极高频电磁波对恶性肿瘤化疗患者外周血辅助淋巴细胞亚群Th1/Th2免疫应答平衡的影响

目的研究极高频电磁复合波对晚期恶性肿瘤患者外周血辅助淋巴细胞亚群Th1/Th2免疫应答平衡的影响。方法对32例恶性肿瘤患者化疗后进行极高频电磁复合波幅照,并采用ELISA法检测幅照治疗前、后外周血中的IFN-γ和IL-4水平变化;另对30例恶性肿瘤化疗后患者,同比进行细胞因子检测;再分别对上述患者外周血进行IFN-γ和IL-4水平变化的自身对照研究,以评价极高频电磁复合波对恶性肿瘤患者化疗后免疫功能的影响。结果①恶性肿瘤化疗后第8天,患者IFN-γ水平(24.66±12.85)pg·mL-1低于化疗后第3天水平(27.88±17.07)pg·mL-1,但未见显著性差异(P>0.05);而IL-4水平(54.80±28.56)pg·mL-1则明显地高于化疗后第3天水平(44.97±27.53)pg·mL-1,P<0.05。②极高频电磁复合波幅照的化疗患者,化疗后第8天,IFN-γ水平(34.79±27.23)pg·mL-1远高于化疗后第3天水平(20.39±12.67)pg·mL-1,P<0.05;IL-4水平变化研究结果显示,化疗后第8天,患者的IL-4水平(43.49±34.04)pg·mL-1高于化疗后第3天水平(35.77±22.23)pg·mL-1,但其间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。③恶性肿瘤患者化疗后第3天至第8天,细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4水平比值降低,其间有显著性差异(P<0.05);经极高频电磁复合波幅照后,其比值明显升高[从(0.57±0.44)pg·mL-1升至(0.80±0.67)pg·mL-1],P<0.05。结论恶性肿瘤患者化疗后第3天至第8天,细胞因子IFN-γ水平降低,而IL-4水平则明显升高,反映恶性肿瘤化疗后患者Th细胞的存在异常(Th2)漂移;但极高频电磁复合波幅照治疗,可干预或阻抑恶性肿瘤患者化疗后Th细胞的异常漂移。     

肿瘤酸性微环境对免疫细胞影响的研究进展

肿瘤微环境形成于癌症的每个发展过程中,并影响肿瘤生长和发展.肿瘤酸性微环境作为各种实体瘤的标志,其对免疫细胞的影响已有很多研究,比如肿瘤酸性微环境可抑制肿瘤效应细胞,但可促进免疫抑制细胞.但是,对于免疫细胞如何感知肿瘤酸性微环境的机制,目前的研究较少.了解肿瘤酸性微环境对免疫细胞以及免疫反应的影响机制,对抗肿瘤免疫疗法...     

不同CT重建方式对头颅肿瘤放疗剂量的影响

目的：研究不同的CT重建方式以及重建层厚对于头颅肿瘤的放射治疗的剂量计算的影响,探讨是否可以通过改变CT重建方式或是重建层厚来设计治疗计划。方法随机选择5例病理确诊为头颅肿瘤的患者,在相同的条件下行CT平扫及CT增强扫描,然后对原始数据进行重建,分别用常规FOV和扩展FOV对其进行重建,重建层厚分别为1、2、3、4mm。结果入组的5例病例中,其CT重建中肿瘤的大小在常规FOV中的体积大于扩展FOV中的体积,且差异有统计学意义。放疗剂量无明显差异。CT重建层厚最适宜为1mm。结论头颅肿瘤的CT的常规FOV较扩展FOV显示靶区体积大,对头颅肿瘤放疗计划无明显影响。 CT重建层厚越小,重建图像质量越好。     

CD44的变异性表达和肿瘤转移

跨膜蛋白CD44具有多种结构形式,功能复杂,其基因组中的V区外显子能以变异方式发生拼接。不含有V区外显子的转录子称为标准CD44s,含有V区外显子的转录子称为CD44v变异体。研究表明具有转移能力的癌细胞主要表达CD44v,而非转移的癌细胞和正常组织细胞则主要表达CD44s。     

