全身炎症反应综合症（SIRS）对失代偿期肝硬化病人病情的影响

目的：了解SIRS对失代偿期肝硬化病人病情的影响。方法：通过回顾性分析，观察失代偿期肝硬化病人并发SIRS后，肝、肾功能、并发症以及病情转归的变化。结果：161例失代偿期肝硬化病人中SIRS发生率为39．1％；引起SIRS的最常见的原因是自发性腹膜炎，占81％，发生SIRS的病人组和未发生SIRS组之间比较，肝性脑病等并发症的发生率，以及死亡率有显著性差异，P〈0.05。SIRS发生时与SIRS发生前后的不同状态下比较．肌酐的变化有显著性差异，ALT、AST、TBIL的变化无显著性差异。结论：失代偿期肝硬化发生SIRS可能对肝功能影响不明显．但可使肾功能损害加重．肝性脑病等并发症的发生率增高，死亡率增加。     

肝炎后肝硬化肝性脑病失代偿期32例预防性护理干预

目的:探讨肝炎后肝硬化肝性脑病失代偿期患者的预防性护理干预方法.方法:选择2009年5月~2010年4月收治的肝炎后肝硬化肝性脑病失代偿期患者28例作为对照组,采取常规基础护理;选择2010年5月~2011年4月收治的32例作为观察组,在此基础上采取预防性护理干预措施.观察比较两组患者住院期间肝性脑病发生率.结果:观察组肝性脑病发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:对肝炎后肝硬化患者应及时采取预防性护理干预,去除肝性脑病诱因,可有效避免或降低肝性脑病发病率.     

早期护理干预在失代偿期肝硬化患者发生肝性脑病中的应用

目的探讨早期护理干预对失代偿期肝硬化发生肝性脑病的影响。方法将60例失代偿期肝硬化患者随机分为2组,对照组进行常规综合治疗及护理,观察组在此基础上采取护理干预,观察2组患者平均住院时间、肝性脑病的发生率即出现肝性脑病的病例数占本组总病例数的比率。结果干预组肝性脑病发生率明显低于对照组,且住院时间明显少于对照组。结论肝性脑病有多种诱发因素,通过早期护理干预可以减少或避免肝性脑病发生。     

亮氨酸氨基肽酶在HBV慢性肝病鉴别诊断中的意义

目的检测HBV慢性肝病患者血清中的亮氨酸氨基肽酶（leucine aminopeptidase，LAP）活性变化，探讨其临床意义。方法采用速率法检测HBV慢性肝病患者血清LAP的活性,选择110例健康献血员做对照，对118例HBV慢性肝病患者（慢性肝炎组、代偿期肝炎肝硬化组、失代偿期肝炎肝硬化组）血清中LAP活性进行了测定。结果在HBV慢性肝病组中失代偿期肝炎肝硬化组患者血清中LAP活性升高最明显，与对照组和其他肝病组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）：代偿期肝炎肝硬化组LAP活性与慢性肝炎组比较有差异（P〈0．05），与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；慢性肝炎组与对照组比较有差异（P〈0．0S）。结论LAP活性在HBV慢性肝病中普遍升高，但失代偿期肝炎肝硬化患者最高，此可作为HBV慢性肝病鉴别诊断的一项初步指标。     

亮氨酸氨基肽酶在HBV慢性肝病鉴别诊断中的意义

目的检测HBV慢性肝病患者血清中的亮氨酸氨基肽酶（leucine aminopeptidase，LAP）活性变化，探讨其临床意义。方法采用速率法检测HBV慢性肝病患者血清LAP的活性,选择110例健康献血员做对照，对118例HBV慢性肝病患者（慢性肝炎组、代偿期肝炎肝硬化组、失代偿期肝炎肝硬化组）血清中LAP活性进行了测定。结果在HBV慢性肝病组中失代偿期肝炎肝硬化组患者血清中LAP活性升高最明显，与对照组和其他肝病组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）：代偿期肝炎肝硬化组LAP活性与慢性肝炎组比较有差异（P〈0．05），与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；慢性肝炎组与对照组比较有差异（P〈0．0S）。结论LAP活性在HBV慢性肝病中普遍升高，但失代偿期肝炎肝硬化患者最高，此可作为HBV慢性肝病鉴别诊断的一项初步指标。     

