酒石酸布托啡诺注射液与依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液用于无痛人工流产的临床观察

目的本研究将对无痛人流手术过程中依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液以及酒石酸布托啡诺注射液的临床应用情况展开分析讨论。方法选择我院2011年1月至2013年5月所收治的120例自愿进行无痛人流的患者作为研究对象,利用抽签法将其均分成观察组与对照组,对照组的患者给予依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液联合咪唑地西泮注射液以及布托啡诺注射液来进行麻醉处理,观察组患者给予酒石酸布托啡诺注射液联合丙泊酚注射液来对患者进行麻醉处理。对两组患者的宫颈口松弛、呕吐、恶心、肌肉颤动以及镇痛效果进行比较。结果两组患者在苏醒后1、20、40 min末的宫缩疼痛情况评分存在明显差异,具有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论在无痛人工流产手术中在临床治疗中,酒石酸布托啡诺注射液联合的丙泊酚注射液的镇痛效果明显优于依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液联合咪唑地西泮注射液以及布托啡诺注射液来进行麻醉处理的效果,因此,可以在临床中进行大力推广并普及使用。     

舒芬太尼和布托啡诺分别复合依托咪酯用于门诊无痛胃镜的观察

目的研究舒芬太尼和布托啡诺分别复合依托咪酯应用于门诊无痛胃镜检查的临床效果和安全性。方法选择进行无痛胃镜检查的患者60例,随机分成布舒芬太尼组(S组)和托啡诺组(B组)各30例,S组:舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg,依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液0.2~0.3mg/kg,B组:布托啡诺1mg,依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液0.2~0.3mg/kg。分别记录舒芬太尼和布托啡诺的用量,依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液的追加情况以及血压、心率、血氧饱和度、术中并发症情况、苏醒时间、术后发生眩晕、恶性、呕吐的情况和留观时间。结果两组患者的血压、心率、血氧饱和度变化差异无统计意义,术中S组需追加依托咪酯的例数与B组相当(P>0.05),苏醒时间相当,但术后不良反应如眩晕、恶心、呕吐发生率B组较S组高,留观时间明显长于S组。结论舒芬太尼复合依托咪酯脂肪注射液用于无痛胃镜的安全性与布托啡诺相似,苏醒时间相当,但术后不良反应发生率少,留观时间短,更适于门诊无痛胃镜检查。     

不同剂量布托啡诺复合咪达唑仑用于妇科手术中镇静作用的临床观察

目的评价不同剂量布托啡诺复合咪达唑仑用于妇科手术中的镇静效果及安全性。方法 ASA1-2级择期妇科手术患者60例,随机分为A、B、C 3组。麻醉方法采取腰麻联合硬膜外腔阻滞,于切皮前各组分别给予如下剂量的镇静药物,A组布托啡诺5μg·kg-1＋咪达唑仑30μg·kg-1,B组布托啡诺10μg·kg-1＋咪达唑仑30μg·kg-1,C组布托啡诺15μg·kg-1＋咪达唑仑30μg·kg-1。记录给药前、给药后5min、10min、15min、30min、45min及1h的生命体征数据、患者镇静评分、观察不良反应例数、总体满意度。结果 B、C组的镇静评分明显高于A组;C组呼吸抑制及血压下降发生率明显高于A组、B组。结论妇科手术患者术前静脉注射布托啡诺10μg·kg-1＋咪达唑仑30μg·kg-1,可达到理想的术中镇静效果,且不良反应相对较少。     

布托啡诺复合氟比洛芬酯用于剖宫产术后镇痛的临床研究

目的:观察应用布托啡诺复合氟比洛芬酯治疗剖宫产术后镇痛的临床疗效并总结治疗体会。方法:选取施行剖宫产术患者34例,分为实验组和对照组各17例,给予对照组静脉滴注1mg的布托啡诺5μg·kg-1·h-1,给予实验组静脉滴注1mg布托啡诺5μg·kg-1·h-1的同时,静脉滴注氟比洛芬酯50mg,每8小时一次,共2次。治疗期间,对两组术后6、12、24以及36小时切口疼痛进行评分(VAS),密切观察两组不良反应。结果:实验组6、12、24小时切口疼痛评分低于对照组,实验组发生不良反应情况明显低于对照组,且差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:临床应用布托啡诺复合氟比洛芬酯治疗剖宫产术后镇痛疗效好,见效快,值得普及应用。     

利多卡因、芬太尼和布托啡诺分别用于预防丙泊酚注射痛的疗效观察

目的观察预给利多卡因、芬太尼或布托啡诺预防丙泊酚注射痛的效果。方法采用双盲法,选择符合标准择期手术病人160例,随机分为A组（布托啡诺组）、B组（利多卡因组）、C组（芬太尼组）和D组（对照组）,每组40例。麻醉诱导前1min,四组病人分别静脉注射布托啡诺1mg（2mL）、利多卡因40mg（2mL）、芬太尼0.05mg（2mL）或生理盐水2mL。然后,所有病人以每秒0.5mL速度缓慢静脉注射丙泊酚100mg,从预给药开始由另外一名麻醉医生观察是否发生注射痛及严重程度。结果与对照组比较,利多卡因组和布托啡诺组注射痛发生率和严重程度明显降低（P〈0.05）,芬太尼组注射痛发生率降低但无统计学意义,严重程度明显降低（P〈0.05）,各试验组效果：布托啡诺组≈利多卡因组〉t;芬太尼组。结论预给布托啡诺或利多卡因均可有效减少和减轻丙泊酚注射痛,但预给芬太尼不能有效减少疼痛发生率只能减轻疼痛程度。     