芬太尼及曲马多术后镇痛对上腹部手术患者免疫细胞的影响

目的:观察芬太尼和曲马多术后镇痛对胃癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤(NK)细胞的影响.方法:ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级在静脉全身麻醉下择期行胃癌根治术的患者(40例), 随机分为芬太尼组和曲马多组, 每组20例, 术毕以电子镇痛泵分别行芬太尼和曲马多自控静脉镇痛在麻醉前(基础值), 手术1.5 h, 术后24、48、72 h五个时间点测定T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3 、CD4 、CD8 )及NK细胞(CD3- CD16 CD56 ).在麻醉前(基础值)、手术1.5 h, 术后24、48、72 h五个时间点测定T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3 、CD4 、CD8 )及NK细胞(CD3- CD16 CD56 ).结果:两组CD4 、CD4 /CD8 、CD3- CD16 CD56 在手术1.5 h降低(P＜0.05), CD3 在术后24 h降低(P＜0.05);术后48 h芬太尼组上述指标仍然较低(P＜0.05), 而曲马多组已经恢复至麻醉前水平, 两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后72 h两组上述指标均恢复至基础值水平.两组CD8 在各时点差异无统计学意义.结论:上腹部手术患者术后行自控静脉镇痛时曲马多对T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞的抑制比芬太尼小.     

干扰素影响肿瘤相关抗原表达的研究

简要地概述了干扰素对肿瘤相关抗原表达影响的体外研究、动物实验及临床初期观察结果，对其可能的作用机制进行了探讨，并提出作者自己的若干看法。     

流式细胞术对不同肿瘤细胞表面所表达血小板免疫相关抗原的检测

目的：研究不同肿瘤细胞表面血小板免疫相关抗原的表达。方法：利用流式细胞术观察了ＰＧＣＬ３、ＰＡａ、ＰＧ－３、ＰＣ－３Ｍ、ＭＧＣ８０３、ＥＳＣＬ、ＢｅＬ、ＴＣＴ、ＫＢ、Ａ２７８０、ＣＣＡ８０１共１１种人肿瘤细胞,其中包括二对高低不同转移能力的人肺癌（ＰＧＣＬ３和ＰＡａ）和人前列腺癌（ＰＧ－３和ＰＧ－３Ｍ）细胞阳性表达不同血小板免疫相关抗原的细胞数及其肿瘤细胞表面抗原表达的平均荧光强度。结果：１１种人肿瘤细胞膜表面均有ＣＤ９、ＣＤ６３、ＣＤ４２ａ和ＴＳＰ,等血小板免疫相关抗原不同程度的表达,在ＭＧＣ８０３细胞膜表面发现有ＣＬ８６较强的表达,ＣＤ４１、ＣＤ４２ｂ、ＣＤ６１和ＣＤ６２均未发现表达。１１种人肿瘤细胞系中ＣＤ９＋、ＣＤ４２ａ＋、ＣＤ６３＋、ＴＳＰ＋细胞所占的比例各不相同,不同肿瘤细胞系每个抗原阳性细胞抗原表达的荧光强度也不同。与高转移ＰＧＣＩ３和ＰＧ－３Ｍ细胞相比,ＣＤ９在低转移细胞系ＰＡａ和ＰＧ－３上有较高的表达,ＣＤ４２ａ、ＴＳＰ有相对低的表达。ＣＤ４２ａ＋和ＴＳＰ＋细胞数和表达强度在高转移ＰＧＣＬ３和ＰＧ－３Ｍ细胞系均要高于低转移的ＰＡａ和ＰＧ－３;ＣＤ６３＋细胞数高转移ＰＧ－３Ｍ细胞系要比低转移     

肿瘤脂质代谢异常对免疫微环境的影响

脂质代谢异常被认为是恶性肿瘤的特征之一,并与抗肿瘤免疫应答息息相关.脂质代谢异常是指脂质代谢过程中的代谢信号、脂质转运蛋白、代谢底物、代谢酶以及代谢产物发生异常改变,在肿瘤细胞中主要表现为异常的脂质积累.肿瘤微环境中异常积累的脂质可以影响肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的表型和功能,形成免疫抑制性的肿瘤微环境,导致肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸...     