自我管理指导对肝硬化患者预后的作用

目的探讨实施自我管理对肝硬化失代偿期患者预后的影响。方法将2006年5月～2008年5月在本科住院的肝硬化失代偿期患者80例,随机分为对照组与干预组各40例,对照组进行常规护理指导,干预组在此基础上给予针对肝硬化失代偿期综合防治的自我管理指导,比较干预后2组患者出院1年内并发症发生率和住院时间。结果对照组与干预组相比,患者出院1年内并发症发生率较高（P〈0．01）,住院时间较长（P〈0．01）,差别有统计学意义。结论细致、有计划、系统的自我管理指导有助于提高肝硬化失代偿期患者的自我管理能力,从而改善其疾病控制能力。     

86例肝硬化患者低钠血症发生与肝功能Child分级的关系

目的探讨肝硬化失代偿期患者血清钠代谢变化与肝功能Child分级的相关性。方法对86例肝硬化失代偿期患者行血钠检查及肝功能Child分级。结果患者发生低钠血症的程度随肝功能分级的不同而有明显差异，低钠血症的发生率可随Child-Pugh A、B、C分级呈现上升，依次为42．86％、80．00％、91．89％，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论肝硬化失代偿期患者钠代谢紊乱变化与肝功能Child分级呈正相关。     

肝硬化失代偿期并发低钠血症的治疗

目的探讨肝硬化失代偿期患者合并低钠血症的治疗。方法对我院128例肝硬化失代偿期患者监测血钠,110例血钠下降,随机分为补钠组(57例)与限钠组(53例),进行肝功能、血钠、尿量、腹水消退的监测,同时观察肝肾综合征、肝性脑病等并发症及死亡率的发生情况。结果肝硬化失代偿期发生低钠血症的发生率为85.94%(110/128),补钠组尿量增加、腹水消退时间缩短、肝肾综合征发生率、肝性脑病发生率、死亡率等均好于限钠组(P<0.05)。结论对于肝硬化腹水并发低钠血症患者补充氯化钠有利于肝功能的改善。     

失代偿期肝硬化肝性脑病120例预见性护理

目的:探讨失代偿期肝硬化肝性脑病的预见性护理方法。方法:将患者随机分为干预组和对照组各120例,对照组进行常规对症治疗和保肝护理,干预组患者在此基础上给予预见性护理,同时按护理过程中出现的问题改善治疗方案。结果:干预组患者数字连接试验的复常率为51.67%,两组病死率与肝性脑病发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:失代偿期肝硬化肝性脑病患者接受预见性护理,可降低肝性脑病的发生率和病死率,促进数字连接测试异常者恢复正常,值得临床推广应用。     

失代偿期肝硬化合并腹腔感染患者的临床特征及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨失代偿期肝硬化合并腹腔感染患者的临床特征及预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年6月—2020年12月于常州市第三人民医院收治的失代偿期肝硬化合并腹腔感染患者的临床资料，根据随访记录按照患者预后好转程度分为预后良好组和预后不良组，比较两组患者的基线资料和临床指标的差异，并利用多因素logistic回归分析影响失代偿期肝硬化合并腹腔感染患者预后的危险因素。结果 139例失代偿期肝硬化合并腹腔感染患者的典型临床表现为发热(79.9%)、腹痛(76.3%)和腹胀(70.5%)。75例感染患者的腹水培养阳性病原菌86株，依次分别为大肠埃希菌、溶血链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和屎肠球菌。预后不良组患者的年龄、白蛋白(ALB)、血Na⁺、总胆红素(TBIL)水平、ChildPugh分级、合并高血压、合并肝性脑病、并发上消化道出血和肝肾综合征相比预后良好组显著更高。多因素分析结果显示，年龄、ALB、血Na⁺、Child-Pugh分级、合并高血压、合并肝性脑病、并发上消化道出血和肝肾综合征是影响失代偿期肝硬化合并腹腔感染患者预后的独立危险因...     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.