注射用盐酸苦参碱对卡介苗加脂多糖致小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用

[目的]研究注射用盐酸苦参碱对卡介苗(BCG)加脂多糖(LPS)致小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用.[方法]采用BCG加LPS致小鼠免疫性肝损伤,采用不同剂量盐酸苦参碱干预,对其血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)进行测定和比较,取肝脏、脾脏、胸腺测定脏器指数并进行比较.[结果]与模型组比较,盐酸苦参碱各剂量组均能显著对抗BCG加LPS诱导的免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、AST及小鼠肝脏指数和脾脏指数的升高. [结论]盐酸苦参碱各剂量对BCG加LPS致小鼠免疫性肝损伤具有保护作用.     

清肝抑脂汤抗肝损伤作用及对细胞因子的影响

目的探讨清肝抑脂汤抗肝损伤作用及其对细胞因子的影响。方法小鼠随机分为5组,分别为对照组,模型组,联苯双酯滴丸组,高、低剂量清肝抑脂汤组。除对照组外,其余各组小鼠分别0.1 ml/10 g腹腔注射10%CCl4溶液,每周两次,共6周。同时,各组小鼠每天分别给予相应的药物治疗。末次给药后禁食,次日摘眼球取血,分离血清,检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性;同时取肝组织,采用Western blot法检测肝组织中NF-κB、IL-1β、TNF-α的表达情况。结果清肝抑脂汤能显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清ALT(P<0.05,P<0.01)和AST(P<0.05,P<0.01)的活性;清肝抑脂汤组对细胞因子NF-κB,IL-1β,TNF-α等表达与模型组相比明显降低,差异有统计学意义。结论清肝抑脂汤能显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST酶的活性,明显降低其细胞因子NF-κB,IL-1β,TNF-α等的表达,从而起到抗肝损伤的作用。     

加味当归补血汤抑制微炎症与慢性肾小球肾炎临床疗效的研究

目的研究加味当归补血汤抑制微炎症与慢性肾小球肾炎的临床疗效。方法资料随机选自2012年6月—2014年3月本院诊治的60例慢性肾小球肾炎患者,按照随机双盲法分为两组,对照组30例患者按照临床相关治疗方案予以常规西药治疗,研究组30例患者在对照组基础上予以加味当归补血汤治疗,分析两组患者治疗终点的肾功能、C反应蛋白及中医症候积分情况。结果研究组治疗后B2-MG、RBP水平含量（485.27±183.31）μg·L-1、（465.38±155.91）μg·L-1低于对照组（588.77±198.14）μg·L-1、（583.96±203.65）μg·L-1,治疗后24h蛋白尿定量（1.35±0.45）g明显低于对照组（1.65±0.40）g,研究组治疗后蛋白尿定性及症状积分情况均明显优于对照组,组间比较差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论加味当归补血汤抑制微炎症与慢性肾小球肾炎的临床疗效显著,明显改善患者蛋白尿及炎症情况。     

X射线全身照射对大鼠血清氨基转移酶活性和肝脏结构的影响

[目的]观察不同剂量X射线全身照射对大鼠血清氨基转移酶活性及肝脏结构的影响. [方法] Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组:对照组、2Gy组、4Gy组、6Gy组.除对照组外,其余3组大鼠按处理剂量行X射线全身单次照射.照射后第2天,经腹主动脉取血、分离血清,测量谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate transaminase,AST);取肝脏组织制作病理切片,观察肝脏的光学显微镜、电子显微镜结构.[结果]4Gy、6Gy组ALT水平升高,与对照组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01);各照射组AST值与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).光镜结果显示,各照射组未见明显异常;电镜结果显示,6Gy组细胞器的改变多见于内质网,其结构松散,出现大量空泡. [结论] 4Gy、6GyX射线全身照射可对大鼠血清氨基转移酶活性造成影响,6GyX射线照射可对肝脏结构造成损害.     