IL-2和IFN-γ等免疫调节剂对人PBMC表达CD2抗原的影响

采用人PBMC为实验体系,用本中心建立的生物素 链霉亲和素免疫细胞化学法CD2+ 细胞增长试验对IL 2 和IFN γ等9 种免疫调节药物进行活性鉴定,并用流式细胞仪加以验证。结果表明,IL 2 、IFN γ和TNF 等重组细胞因子制剂均对人PBMC表达CD2 抗原有强促进作用,CD2+ 细胞增长率在100 % 左右,LMZ、转移因子、核酪以及胸腺肽等生物制品的作用稍逊,CD2+ 细胞增长率在50 % ～70% ,不同厂家生产的胸腺肽制剂对CD2 抗原表达显示不同程度的促进作用,地塞米松则有抑制CD2 抗原表达的作用,据此认为CD2+ 细胞增长试验在筛选和鉴定免疫制剂中具有良好的应用价值     

CAFs与肺腺癌患者临床病理特征及肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的相关性研究

目的观察α-SMA+的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)与肺腺癌患者临床病理特征及肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的相关性,为认识CAFs在肺腺癌发生中的作用提供依据,并将为临床肺腺癌的诊疗提供新思路。方法收集56例临床手术切除且病理诊断为原发肺腺癌的肿瘤组织标本,收集患者一般情况及临床病理学特征等资料。免疫组织化学染色方法检测肺腺癌患者肿瘤标本中α-SMA、CD4、CD8及CD33的表达情况,病理学方法计数间质细胞及α-SMA阳性的CAFs,统计学方法分析CAFs比例与患者临床病理特征及肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的相关性。结果α-SMA+CAFs比例与患者吸烟及肿瘤TNM(tumor,node,metastasis)分期呈正相关(P<0.05),与肿瘤分化程度呈负相关(P<0.05),但与患者年龄、性别及肿瘤浸润CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞及MDSCs(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)的数量无明显相关。结论α-SMA+CAFs与肺腺癌的发生发展密切相关,其与肿瘤临床分期及分化程度的相关性提示其在肺腺癌的发生发展中起促进作用,对其深入机制的阐明将有助于完善肺腺癌的发生机制并将为其治疗提供新思路。     

MicroRNA-126与胃癌患者放化综合治疗效果的关系及其对胃癌SGC-7901细胞的放射增敏作用

目的:研究microRNA-126与胃癌患者放化综合治疗疗效的关系及其对胃癌细胞的放射增敏效果。方法:选取2014年6月~2015年6月间我院收治的晚期胃癌患者60例为研究对象,其中男性32例,女性28例,年龄37~65岁,平均年龄(51±7)岁。所有患者均接受放化综合治疗。收集患者的胃癌病理组织标本,同时于治疗结束时采集静脉血标本。采用国际实体瘤疗效评价标准(RECIST)评价患者的近期疗效,根据疗效将患者分为治疗敏感组和非敏感组。实时荧光定量PCR检测各组患者组织及血浆中microRNA-126的表达变化。体外培养胃癌SGC-7901细胞并转染microRNA-126 mimic;平板集落形成实验分析microRNA-126 mimic转染对SGC-7901细胞放射敏感性的影响;流式细胞术检测转染microRNA-126 mimic对SGC-7901细胞凋亡率的影响。结果:根据RECIST,共28例患者对治疗敏感,32例患者对治疗不敏感。与敏感组患者相比,不敏感组患者血浆和胃癌组织中的microRNA-126相对水平较低,相对于敏感组的倍数分别为0.72±0.04和0.48±0.03,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。MicroRNA-126 mimic转染后SGC-7901细胞的SF_2值和D_0值减小(P0.05),增敏比为1.74。流式细胞术分析结果发现,microRNA-126 mimic转染可以诱导SGC-7901细胞凋亡,并增加射线引起的细胞凋亡。结论:较低的microRNA-126提示胃癌患者放化综合治疗疗效不佳;microRNA-126具有增加胃癌细胞放射敏感性的作用。     

