视网膜分支静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿的视网膜地形图

目的 使用光学相干断层成像仪（OCT）的视网膜地形图观察视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BranchRetinalVeinOcclusion,BRVO）所致黄斑水肿的图像特征,监测黄斑水肿的变化,探讨BRVO所致黄斑水肿患者黄斑中心凹1mm直径范围（黄斑中心凹区）视网膜厚度与最佳矫正视力之间的关系.方法 使用OCT对17人17眼发病后3个月以内、继发于BRVO的黄斑水肿患者行视网膜地形图检查,对图像进行分类并随访观察,将初诊时黄斑中心凹区视网膜厚度与最佳矫正视力进行相关分析.结果 根据黄斑水肿范围及程度的不同将黄斑水肿的视网膜地形图分为3种类型,视网膜地形图对黄斑水肿的轻微变化非常敏感,黄斑中心凹区视网膜厚度与最佳矫正视力呈负相关.结论 OCT的视网膜地形图可有效地观察BRVO所致黄斑水肿的范围及程度,并可用于监测黄斑水肿的发展以及治疗后水肿的变化,早期BRVO（发病后3个月以内）所致黄斑水肿患者黄斑中心凹区视网膜厚度与最佳矫正视力呈负相关.     

Serous macular detachment in branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the extent of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and the incidence of serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the macular area. METHODS: One hundred nine eyes of 109 consecutive patients with BRVO comprised the study population. These eyes were characterized as having either macular BRVO or major BRVO. We compared the tomographic macular findings between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-nine eyes had macular BRVO, and 70 eyes had major BRVO. The incidence of SRD was higher in the group with major BRVO (63%) than in the group with macular BRVO (21%) (P < 0.001). The incidence of cystoid macular edema was similar in both groups (macular BRVO, 97%; and major BRVO, 90%). Foveal thickness of major BRVO (610 +/- 190 micro m) was significantly greater than that of macular BRVO (500 +/- 140 micro m) (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in thickness of the neurosensory retina between the group with macular BRVO (450 +/- 120 micro m) and the group with major BRVO (480 +/- 140 micro m). CONCLUSIONS: Serous macular detachment occurs more frequently in major BRVO than in macular BRVO. Vascular leakage from congested retinal veins outside the macular area appears to be a major source of subretinal fluid at the fovea.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞视网膜微血管改变的定量研究

【摘要】 目的 研究视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）患者视网膜微血管改变的特点。设计 病例对照研究。研究对象 河北省邯郸市眼科医院连续的BRVO患者58例,对照组为“邯郸眼病研究”中按匹配原则抽取的非BRVO者200例。方法 对被研究者的眼底彩色照片定性判读视网膜微血管局部改变;利用计算机辅助软件（IVAN software, Australia）定量测量视网膜微血管管径,比较两组间的差异。主要指标 视网膜微血管局部改变包括局部视网膜动脉缩窄（FAN）、视网膜动静脉交叉压迫征（AVN）和动脉反光增强（OPAC）。定量测量指标为视网膜中央动脉直径（CRAE）、视网膜中央静脉直径（CRVE）和视网膜动静脉比值（AVR）。结果 CRAE、CRVE、AVR在BRVO组和非BRVO组分别为（136.0±20.7） μm Vs. （152.0±19.3） μm（P=0.000）;（207.2±23.1） μm Vs. （235.3±29.7） μm（P=0.000）;（0.66±0.13） Vs. （0.65±0.06）（P=0.019）。经多因素校正后视网膜血管局部改变FAN、AVN和OPAC在两组间比较的相对危险度分别为5.65（95%CI=1.77~18.03）、3.42（95%CI=1.48~7.89）和3.44（95%CI=1.44~8.24）（P均<0.05）。结论 视网膜动、静脉直径在BRVO者比非BRVO者均变窄,视网膜血管的局部改变在BRVO者比非BRVO者显著,因此视网膜血管的定量、定性分析可作为BRVO的观察指标。（眼科,2012,21：239-243）     

