术治疗,且要求行保留子宫及生育功能手术的患者35例。二次手术指征包括:锥切术后病理提示切缘阳性(7例),病理较活检升级或可疑早期浸润(8例),术后病理为高度鳞状上皮内病变(CINⅢ)且患者自身对癌症过分恐惧要求手术(1例),随访中发现病灶残留或复发(17例,其中病灶残留5例,复发12例),持续细胞学异常(2例)。术式采用宫颈锥切术23例,宫颈切除术+改良缝合术12例。回顾性分析上述患者的临床治疗过程、疗效及预后。结果 35例患者平均年龄40.85岁(27~56岁),手术时间平均23.62min(10~37 min),术中出血量平均12m L(5~30m L)。手术均顺利,均无副损伤及大出血等术中、术后并发症发生,术后宫颈创面均愈合良好。术后病理较术前病理降级17例,升级6例,与术前病理相符12例。全部患者术后每3~6个月随访1次,中位随访时间23个月(3~63个月),均恢复良好,无一例复发。二次手术术前未绝经患者32例,术后均无月经改变,且2例患者术后成功妊娠,均顺利妊娠至足月剖宫产分娩。结论对于宫颈锥切术后需再次手术的CIN患者,二次宫颈锥切术、宫颈切除术是安全有效的诊治方法,手术创伤小,术中出血少,术后恢复快,同时能够保留子宫及生育功能。     

妊娠合并宫颈上皮内瘤变18例分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)的诊断方法、处理原则、追踪方法和病情变化,初步了解此类患者人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的感染情况.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年3月在北京大学第一医院妇产科分娩的妊娠合并CIN的18例患者的临床资料.结果 18例患者均完整进行"三阶梯"诊断.妊娠合并CIN检出率为0.16%.18例均行保守观察处理,孕期每3个月复查1次官颈细胞学及阴道镜检查,孕期无疾病进展.妊娠期病理诊断CIN14例、CIN24例、CIN310例.10例CIN3患者中4例产后复查仍示CIN3,1例产后复查为CIN2,此5例患者均于产后6～8周确诊后行宫颈电刀切除手术,且术后6～11个月细胞学检查恢复正常,另1例产后细胞学为高度鳞状上皮病变(HSIL),后失访,其余患者病理活检降级或细胞学正常;8例CIN1及CIN2产后病理活检诊断均降级或细胞学正常.18例患者中14例于孕期检测HPV,其中12例(85.7%)阳性,此12例中7例产后复查HPV,6例仍阳性.18例中剖宫产14例(77.8%),胎膜早破4例(22.2%),新生儿低出生体重1例,无新生儿窒息或新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生.结论 宫颈"三阶梯"诊断方式对于诊断妊娠合并CIN是安全的.妊娠期未见CIN病情进展.妊娠期CIN保守观察处理未见妊娠不良结局.     

子宫颈锥切术在子宫颈上皮内瘤变诊断和治疗中的价值

目的 明确宫颈锥切术能否被阴道镜下多点活组织检查（活检）代替以及探讨宫颈锥切术在宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）诊断与治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析近5年来,因宫颈病变同时行宫颈细胞学检查、阴道镜下多点活检和宫颈锥切术的患者54例,采用自身对照法,对比研究宫颈锥切术和阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果。结果 宫颈锥切术与阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果完全符合者22例（40.7%),不符合者32例（59.3%)。在因除外浸润癌而行宫颈锥切术的31例中,与阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果一致者仅13例（41.9%)。宫颈锥切术后,因发现早期浸润部,行广泛子宫切除术者2例（3.7%);因CINⅢ级（CINⅢ）或微小逮润癌行全子宫切除术者13例（24.1%)。39例（73.2%)患者宫颈锥切术后密切随诊,保留了生育功能,在平均为18.3个月的随诊期内,无一例出现宫颈细胞学检查异常,其中3例妊娠并已分娩,宫颈锥切术主要的并发症是术后出血。结论 宫颈锥切术在CIN治疗中具有举足轻重的重要价值。它不能被阴道镜下多点活检所取代,对于患者CINⅢ又要保留生育功能的年轻患者,宫颈锥切术是较为适当的治疗方法。     