极低频弱磁场对PC-12瘤细胞胞内游离钙离子浓度的影响

采用极低频弱磁对鼠嗜铬细胞瘤ＰＣ－１２株系细胞进行照射,利用显微荧光技术动态监测胞内游离钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ）的变化,实验结果表明：５０Ｈｚ,１００μＴ的正弦磁场照射引起［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ明显升高;而在同等强度的静磁场和２０００Ｈｚ正弦磁场照射下,［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ基本维持不变,进一步的实验说明［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ的升高部分源于细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋的跨膜内流,部分源于胞内钙库的释放。证实了一定强度下特     

Enhanced responsiveness to antigen contributes more to immunological memory in CD4 T cells than increases in the number of cells

Although immunological memory is characterized by both an increase in the frequency of antigen-specific T cells and a qualitative change in the pattern of their subsequent response, it is not clear which of these components is more significant in the overall enhanced response to secondary stimulation. To address this question for the CD4+ T-cell response, T-cell receptor (TCR) Tg T cells were adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic mice that were immunized with the relevant peptide. After the initial expansion of TCR Tg T cells, the size of the subsequent memory population of T cells was approximately the same as the size of the starting population, independent of the number of TCR Tg cells initially transferred. This result was not caused by redistribution of memory cells into non-lymphoid tissues, although the relative frequency of antigen-specific T cells in these sites was increased after immunization. The fraction of the antigen specific TCR Tg cells that responded by production of either interleukin-2 or interferon-gammain vitro was substantially higher after immunization. Thus, the increased frequency of functionally responsive T cells was primarily caused by a higher fraction of responding T cells, rather than a substantial increase in the absolute number of antigen specific CD4+ TCR Tg T cells.     

CD28在多发性硬化患者CD8+淋巴细胞的表达

目的探讨CD28在多发性硬化(MS)患者CD8+淋巴细胞的表达水平.方法流式细胞仪测定16例复发期MS患者和20例对照组外周血淋巴细胞CD28+、CD8+CD28-和CD8+CD28+的百分率.结果复发期MS患者淋巴细胞CD8+CD28-百分率低于对照组,CD28+和CD8+CD28+的百分率与对照组无明显差异;甲基强的松龙治疗对CD28+、CD8+CD28-和CD8+CD28+的百分率无影响.结论参与MS的发病的CD8细胞是CD8+CD28-细胞.     

Depletion of Langerhans cells in the tongue from patients with advanced-stage acquired immune deficiency syndrome: relation to opportunistic infections

Gondak R O, Alves D B, Silva L F F, Mauad T & Vargas P A
(2012) Histopathology  60, 497–503
Depletion of Langerhans cells in the tongue from patients with advanced‐stage acquired immune deficiency syndrome: relation to opportunistic infections Aims: To quantify and compare the expression of Langerhans cells (LCs) in the tongue mucosa of AIDS patients with different opportunistic infections, and from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non‐AIDS patients with normal tongues, using autopsy material. Methods and results: Human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR), CD1a and CD83 antibodies were used to identify and quantify LCs by immunohistochemistry in tongue tissue of 40 AIDS patients (10 with lingual candidiasis, 10 with lingual herpes, 10 with oral hairy leukoplakia and 10 with no lesions) and 23 tongues from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐negative control patients. Quantification was performed by means of conventional morphometry in four different regions (anterior, middle, posterior and lateral) of the tongue. The results were expressed as positive cells per area of epithelium. The AIDS patients presented a lower density of CD1a⁺ cells (P < 0.001), HLA‐DR (P < 0.003) and CD83 (P < 0.001) in all regions of the tongue compared to the non‐AIDS control group. However, no differences in any of the markers were found when AIDS patients with different opportunistic infections were compared with AIDS patients without tongue infection. Conclusions: Advanced stage AIDS patients showed a depletion of LCs in the tongue mucosa. HIV infection induces cytopathic changes in LCs, contributing to their depletion regardless of the presence of oral infections.     