Foveal avascular zone in macular branch retinal vein occlusion

The mean area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in normal subjects was reported as 0.231 mm² to 0.405 mm², using fluorescein angiography. The FAZ enlarges in vaso-occlusive diseases, especially diabetic retinopathy, sickle cell retinopathy, talc retinopathy and branch retinal vein occlusion.In the present study the FAZ of 20 patients affected by macular branch retinal vein occlusion (MBRVO) was compared with the FAZ of 41 control subjects. The FAZ mean area was 0.56 ± 0.34 mm² SD in the MBRVO group, while 0.26 ± 0.07 mm² SD in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The FAZ mean perimeter was 4.77 ± 1.90 mm SD in the MBRVO group, and 2.36 ± 0.32 mm SD in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Taking into account the MBRVO group, a statistical correlation was found between visual acuity impairment and FAZ enlargement (p = 0.02), but not between visual acuity impairment and macular edema (p = 0.41). In 14 cases (70%) secondary avascular microzones located in the macular sector correspondent to MBRVO were also evident. MBRVO causes an irregular enlargement of the FAZ which seems to represent the most important feature related to visual acuity impairment.     

Grid laser treatment in macular branch retinal vein occlusion

· Background: Macular branch retinal vein occlusion (MBRVO) is a subgroup of branch retinal vein occlusion in which the occlusion is limited to a small venous vessel draining a sector of the macular region. The present study aimed to evaluate prospectively whether grid laser treatment is useful in improving the visual acuity of eyes affected by MBRVO with significant macular edema. · Methods: Ninety-nine patients affected by MBRVO of recent onset were prospectively studied during a 24-month period; eyes were randomly assigned to the control group, the early grid laser treatment group or the delayed grid laser treatment group. Clinical and angiographic features were recorded during the whole follow-up; parameters such as visual acuity and macular edema were carefully evaluated, the latter even by means of stereophotography. · Results: With respect to the baseline mean visual acuity values, a statistically significant improvement was noted at the 3-month follow-up and at the 1-year follow-up . No additional improvement was noted at the 2-year follow-up. No statistically significant difference was found between the treated groups and the control group. · Conclusions: We hypothesize that the abrupt ischemic damage subsequent to MBRVO is the main factor causing the central function impairment. Grid laser treatment is not able to reduce the macular edema more than the natural evolution, and does not improve visual acuity. Received: 25 May 1999 Revised version received: 6 September 1999 Accepted: 14 September 1999     

Cystoid macular degeneration in experimental branch retinal vein occlusion

Macular edema and collateral vessels were examined clinically and histopathologically up to 48 months after branch retinal vein occlusion in six eyes of five cynomolgus monkeys. In all six, central macular swelling and fluorescein leakage from the retinal vasculature were confined to the acute stage. However, histopathologically, at the chronic stage, only two maculas were completely recovered and unremarkable, whereas the other four showed variable degrees of cystoid degeneration and photoreceptor cell loss. In the two recovered maculas, six to eight normal-sized capillaries separated the fovea from the nearest cluster of capillary collaterals. In three maculas with cystic degeneration, collaterals incorporated the circumfoveal capillaries. In the fourth macula with cystic degeneration, collaterals were separated from the center by two normal-sized capillaries but were also associated with large areas of capillary nonperfusion partially due to occlusion of the macular arteriole.     

视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞的激光光凝治疗

目的 观察视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞(macular branch retinal occlusion, MBRVO)眼视网膜激光光凝和非光凝治疗对视力和黄斑水肿吸收的影响以及激光光凝眼光凝治疗前后黄斑光敏感度的变化。 方法 将45例MBRVO合并黄斑水肿患者的45只患眼随机分为激光光凝治疗组和非光凝治疗组，激光光凝治疗组采用氪激光治疗，非光凝治疗组采用药物治疗。随访6个月，比较两组患者视力、黄斑水肿改善方面的差异。激光光凝治疗组同时对激光光凝治疗眼治疗前1周和治疗后3个月的中心30°视野光敏感度进行检查，比较中心凹、中心10°、旁中心11~30°激光光凝治疗前后光敏感度的差异。 结果 激光光凝治疗组光凝治疗前平均视力为0.32±0.26，光凝治疗3、6个月后平均视力分别为0.56±0.26和0.63±0.27；光凝治疗后6个月83％的患眼黄斑水肿好转(20／24)。非光凝治疗组首诊时平均视力为0.31±0.18，随访3、6个月后平均视力分别为0.43±0.19和0.55±0.24；随访6个月后47％的患眼黄斑水肿好转(10／21)。激光光凝治疗组与非光凝治疗组在视力恢复和黄斑水肿消退方面差异有显著性的意义(P<0.05)。激光光凝治疗前和光凝治疗后3个月黄斑中心凹和旁中心11~30°光敏感度差异均无显著性的意义(P>0.05)，中心10 °视野光敏感度较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05)。 结论 MBRVO 眼的激光光凝治疗较非光凝治疗更有助于促进视力恢复和黄斑水肿的消退。黄斑区的激光光凝治疗对黄斑视功能的影响不大。 （中华眼底病杂志，2003，19：201-268）     