静脉预注布托啡诺对芬太尼诱发咳嗽的影响

目的比较静脉预注布托啡诺,利多卡因,地塞米松预防芬太尼诱发咳嗽的效果。方法 200例拟行气管插管全身麻醉患者,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄18-65岁,随机均分为4组,Ⅰ组：静脉注射布托啡诺20μg/kg;Ⅱ组：静脉注射利多卡因1mg/kg,Ⅲ组：静脉注射地塞米松0.2mg/kg;Ⅳ组：静脉注射生理盐水5ml。观察预注药前（T0）,给药后3min（T1）,给药后5min（T2）患者SpO2及SBP和HR变化,及各组患者出现咳嗽反应的情况。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组咳嗽的发生率分别为0%,22%,36%,68%。Ⅰ组显著低于其他3组（﹟P〈0.01）。Ⅱ与Ⅲ组比较P〉0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论静脉预注利多卡因1mg/kg或地塞米松0.2mg/kg虽能一定程度预防或抑制咳嗽反射,但静脉预注布托啡诺20μg/kg,几乎完全抑制咳嗽反射,且患者SpO2及SBP和HR无明显变化,故静脉预注布托啡诺抑制咳嗽反射,安全有效,方便易行。     

布托啡诺与曲马多预防瑞芬太尼麻醉患者术后痛觉过敏的效果

目的观察布托啡诺与曲马多预防瑞芬太尼麻醉患者术后痛觉过敏的效果。方法选择择期行腹腔镜胆囊手术的患者90例,采用随机数字表法,随机分成对照组、布托啡诺组、曲马多组,每组30例。麻醉诱导:TCI瑞芬太尼(血浆靶浓度4ng/ml),静脉注射异丙酚1～2mg/kg和顺苯阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg行气管插管。气管插管后TCL瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度调为2～3ng/ml,复合吸入1%～3%七氟醚,静脉输注顺苯阿曲库铵1.2μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉。术毕前20min对照组静脉注射0.9%氯化钠溶液5ml,曲马多组静脉注射曲马多2mg/kg,布托啡诺组静脉注射布托啡诺0.02mg/kg。记录患者拔管时间,观察术后2h、4h、8h、12h及24hVAS评分和舒芬太尼用量,记录恶心呕吐和烦躁的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,布托啡诺和曲马多组2h内的舒芬太尼用量均减少,VAS和躁动评分降低(P<0.05),术后2～24h内VAS评分和舒芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与曲马多组比较,布托啡诺组2h和24h内的舒芬太尼用量、VAS和烦躁评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论术毕前应用曲马多和布托啡诺均可有效预防瑞芬太尼诱发的痛觉过敏。     

布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼在脊柱手术后静脉自控镇痛的效果观察

目的 观察布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼用于脊柱手术后患者静脉自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的临床效果及安全性. 方法 选择我院择期全麻下行脊柱骨折内固定术90例,随机分为布托啡诺组、苏芬太尼组及布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼组3组,术后行PCIA.布托啡诺组予布托啡诺3.00 μg/(kg·h),苏芬太尼组予苏芬太尼0.04 μg/(kg·h),布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼组予布托啡诺1.50 μg/(kg·h)+苏芬太尼0.02 μg/(kg·h),3组均用0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释到100 ml注入镇痛泵.观察并记录PCIA开始后4、8、12、24、48 h镇痛、镇静效果及不良反应发生情况. 结果 PCIA开始后,布托啡诺组不同时点视觉模拟镇痛评分及Ramsay评分均显著高于苏芬太尼组和布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼组不良反应发生率为13.33%,低于布托啡诺组63.33%和苏芬太尼组56.67%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 布托啡诺联合苏芬太尼用于脊柱内固定手术患者术后PCIA不良反应少,效果优于布托啡诺,与苏芬太尼相当,是一种较理想的术后静脉镇痛方法,值得推广应用.     

布托啡诺与吗啡用于甲状腺手术超前镇痛的效果比较

目的 比较布托啡诺与吗啡用于甲状腺手术超前镇痛的效果.方法 60例择期行甲状腺手术患者随机分为3组,布托啡诺组、吗啡组和对照组.手术开始前15 min,布托啡诺组静脉注射布托啡诺1 mg,吗啡组静脉注射吗啡5 mg,对照组静脉注射生理盐水2 mL.术后1、2、4、6h记录镇痛、镇静评分和不良反应情况.结果 对照组在各时点的视觉模拟评分(VAS)评分均高于布托啡诺组和吗啡组(P＜0.05),而Ramsay评分低于其他两组(P＜0.05).布托啡诺组和吗啡组患者术后各时点的VAS及Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).布托啡诺组和对照组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组分别与吗啡组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 布托啡诺用于甲状腺手术能产生满意的超前镇痛作用,其镇痛效果与吗啡相似,且不良反应明显低于吗啡.     

布托啡诺和曲马多治疗腰硬联合麻醉下术后寒战效果的比较

目的比较布托啡诺和曲马多治疗腰硬联合麻醉术后寒战效果,探讨合适的治疗方法。方法腰硬联合麻醉术发生寒战患者90例随机分为观察组和对照组各45例,观察组手术完成后予布托啡诺10μg.kg-1+生理盐水10mL,缓慢静脉注射;对照组曲马多10.mg+生理盐水10mL缓慢静脉注射。结果用药后5min进行观察,两组用药对MAP、SpO2无明显影响;观察组总有效95.6%与对照组总有效97.8%无显著性差异(P>0.05),观察组恶心、呕吐2.22%低于对照组的31.11%(P<0.05)。结论布托啡诺治疗麻醉后寒战,效果确切,无明显副作用,是一种安全有效的治疗方法,值得临床应用与推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.