异常子宫颈细胞学患者中检测人乳头瘤病毒E6/E7 mRNA的意义

目的探讨异常宫颈细胞学患者中检测人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)E6/E7mRNA的临床意义。方法对4 681例妇女行宫颈细胞学检查,≥ASC-US行阴道镜活检及病理学诊断;对78例活检患者采用分支链DNA信号放大技术检测HPVE6/E7 mRNA。结果4 681例妇女中,宫颈细胞学阳性78例(1.67%,78/4 681)。78例患者活检病理诊断:慢性宫颈炎14例,CIN1级36例,CIN2/3级23例,鳞癌5例;HPV E6/E7mRNA的总阳性率为80.77%(63/78),其中慢性宫颈炎组、CIN1组、CIN2/3组和鳞癌组阳性率分别为42.86%(6/14)、86.11%(31/36)、91.30%(21/23)和5/5,HPV E6/E7 mRNA中位拷贝数分别为1134.81、3788.32、8 943.71和262 662.19。结论 HPV E6/E7mRNA阳性率及拷贝值随宫颈病变级别升高逐渐增高,可作为评估宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌的指标。     

Cytologic and biopsy findings leading to conization in adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utility of currently available screening tests in preoperatively detecting adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. METHODS: Patients with a cone biopsy diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ from 1987 to 2000 at our institution were identified. Results from Papanicolaou smears, cervical biopsies, and endocervical curettages preceding the diagnostic cone biopsy were collected from medical records and referring providers. Fisher exact test (two-tail) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The preoperative screening results preceding a cone biopsy containing adenocarcinoma in situ were available in 118 patients. Among 94 Papanicolaou smears, 65 (69%) glandular lesions and 29 (31%) squamous or unspecified lesions were reported. Biopsy and/or endocervical curettage after the 29 squamous or unspecified lesions on Papanicolaou smear detected 15 additional glandular lesions, totaling 80 (85%) of 94 cases of glandular disease detected before conization. Among all 118 cases with some form of preoperative data available, glandular disease was predicted in 100 cases (85%). In cases of suspected glandular disease, 86% were treated with cold knife cone compared with 22% in cases of suspected squamous abnormalities (P <.001). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of detecting a glandular abnormality before a cone biopsy containing adenocarcinoma in situ is 69% with the Papanicolaou smear and 85% with the addition of biopsy and endocervical curettage. This underscores the importance of using preoperative assessment to appropriately plan treatment for a suspected glandular lesion.     

Loss to follow-up of cervical smears without endocervical columnar cells is not disturbing

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the six-month recommended follow-up after mass screening of Pap smears because of the absence of endocervical columnar cells (ECC-) or ECC+ smears with atypical squamous or glandular cells of undetermined origin (ASCUS/AGUS) or low-grade squamous or glandular intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/LGIL) in a Dutch mass screening cervical cancer programme. METHODS: Data were extracted from computerised medical records of national representative Dutch general practices. We have studied the attendance at and the outcome of the subsequent Pap smears after a 6-month recommendation. RESULTS: The six-month follow-up was linked to 8.7% of the Pap smears (n = 1,002); 77.6% were without endocervical columnar cells (ECC-). Clear differences were found between the follow-up of ECC+ and ECC- smears; after 36 weeks of follow-up of 43.5% the women had an ECC- smear and 66.9% had other conditions. For initial ECC- Pap smears, 84.1% had no abnormalities in the subsequent Pap smear; for initial ECC+ Pap smears, in about 64% of the cases no abnormalities were found (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Repeating ECC- smears has a low follow-up rate but also lacks evidence-based necessity. However, for the other 6-month recommended Pap smears, one in five women had still not responded within one year, so improvement is necessary.     

