冷热气试验错向和错性眼震分析

目的分析冷热气试验错（反）向或错性眼震产生、特征及意义。方法回顾分析本院眩晕门诊近2年全部前庭功能检测资料中的冷热气试验、自发性眼震（SN）结果。病例入选标准：冷热气试验诱发眼震具有错向或错性者。结果入选病例55例/60耳。53例/58耳前庭周围性眩晕者的冷热气试验存在水平错向眼震,其中38例/41耳为鼓膜穿孔者（活动期慢性中耳炎或外伤性穿孔）,另15例/17耳无鼓膜穿孔;前庭中枢性眩晕者中2例/耳存在垂直性错性眼震,均为脑干梗塞患者。与鼓膜穿孔相关者,36例/39耳在热气试验出现且17耳的错向眼震具有双相特征,2例/耳出现在冷气试验,慢性中耳炎静止期耳冷热气试验无错向或错性眼震;水平错向眼震无鼓膜穿孔者均伴有3.5°/s～7.3°/s的SN,固视时SN减弱或消失,消除固视后出现或加强,强度均大于冷热气试验眼震。结论与前庭中枢性病变比较,活动期慢性中耳炎热气试验容易出现错向眼震;其他前庭周围性病变伴有较强SN时,冷热气试验也可呈现为错向眼震,这些错向眼震不是中枢性错向眼震。     

冷热气灌注顺序对冷热试验结果影响的研究

目的:研究冷热试验冷热气灌注顺序对试验结果是否存在影响,为冷热试验的规范和质控提供依据.方法:应用视频眼震图和冷热气刺激仪进行冷热试验.将健康志愿者30例(60耳)分为两组,每组15例(30耳).第1组先进行冷气刺激再行热气刺激(先冷后热组),第2组先行热气刺激再行冷气刺激(先热后冷组).观察比较两组受试者在冷热气试验...     

单温筛查试验适用标准的研究

经典的双侧冷热双温试验是评估平衡障碍或头晕患者前庭功能的重要方法之一，要求对患者每侧耳分别给予温热刺激和冷刺激各一次，共四次温度刺激，同时记录刺激后诱发的眼震，以慢相角速度（slow—phase velocity，SPV）衡量该耳对刺激的敏感度。     

冷热试验和正弦谐波加速度试验与正常人年龄的相关性研究

选择５０名２０～７６岁健康人行冷热试验和正弦谐波加速度试验（ＳＨＡＴ）检查，从冷热试验中选择最大慢相角速度、最大振幅、最大频率，从ＳＨＡＴ中选择相位和增益等五项参数来观察各年龄组正常人前庭器官对不同刺激的眼震反应，显示：（１）在冷热试验和ＳＨＡＴ中，眼震反应在４０岁以后随年龄的增加而减弱。（２）５０℃热气刺激时最大慢相角速度、最大频率及ＳＨＡＴ中相位和增益几项参数在３０岁一组眼震反应最强。（３）由冷热试验和ＳＨＡＴ所诱发的眼震反应年龄有明显的相关性。     

头晕眩晕与眼震强度的关系研究

目的 通过冷热试验诱发头晕和/或眩晕时的眼震强度,探讨头晕眩晕与眼震强度的关系。 方法 对399例前庭周围性疾病患者进行常规冷热试验检查,以双耳冷热气刺激诱发出头晕和/或眩晕感时的眼震强度为指标,比较分析头晕及眩晕感与眼震强度的关系。 结果 冷热刺激诱发头晕眩晕及关联眼震总体分析,出现眩晕时的眼震强度总是大于头晕。左右耳冷热气刺激诱发头晕、眩晕的眼震阈值分别为:左耳冷4.2°/s、5.9°/s,左耳热4.2°/s、8°/s,右耳冷4.6°/s、6.2°/s,右耳热5.3°/s、 6.5°/s。399例患者进行双耳冷热交替刺激,共计1 596次试验,诱发出头晕513次(32.14%),其中312次仅有头晕、201次在头晕后10 s左右还出现眩晕;诱发出眩晕906次(56.77%),其中705次直接出现眩晕,无从头晕向眩晕进行过渡,另201次眩晕出现在头晕10 s左右之后;未引出头晕眩晕378次(23.68%)。 结论 眩晕对应的眼震强度阈高于头晕,眼震较弱时患者表现为头晕,较强时则呈现眩晕。冷热气刺激诱发眼震强度由弱到强及同时存在的由头晕到眩晕现象,提示头晕眩晕症状与两侧前庭张力差的大小相关。     