Detection of circulating tumour DNA after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced oesophageal cancer

Active surveillance instead of standard surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has been proposed for patients with oesophageal cancer. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) may be used to facilitate selection of patients for surgery. We show that detection of ctDNA after nCRT seems highly suggestive of major residual disease. Tumour biopsies and blood samples were taken before, and 6 and 12 weeks after, nCRT. Biopsies were analysed with regular targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was analysed using targeted NGS with unique molecular identifiers and digital polymerase chain reaction. cfDNA mutations matching pre-treatment biopsy mutations confirmed the presence of ctDNA. In total, 31 patients were included, of whom 24 had a biopsy mutation that was potentially detectable in cfDNA (77%). Pre-treatment ctDNA was detected in nine of 24 patients (38%), four of whom had incurable disease progression before surgery. Pre-treatment ctDNA detection had a sensitivity of 47% (95% CI 24–71) (8/17), specificity of 85% (95% CI 42–99) (6/7), positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% (95% CI 51–99) (8/9), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 40% (95% CI 17–67) (6/15) for detecting major residual disease (>10% residue in the resection specimen or progression before surgery). After nCRT, ctDNA was detected in three patients, two of whom had disease progression. Post-nCRT ctDNA detection had a sensitivity of 21% (95% CI 6–51) (3/14), specificity of 100% (95% CI 56–100) (7/7), PPV of 100% (95% CI 31–100) (3/3), and NPV of 39% (95% CI 18–64) (7/18) for detecting major residual disease. The addition of ctDNA to the current set of diagnostics did not lead to more patients being clinically identified with residual disease. These results indicate that pre-treatment and post-nCRT ctDNA detection may be useful in identifying patients at high risk of disease progression. The addition of ctDNA analysis to the current set of diagnostic modalities may not improve detection of residual disease after nCRT. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.     

异丙酚对肺癌病人外周血Th亚群分化的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚麻醉对非小细胞型肺癌患者外周血T细胞Th亚群分化的影响.方法 30例肺叶切除手术病人随机分为异丙酚组(P组)和异氟烷组(Ⅰ组),于麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后10 min(T1)、切皮后1 h(T2)、麻醉停药即刻(T3)、术后1 h(T4)、24 h(T5)采血,测定CD4 CD28 表达率及血清IL-12、IFN-γ、IL-4及皮质醇浓度.结果与T0比较,P组T4、5时CD4 CD28 、IFN-γ明显增高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),T5时IL-12、IFN-γ/IL-4增高明显(P＜0.05),而且均高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).两组IL-均有增高趋势,但组间无明显差异.T1～5时,P、Ⅰ组皮质醇浓度均增高(P＜0.05或0.01),I高于P组(P＜0.04).结论 异丙酚可增强外周血CD4 T细胞CD28的表达和IL-12、IFN-γ的分泌,增高IFN-γ/IL-4比值;促进Th1亚群的分化.     

中药狼疮方对狼疮样BXSB小鼠肺组织CD134/CD134L和RANTES表达的影响

目的探讨中药狼疮方对狼疮样BXSB小鼠肺组织CD134／CD134L和RANTES表达的影响。方法采用BXSB小鼠模型,随机分为3组：狼疮方治疗组、强的松治疗组、未治疗组,每组6只,疗程10周。另设与BXSB小鼠同基因的正常C57BL／6小鼠6只为正常对照组。分别取小鼠肺组织,应用逆转录-荧光定量-聚合酶链反应（RT-FQ-PCR）技术定量测定小鼠肺组织CD134、CD134L和趋化因子RANTES的mRNA表达水平。结果①未治疗组小鼠肺组织CD134、CD134L mRNA和RANTKS mRNA的表达水平都显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;经强的松或中药狼疮方治疗后,BXSB小鼠肺组织CD134、CD134L及RANTES的mRNA表达都受到明显抑制,显著低于未治疗组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;且接近正常水平,与正常对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。②BXSB小鼠肺组织RANTES的mRNA表达水平与CD134L的mRNA表达水平呈显著的正相关关系（r=0．793,P〈0．05）,而与CD134的mRNA表达水平无显著的相关关系（r=0．412,P〉0．05）。结论中药狼疮方具有与强的松类似的免疫抑制作用,可显著抑制狼疮样小鼠肺组织CD134／CD134L共刺激信号表达;并下调肺组织RANTKS mRNA表达水平,具有一定的肺脏保护作用。     