Human papillomavirus testing improves the accuracy of colposcopy in detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

To assess the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and colposcopy in detection of cervical pathology. A series of 389 women referred for colposcopy due to an abnormal Pap smear had cervical swabs analyzed for oncogenic (high-risk [HR]) HPV types using Hybrid Capture II (HC2) assay. Loop electrical excision procedure cone biopsy (88%) or colposcopic biopsy (11%) was used as the gold standard. Of the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) smears, 48% were positive for HR HPV, as compared to 76.3% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) smears. HR HPV was detected in 66.7% and 90% of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and CIN2 (or higher), respectively. The sensitivity of the Pap smear using an ASCUS threshold in detecting high-grade CIN was 94.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 91-97%) and that of colposcopy 98.5% (95% CI: 95-99%). The respective specificities were 30% (95% CI: 17-28%) and 35.6% (CI: 29-42%). HC2 test had comparable sensitivity, 90% (95% CI: 85-93%), but higher specificity, 54.3% (95% CI: 47-61%). Combining HC2 test with Pap increased specificity, 66.7% and 41.3% for ASCUS and LSIL cutoff, respectively. The minor-abnormality threshold together with HC2 increased specificity of colposcopy with no changes in sensitivity. High viral load (>100 relative light unit/positive control) was associated with significant disease. HPV DNA testing improves the accuracy of colposcopy in the detection of high-grade CIN in women with ASCUS or LSIL smears.     

Clinical evaluation of follow-up methods and results of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) detected on cervicovaginal Pap smears.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the follow-up methods and results of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) detected on cervicovaginal Pap smears. METHODS: From May 1991 to December 1996, we have performed 407, 451 cervicovaginal Pap smears, of which 326 patients were identified as AGUS. Of the 326 patients, 268 patients were followed by repeat Pap smears, colposcopy, cone biopsy, or endometrial curettage. RESULTS: The incidence of AGUS on Pap smears is approximately 0.08%. The mean age of the patients was 43 years (range 22-79 years). The most common complaint was abnormal vaginal bleeding. The gross findings of the cervix were normal to mild erosion. The following past histories of patients could affect the AGUS results on Pap smear: 30 had cone biopsy, 21 had Pap smears on pregnancy and within 8 weeks after delivery or evacuation, 3 were on hormonal replacement therapy, 2 had intrauterine devices for contraception, and 5 were undergoing follow-up after treatment of cervical cancer. The benign lesions detected during follow-up periods were 6 microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix, 5 atypical squamous metaplasia of the cervix, 2 cervical endometriosis, 2 tubal metaplasia, 10 cervical myoma, 11 cervical polyps, 9 endometrial polyps, 3 uterine myoma, 1 pelvic endometriosis, 1 ovarian endometriosis, and 4 uterine adenomyosis. The premalignant or malignant lesions of the cervix were 4 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 24 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 8 glandular atypia/dysplasia, 5 adenocarcinoma in situ, 3 microinvasive adenocarcinoma, and 4 invasive adenocarcinoma. The neoplastic lesions of the uterus were 6 endometrial hyperplasia, 11 endometrial adenocarcinoma, 1 malignant mixed Müllerian tumor, and 1 metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma. Sixty-seven (25%) of 268 patients followed up were identified as having clinically significant lesions of the cervix or uterus. The detection rates of abnormal lesions were 3.1% with repeated Pap smears (3/98), 28.4% with colposcopic-directed biopsy (31/109), 63.6% with cone biopsy (35/55), and 29.7% with endometrial curettage (19/64). CONCLUSION: AGUS on Pap smears showed various benign and malignant lesions of the cervix or uterus. The clinicians must communicate with the pathologists regarding the patient's clinical information as well as the origin of the atypical glandular cells in Pap smears. We recommend that patients with AGUS on Pap smear should undergo immediate intensive diagnostic studies, including colposcopic-directed biopsy with endocervical curettage or cone biopsy, to detect cervical lesions and endometrial curettage to detect endometrial lesions.     