双温试验中不同刺激顺序下眼震强度比较

目的比较双温试验中不同的冷、热刺激顺序下冷、热气刺激引起的眼震强度的不同。方法对40例正常对照者和自2004～2006年来我院就诊的229例有眩晕主诉的患者,随机分为两组,先冷后热刺激组包括20例正常对照者和101例患者,刺激顺序是①右冷,②左冷,③右热,④左热。先热后冷刺激组包括20例正常对照者和128例患者,刺激顺序是①右热,②左热,③右冷,④左冷。取眼震最强的10秒钟计算眼震最大慢相速度;眩晕患者按照半规管轻瘫指数(canal paresis,CP)≥20%为标准,分为半规管功能正常组和半规管轻瘫组,比较各组不同刺激顺序下冷、热气刺激引起的眼震强度。结果正常对照者先热后冷刺激组,右耳的冷、热气刺激引起的眼震强度无差异,其余各组比较耳冷、热气刺激引起的眼震强度差别有明显统计学意义,而且优先刺激者眼震强。对第1次刺激耳的眼震强度进行比较,正常对照者和半规管轻瘫的眩晕患者眼震强度无差异,而半规管功能正常的眩晕患者热气刺激引起的眼震强。结论双温试验中冷、热气刺激引起的眼震强度相似;不同的刺激顺序对于冷、热气刺激引起的强度有影响,优先刺激者引起的眼震强;正常人中,冷气优先刺激引起的眼震强度明显强,前庭适应更加明显。     

冷热气试验的温度性眼震反应的定量分析

冷热气温度试验,较之冷温水检查有以下优点:(1)刺激温度容易选定;(2)慢性中耳炎的患耳亦能进行;(3)给被检者带来的不愉快感觉较小;(4)检查技术简单易行,由于检查者带来的技术误差亦较少。作者使用冷热气刺激器,对15名正常人(男7人、女8人)进行了冷热气试验。刺激条件是冷气24℃、热气50℃(外耳道温度为30℃和44℃),送气6l/分,刺激时间60秒;并与30℃及44℃的冷热水(50ml/20秒灌完)的温度试验结果做了比较。眼震反应是以眼震数、反应持续时间及最大眼球速度(慢相)三项指标进行评价。眼震反应左右差用CP(半规管轻瘫)及DP(优势偏向)计算。眼球运动都以ENG描记法记     

分泌性中耳炎患儿前庭功能评价

目的：探讨儿童分泌性中耳炎（secretory otitis media ,SOM ）对半规管功能的影响及SOM 儿童的前庭功能。方法选取分泌性中耳炎患儿24例（中耳炎组）,中位年龄8岁5个月,病程3～18个月,正常儿童12例（对照组）,中位年龄8岁4个月,两组分别进行纯音测听及声导抗、前庭功能检查（扫视试验、平稳跟踪试验、视动性眼震试验、凝视试验、自发性眼震、冷热气试验）,比较两组的检测结果。结果中耳炎组患儿均为传导性听力损失,其中,轻度听力损失11例,中度听力损失13例,正常对照组纯音听阈及声导抗均正常;两组扫视试验、平稳跟踪试验、视动性眼震试验、凝视试验、自发性眼震结果均正常,冷热气试验结果示中耳炎组半规管轻瘫8例（33．33％,8／24）,正常对照组0例,前者高于后者,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;中耳炎组中,半规管功能正常与否患者在性别、年龄、听力损失程度、伴与不伴眩晕方面比较差异无统计学意义。结论部分分泌性中耳炎患儿半规管功能受影响,且与性别、年龄、听力损失程度、伴或不伴眩晕无明显关系。     