Study on the polymorphisms of HLA‐ABCDQB1DRB1 alleles and haplotypes in Hubei Han population of China

The present study aimed to analyse the frequencies of human leukocyte antigen HLA‐ABCDQB1 and HLA‐DRB1 alleles and haplotypes in a subset of 3,732 Han population from Hubei of China. All samples were typed in the HLA‐ABCDQB1 and HLA‐DRB1 loci using the sequence‐based typing method; subsequently, the HLA polymorphisms were analysed. A total of 47 HLA‐A, 89 HLA‐B, 43 HLA‐C, 49 HLA‐DRB1 and 24 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were identified in the Hubei Han population. The top three most frequent alleles in the HLA‐ABCDQB1 and HLA‐DRB1 were A*11:01 (0.2617), A*24:02 (0.1590), A*02:07 (0.1281); B*46:01 (0.1502), B*40:01 (0.1409) and B*58:01 (0.0616); C*01:02 (0.2023), C*07:02 (0.1691) and C*03:04 (0.1175); and DQB1*03:01 (0.2000), DQB1*03:03 (0.1900), DQB1*06:01 (0.1187); DRB1*09:01 (0.1790), DRB1*15:01 (0.1062) and DRB1*12:02 (0.0841), respectively. Meanwhile, the three most frequent two‐loci haplotypes were A*02:07‐C*01:02 (0.0929), B*46:01‐C*01:02 (0.1366) and DQB1*03:03‐DRB1*09:01 (0.1766). The three most frequent three‐loci haplotypes were A*02:07‐B*46:01‐C*01:02 (0.0883), B*46:01‐DQB1*03:03‐DRB1*09:01 (0.0808) and C*01:02‐DQB1*03:03‐DRB1*09:01 (0.0837). The three most frequent four‐loci haplotypes were A*02:07‐B*46:01‐C*01:02‐DQB1*03:03 (0.0494), B*46:01‐DRB1*09:01‐C*01:02‐DQB1*03:03 (0.0729) and A*02:07‐B*46:01‐DQB1*03:03‐DRB1*09:01 (0.0501). The most frequent five‐loci haplotype was A*02:07‐B*46:01‐C*01:02‐DQB1*03:03‐DRB1*09:01 (0.0487). Heat maps and multiple correspondence analysis based on the frequencies of HLA specificity indicated that the Hubei Han population might be described into Southern Chinese populations. Our results lay a certain foundation for future population studies, disease association studies and donor recruitment strategies.     

A review of wave mechanics in the pulmonary artery with an emphasis on wave intensity analysis

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) remain the most common haemodynamic measures to evaluate the severity and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension. However, PVR only captures the non‐oscillatory component of the right ventricular hydraulic load and neglects the dynamic compliance of the pulmonary arteries and the contribution of wave transmission. Wave intensity analysis offers an alternative way to assess the pulmonary vasculature in health and disease. Wave speed is a measure of arterial stiffness, and the magnitude and timing of wave reflection provide information on the degree of impedance mismatch between the proximal and distal circulation. Studies in the pulmonary artery have demonstrated distinct differences in arterial wave propagation between individuals with and without pulmonary vascular disease. Notably, greater wave speed and greater wave reflection are observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension and in animal models exposed to hypoxia. Studying wave propagation makes a valuable contribution to the assessment of the arterial system in pulmonary hypertension, and here, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the methods used to evaluate arterial waves in the pulmonary artery.