How significant is a cervical smear showing glandular dyskaryosis?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, outcome and predictive value of cytology showing glandular dyskaryosis. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-seven women with a smear diagnosis of glandular dyskaryosis registered between January 1997 and December 2001. SETTING: Colposcopy and cytopathology units in a large district general hospital. RESULTS: Sixty smears in 57 women showing glandular dyskaryosis were identified from a cohort of 135,120 smears, giving an incidence of 0.05%. Hospital records were available for 50 women. Final diagnosis included 13 cases of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN), 4 microinvasive cervical adenocarcinomas, 2 undifferentiated tumours, 1 microinvasive squamous carcinoma, 21 cases of CIN and 13 cases of endometrial pathology (8 endometrial cancers). Twelve women had coexistent squamous and glandular disease. Forty-five out of 50 women had significant pathology (positive predictive value 90%). Colposcopy was seen to be of limited value in assessment of smears showing glandular dyskaryosis. Only 1 out of 13 glandular lesions was diagnosed by colposcopy. CONCLUSION: Smears showing glandular dyskaryosis are associated with significant pathology in 90% of cases and malignancy in 32% of cases. Hence, women with a smear showing glandular dyskaryosis should be referred urgently to a colposcopy clinic and flagged up as suspected cancer. Glandular dyskaryosis should be included in the national referral criteria for suspected gynaecological cancer.     

Decision-making in the colposcopy clinic--a critical analysis

OBJECTIVE: To consider the omission of several diagnostic steps from the management of patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) by analyzing the role of each step on the choice of treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Each diagnostic procedure was correlated to the treatment and outcome in 87 women with high-grade SIL. Treatments considered were large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) cold knife conization, and CO2 laser vaporization. RESULTS: Unsatisfactory colposcopy (P< or =0.01) and positive endocervical curettage (ECC) specimen (P< or =0.01) were essential for choice of treatment. CIN2 diagnoses of the preoperative cervical biopsy were rediagnosed as CIN3 based on the surgical specimen in 57% of the cases. The margins of 33 and 23% of surgical specimens removed by LLETZ or knife conization, respectively, displayed CIN involvement. Forty and 47% of these patients, respectively, later developed recurrent CIN. CONCLUSIONS: Omission of colposcopy and ECC could have resulted in sub-optimal treatment in many cases. Excision by LLETZ or knife conization is recommended for cases of CIN2 and CIN3. Follow up is imperative for patients with involvement of the margins.     

Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance. Histologic findings and proposed management

OBJECTIVE: To increase understanding of the clinical significance of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) on cervical cytology and to suggest a management plan. STUDY DESIGN: All Pap smears classified as AGUS over a period of five years at the University of Michigan Medical Center were reviewed and the diagnosis confirmed. The charts of these patients were reviewed for demographics, significant previous medical history, symptoms, diagnostic studies performed and final histologic diagnoses. RESULTS: In 1993-1998, a total of 208,041 Pap smears were read. Two hundred seven smears from 189 patients were classified as AGUS, for an incidence of 0.1%. There were 136 patients with follow-up information and 114 patients with histologic diagnoses. In 55 of the 114 patients (48%), significant histologic abnormalities were observed, including 11 endometrial cancers, 1 invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix, 3 adenocarcinomas in situ of the cervix, 18 CIN 3 lesions and 5 CIN 2 lesions. Among 20 patients with Pap smears subclassified as "atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, favor benign process," there were two CIN 2, five CIN 3 and one adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of AGUS requires an aggressive workup because of the high rate of cancer and precancerous lesions. The evaluation, at the very least, should include colposcopy with directed biopsies and endocervical curettage. Postmenopausal patients, those with irregular bleeding and those with high risk characteristics should also undergo endometrial biopsy.     

Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: an experience with 100 cases

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to ascertain whether cold knife conization alone for cervical adenocarcinoma in situ is safe. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with a histologically proven adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cervix were studied from 1970 to 1992. RESULTS: Ninety-two women presented with abnormal smears, and of these 56% contained abnormal glandular cells. Sixty-seven (74%) of 90 women who underwent colposcopy had an abnormal examination, but a glandular abnormality was suspected in only 19 (28%). In all, 80 cold knife conizations were performed. In 7, no abnormality was found following punch biopsy. The margins were free of disease in 55 (75%). The most commonly involved margin in the remainder was the apical. Conization was followed by hysterectomy in 20 women: in 8 of these the cone margins were free and residual disease was found in 2 of the extirpated uteri: as these were extramural cases, inadequate sampling could not be excluded. Of the 12 women where hysterectomy followed conization with diseased margins, 9 had residual disease in the hysterectomy specimen. The definitive therapy was cold knife conization in 56 patients, hysterectomy in 38, and electrocoagulation diathermy in 6. Follow-up of the 53 patients treated by conization alone ranging from 1 to 16 years, with a mean of 8 years (3 have been lost to follow-up) revealed no recurrence of AIS or adenocarcinoma to date. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that cold knife conization is a safe therapeutic modality, provided that the cone biopsy has been adequately sampled and the margins are free.     

Cervical cancer screening and associated treatment costs in France

OBJECTIVE: Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cervical cancer (CC). Screening prevents CC by detecting and removing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions that are detected through abnormal Pap smears. This study assessed the costs of CC screening, management of abnormal Pap smears, and treatment of CIN in France. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pap smears received by laboratory Pasteur-Cerba during a 7-month period were examined. Patients with abnormal Pap smears were identified and followed for 6 months after diagnosis. The management of abnormal Pap smears was documented. These data and other published studies were used to estimate the total number of pap smears, distribution of abnormal smears requiring further examinations, and number of CIN diagnosed. Economic analyses were performed to estimate total CC screening costs from the health care payer (HCP) and societal perspective. RESULTS: An estimated 6,111,787 Pap smears were performed in 2004, including 222,350 abnormal (3.9%) and 63,616 follow-up smears. In total, 58,920 cervical biopsies and 52,525 HPV tests were performed after an abnormal Pap smear. The cost associated with CC screening, including management of abnormal findings, was estimated at 174.2 million euro from the HCP perspective. Total treatment cost for all CIN was estimated at 22.3 million euro (HCP perspective). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Overall cost for screening, diagnosis and management of Pap smears was estimated at 335.7 million euro of which 196.5 million euro where funded by the HCP. An HPV vaccine that prevents pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions of the cervix will decrease the socio-economic burden associated with the screening of these lesions.     

Interpreting epithelial cell abnormalities detected during cervical smear screening--a cytohistologic approach

PURPOSE: To determine the underlying pathology and clinical significance of epithelial cell abnormalities (ECA) identified during cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 19,215 Pap smears stained by Papanicolaou stain were screened during a 36-month period. They were classified according to The Bethesda System (TBS) for cervical cytology screening and the results of ECA were compared with histology. The chi square test was applied to determine the significance and validity of high-grade lesions on cytology diagnosis. RESULT: 360 cases of ECA were identified. Mean age at presentation was 50.58 years. Cytohistologic correlation of ECA was possible in n = 249 (69.17%) of cases. Out of these, 18 cases were negative, six were inflammatory, three were benign, and 222 cases showed pathology ranging from mild dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. The chi square test showed a highly significant predictive value (p < 0.001) for high-grade lesions detected on Pap smears. CONCLUSION: Pap smear results of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) or invasive malignancy are highly reliable and the patient may be considered directly for therapeutic intervention. Of cytologically detected ASCUS cases 38.89% were diagnosed as CIN (1-3) on histology. Thus the management of these patients needs to be re-evaluated. Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) detected in postmenopausal women signify an underlying pathology. These patients should be further investigated and followed to biopsy if necessary.