复发和非复发良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者温度试验结果比较

目的　比较复发和非复发良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV）患者温度试验特点。方法　收集同期就诊79例BPPV患者,随 访后分为复发组26例和非复发组53例,均采用冷热温度试验检测一侧减弱（unilateral weakness,UW）发生率,并对结果进行比较分析。结果　复发组UW19例（73.08%）,非复发组UW26例（49.06%）,二者比较差异有统计学意义（χ 2=4.11,P＜0.05）。复发组温度试验UW正常或轻度减弱10例（38.46%）,非复发组37例（69.81%）,二者比较差异有统计学意义（χ 2=7.11,P＜0.01）。后半规管BPPV患者UW31例（56.36%）,外半规管BPPV患者UW14例（58.33%）,二者比较差异无统计学意义（χ 2=0.02,P＞0.05）。45例温度试验异常的BPPV患者中,减弱侧和病变侧不一致率高（57.78%）。两组优势偏向（directional preponderance,DP）异常率比较差异无统计学意义（χ 2=0.16,P＞0.05）。结论  复发组UW发生率高于非复发组,且复发组UW程度较非复发组严重。温度试验为BPPV患者的治疗及预后提供参考依据。     

外伤性鼓膜穿孔的法医学鉴定分析

目的 总结外伤性鼓膜穿孔的法医学鉴定规律。方法 回顾性分析308例316耳外伤性鼓膜穿孔法医学鉴定资料。结果 确诊外伤性鼓膜穿孔237耳，穿孔愈合50耳，穿孔合并感染6耳，排除穿孔11耳，8例（耳）排除与所受外伤的关系，3例（耳）无法认定外伤性鼓膜穿孔，1例（耳）诊为慢性化脓性中耳炎。结论外伤性鼓膜穿孔诊断要点为：（1）有耳部或头部受伤史；（2）伴耳痛、耳聋、外耳道少量出血；（3）形态符合外伤性穿孔特点：穿孔多位于紧张部．呈裂隙状、三角形、不规则形等。穿孔边缘锐利、外翻，附有血痂；（4）声导抗检查不能引出鼓室图，或伤耳呈B型曲线但外耳道容积明显大于健耳；（5）排除中耳炎所致穿孔。声导抗和耳内镜检查可以客观真实的反映鼓膜穿孔的形态特征．能为外伤性鼓膜穿孔的法医学鉴定提供客观依据。     

Inverted caloric nystagmus of perforated ears upon air caloric stimulation

It is well known that inverted caloric nystagmus is seen during air caloric testing in cases of chronic otitis media. The mechanism of inversion and its clinical significance are discussed here. Temperature changes in the tympanic cavity and external ear canal were measured with a microthermister and a digital tester in seventeen ears with tympanic membrane perforation, during bithermal air caloric testing. The tympanic cavity mucosa was cooled by hot stimulation because of the evaporation of heat. When the perforation was closed or humidified air was used, the tympanic cavity mucosa was not cooled by hot stimulation and the inverted caloric nystagmus changed to a normal response. Inverted caloric nystagmus occurred in 30.4% of 335 ears affected by chronic otitis media with perforation. Inverted caloric nystagmus occurred in 90 ears with hot stimulation and in 12 ears with cold stimulation. Inverted caloric nystagmus turned to normal response after myringoplasty in all of 10 ears. The cooling effect caused by evaporation of water from the moist middle ear mucosa during dry air blowing and direct thermal conduction to the vestibulum through a perforation of the ear drum and inversion of the endolymphatic convection seemed to cause the inversion.     