薰衣草醇提物对小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用的研究

目的研究薰衣草醇提物对四氯化碳（CC14）所致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用。方法利用CC14制作小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型,灌胃给予小鼠薰衣草醇提物。测定小鼠丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果薰衣草醇提物各剂量组均能升高急性化学性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST活性（P〈0.01）,升高肝组织SOD活性（P〈0.01）,降低MDA含量（P〈0.01）。结论薰衣草醇提物对CC14所致急性化学性肝损伤具有保护作用。     

姜黄素固体分散体对大鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

[目的]研究姜黄索固体分散体对酒精性大鼠肝损伤的保护作用.[方法]SD大鼠灌胃酒脂乳剂建立大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,姜黄素固体分散体混悬液灌胃给药,测定大鼠血清及肝组织中相关指标,计算肝指数,观察肝脏组织学变化.[结果]姜黄素固体分散体能显著降低酒精性肝损伤大鼠血清中甘油三酯(TG)含量并降低血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(GOT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(GPT)活性;降低肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.[结论]姜黄素固体分散体对酒精性大鼠肝损伤具有保护作用.     

人参皂苷Rg1对小鼠免疫性肝损伤保护作用

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1对小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法实验设Rg1高、中、低剂量(60、30、15 mg/kg),灌胃给予15 d,尾静脉注射20 mg/kg刀豆蛋白A制备免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型;采用自动生化分析仪测定小鼠血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性;酶联免疫吸附实验测定小鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、干扰素(IFN-γ)水平,并进行肝组织病理学观察。结果与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清中AST、ALT含量[分别为(235.5±79.9)、(262.1±63.9)U/L]及TNF-α、IFN-γ水平[分别为(46.3±13.3)、(165.3±86.1)pg/m L]明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,高剂量Rg1组小鼠血清中AST、ALT含量[分别为(57.1±19.9)、(44.1±16.2)U/L]及TNF-α、IFN-γ水平[(12.9±6.1)、(55.06±29.5)pg/m L]明显下降(P<0.01);组织学观察显示,Rg1各剂量组小鼠肝损伤程度明显轻于模型组。结论 Rg1对小鼠免疫性肝损伤具有一定保护作用,其机制可能与降低炎性细胞因子、减轻T淋巴细胞毒性作用有关。     

低剂量辐射对荷瘤鼠放疗后血清中抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的 观察低剂量辐射对荷瘤鼠放疗后血清中抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法 采用化学比色法测定不同照射时相点血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果 低剂量全身照射组血清中SOD、GST、CAT活力高于相应对照组;低剂量+局部放疗组(d₃ d₅)血清中SOD、GST、CAT活力显著高于局部大剂量组(c₃,c₅);尤以连续三天照射组明显。结论 低剂量辐射激活荷瘤机体抗氧化物酶可能是低剂量辐射抑瘤作用的部分机制     

富锗灵芝对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝损伤保护作用

目的探讨富锗灵芝胶囊对四氯化碳(CCI4)所致大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法 50只Wistar雄性大鼠,随机分为对照组、模型组、富锗灵芝高、中、低剂量组(分别灌胃给予富锗灵芝胶囊450、230、80 mg/kg),采用CCl4诱导大鼠急性肝损伤;分别测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,肝组织经苏木素-伊红染色,光镜下观察肝组织病理状况,并计算肝损伤指数。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠ALT、AST活性[分别为(258.00±64.81)、(423.60±139.85)IU/L]明显升高,肝脏病变总评分[(194.50±27.71)分]明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,富锗灵芝中、低剂量组大鼠血清ALT、AST活性[分别为(131.30±98.94)、(264.00±187.02)和(138.50±86.08)、(265.70±140.59)IU/L]明显降低(P<0.01),大鼠肝脏病变总评分[分别为(141.40±48.35)和(134.10±25.89)分]明显降低(P<0.01)。结论富锗灵芝胶囊对CCl4所致大鼠肝损伤具有一定保护作用。     

大蒜素对二甲基甲酰胺致小鼠急性肝损伤的预防作用

目的 研究大蒜素对二甲基甲酰胺(N,N-dimethylformamide,DMF)致小鼠急性肝损伤的预防作用.方法 采用DMF致小鼠急性肝损伤模型,染毒48 h后,测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性;留取肝脏组织,常规石蜡包埋切片,HE染色,光镜观察肝脏组织病理变化;制备肝匀浆,测定肝中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果 与正常组比较,模型组小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH活性明显升高,肝脏组织出现明显的肝细胞变性坏死;大蒜素各剂量组小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH活性与模型组比较显著降低,肝脏组织病理损伤明显减轻,GSH/GSSG比值增高,MDA含量下降.结论 大蒜素对DMF引起的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的预防作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.