Symposium: Value and cost analysis of recent ear tests. Air caloric testing in otitis media (preliminary studies)

On certain occasions it becomes inportant to evaluate vestibular function in a patient with otitis media. The potential application of the air caloric test in evaluating such patients was examined. Patients with unilateral otitis media before and after surgery were studied to answer certain clinical questions. More questions were raised than answers provided. The preliminary conclusions from this study are:

• 1 Patients with tympanostomy tubes or small perforation of one ear may show a caloric response in the perforated ear equal to that of the intact ear.
• 2 Patients with a large tympanic membrane perforation on one side may show hyperactive caloric responses on the perforated side.
• 3 Patients with a moist ear may show inverted horizontal nystagmus to warm air caloric testing. This applies to patients with a large perforation or mastoidectomy cavity.
• 4 Patients with a dry open mastoid or fenestration cavity are likely to show a hyperactive caloric response on the side of previous surgery, accompanied by vegetative symptoms. This size of the cavity appears to be less important than the presence of the cavity per se.
• 5 Patients may be safely tested in the early postoperative period.

     

Air Caloric Stimulation With Tympanic Membrane Perforation

Warm air caloric stimulation in an ear with tympanic membrane perforation or mastoidectomy cavity often causes contralateral nystagmus. Secondary nystagmus is common. Our evidence with squirrel monkeys and patients indicates that the primary “inversion” results from endolymph cooling due to evaporative cooling of the mucus lining the middle ear cavity, by the dry air stimulus. Disconjugate horizontal nystagmus was found in a patient with large eardrum perforation, after cold air caloric stimulation. The effect probably resulted from stimulation of the anterior or posterior vertical semicircular canal. Inverted or disconjugate caloric nystagmus after air stimulation is much more frequently due to tympanic membrane perforation, or moisture in the external ear, than to central nervous system disease.     

Analysis of preoperative findings and ossicular condition in chronic suppurative otitis media]

OBJECTIVE: To discussion the relationship of preoperative findings and ossicular condition in chronic suppurative otitis media. METHOD: The correlation between the ossicular conditions and classification of tympanic membrane perforation, ear discharge, air conduction pure tone average, air-bone gap, pneumatization, complication, and cholesteatoma in 251 patients(288 ears) with chronic suppurative otitis media was analysed. RESULT: The air-conduction threshold and air-bone gap in patients with ossicular discontinuity are higher than that in patients with ossicular continuity. Ossicular discontinuity in patients with perforation of the pars flaccida of tympanic membrane, persistently draining ears, complications, and cholesteatoma occurred significiantly more frequently than those without these conditions. CONCLUSION: The air-conduction threshold and air-bone gap are the more reliable indications to identify the ossicular conditions in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. There are significiant correlation between the ossicular conditions in patients with chronic otitis media and their classification of tympanic membrane perforation, ear discharge, complication, and cholesteatoma.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎术前检查指标和听骨链状态的相关性分析

目的:探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎术前检查指标和听骨链状态的相关性。方法:回顾性分析251例(288 耳)慢性化脓性中耳炎患者的听骨链状态与鼓膜穿孔类型、术前是否干耳、气导阈值、骨气导差值、乳突汽化程度、 耳源性并发症及胆脂瘤之间的相关性。结果:听骨链中断患者的气导阈值和骨气导差值明显增加;鼓膜松弛部穿 孔、术前持续流脓、存在胆脂瘤耳以及出现并发症耳的听骨链中断发生率明显增加。结论:根据纯音听阈可大致 判断听骨链的完整性和活动度;同时,听骨链状况与鼓膜穿孔类型、术前是否干耳、胆脂瘤耳和耳源性并发症耳具 有明显相关性。     

Temporal bone histopathology in chronically infected ears with intact and perforated tympanic membranes.

Chronic suppurative otitis media has been clinically defined as a chronic discharge from the middle ear in the presence of a perforation of the tympanic membrane. However, irreversible tissue pathology in the middle ear or mastoid can occur behind an intact tympanic membrane. One hundred forty-four human temporal bones with chronic otitis media were divided into two groups: those with perforated (28) and those with nonperforated (116) tympanic membranes. The histopathological findings of their middle ears were compared. Granulation tissue in various degrees was the most prominent pathological feature. It was observed in 96% of temporal bones with perforation of the tympanic membrane, and in 97% of those without perforation. Also found were ossicular bony changes (96% with perforation; 90.5% without), middle ear effusion (93% with perforation; 89% without), cholesterol granuloma (21% with perforation; 12% without), cholesteatoma (36% with perforation; 4% without), and tympanosclerosis (43% with perforation; 20% without). This study shows that the histopathological changes of the middle ear are similar in temporal bones with and without perforation of the tympanic membrane. The clinician should, therefore, be aware that an intact tympanic membrane does not necessarily preclude the presence of gross pathological changes of the middle ear cleft.     

Tympanometry

The basic principles essential for interpreting two-component, multiple frequency tympanograms first are reviewed. These principles then are applied to an analysis of tympanometric shape (conductance, susceptance, and admittance tympanograms) as a function of probe frequency in subjects with normal middle ear transmission systems. The final section presents tympanometric data from patients with confirmed middle ear pathologies that produce an increase in resonant frequency (e.g., middle ear effusion, otosclerosis, ossicular adhesions, and tympanic membrane retraction) or a decrease in resonant frequency (e.g., otitis externa, serous otitis media, tympanic membrane pathology, and ossicular discontinuity). The advantages and disadvantages of a particular probe frequency and/or admittance component are illustrated with individual cases. The cases further demonstrate that the same tympanometric pattern can be recorded from ears with different pathologies (e.g., tympanic membrane perforation with cholesteatoma, tympanic membrane retraction, ossicular adhesions, and middle ear effusion), and conversely, that the same pathology can result in different tympanometric shapes (e.g., tympanic membrane perforation, middle ear effusion, and otosclerosis). Caution, therefore, must be exercised in ascribing a tympanometric abnormality to a specific middle ear lesion.     

开放式鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤中耳炎

目的：探讨开放式鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤中耳炎的疗效。方法：对23例胆脂瘤中耳炎患者行开放式鼓室成形术。结果：随访1～3年,23耳全部干耳,无胆脂瘤复发, 无眩晕和面瘫并发症。20例移植筋膜成活,2例鼓膜再穿孔,1例鼓膜疤痕内陷。术后纯音测听语言频率气导平均听阈,提高25～30dBHL 5耳,提高15～20dBHL 13耳,提高10dBHL 2耳,无变化3耳。结论：为胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者行开放式鼓室成形术,能根治病变,听力恢复效果好,复发率低,是一种较为实用的手术方法。     

A 14-year prospective follow-up study of children treated early in life with tympanostomy tubes: Part 2: Hearing outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To determine hearing outcomes in young children receiving early and repeated tympanostomy tube insertion for recurrent acute otitis media or otitis media with effusion. DESIGN: Prospective 14-year follow-up. SETTING: Central Hospital of Central Finland, a tertiary care hospital.Patients Three hundred five consecutive infants and young children with otitis media received initial tympanostomy tube insertion at the age of 5 to 16 months. The final study group comprised 237 patients (77.7%) attending the 14-year checkups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At the 14-year checkups, children received clinical examinations and audiometric testing for the determination of bone and air conduction pure-tone thresholds. RESULTS: The mean pure-tone average of 177 healed ears was 4.3 dB. The mean pure-tone average of all ears was 5.8 dB, with significantly poorer results in ears with abnormal outcomes such as grade II or higher pars tensa retraction, otitis media with effusion, and tympanic membrane perforation. Thirteen (5.5%) of 237 ears had a hearing level worse than 15 dB, and the better ear hearing level was poorer than 15 dB in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The hearing level of healed ears was comparable to that of age-matched normal ears. Hearing losses were infrequent, of slight grade, and, when present, almost exclusively conductive and related to unsuccessful otological outcomes. From the hearing point of view, repeated tympanostomy tube insertion for recurrent acute otitis media or otitis media with effusion early in life is a safe treatment.