Role of the vitreous in retinal neovascularization evaluated by a comparison of central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion

Thirty three patients (33 eyes) with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 80 patients (81 eyes) with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) were studied in an attempt to investigate the role of the vitreous in the formation of retinal neovascularization. All these eyes had some areas of capillary nonperfusion confirmed by fluorescein angiography and no scatter photocoagulation before the first examination. The incidence of new vessels at the optic disc (NVD) in CRVO was not significantly different from that in BRVO. However, the incidence of new vessels elsewhere (NVE) in CRVO was significantly less than that in BRVO. Follow-up vitreous examination of 36 cases while they had not developed NVD and/or NVE showed a higher incidence of posterior vitreous detachment from the mid-peripheral retina (MP-PVD) in CRVO than in BRVO. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of posterior vitreous detachment from the optic disk (D-PVD) between CRVO and BRVO. The high incidence of MP-PVD in CRVO may explain the low incidence of NVE in CRVO.     

Retinal branch vein occlusion

Obstruction of a major temporal branch vein, or one of its macular tributaries, presents a significant threat to vision. Visual acuity may be reduced by macular edema or the consequences of retinal neovascularization, and these afflictions frequently become irreversible. Since the complicating macular edema and retinal neovascularization respond, at least in part, to argon laser therapy in some other conditions, some investigators have begun to treat branch vein occlusions with this modality. However, since the pathogenesis and natural history of the disorder have not yet been elucidated by prospective studies, it is not clear whether such treatment is indicated. Clinical and experimental studies are reviewed, and treatment rationale and techniques are discussed. The authors emphasize the need for well-controlled randomized studies to evaluate the natural history of branch vein occlusion and the efficacy of photocoagulation in its treatment.     

Grid laser treatment of macular edema in macular branch retinal vein occlusion

Aim: Macular branch retinal vein occlusion (MBRVO) is a subgroup of branch retinal vein occlusion in which the occlusion is limited to a small venous vessel draining a sector of the macular region. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of grid laser treatment for macular edema in MBRVO. Methods: 77 Patients with MBRVO of recent onset were prospectively studied during a 24 month period. Eyes were randomly assigned to a grid laser treatment group and to a control group. Clinical parameters such as visual acuity, presence of macular edema and angiographic features were recorded during the follow-up period. Results: Visual acuity increased significantly in both groups after 3 months of follow-up (p<0.001) and after 1 year of follow-up (p<0.005). No additional improvement was noted at the two year control. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusions: The visual prognosis of MBRVO is not improved after grid laser treatment of macular edema. This suggests that sudden ischemic damage to central photoreceptors rather than macular edema is the main factor for permanent visual acuity reduction. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Horseshoe-like macular tear following recurrent branch retinal vein occlusion

Background A macular hole can develop as a late complication secondary to a branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). We report about an atypical horseshoe-like tear occurring in the fovea after recurrent BRVO. Methods An interventional case report. Results In 1997, a 53-year-old man was seen with an occlusion of macular part of inferior temporal vein of the retina on the left eye. After experiencing several recurrent BRVO in this eye, 6 years later he presented with a horseshoe-like tear in the fovea. Visual acuity was 20/200. The patient underwent standard three-port vitrectomy and installation of C3F8 16%. Intraoperatively, massive traction of the vitreous was detected on the edges of the tear. Six months after the operation, the tear remained attached. The visual acuity was 20/200. Conclusions The uniqueness of the presented case is the occurrence of a macular tear following recurrent BRVO, its horseshoe-like shape and foveal location. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a horseshoe-like tear seen in the fovea secondary to BRVO. We assume that chronic macular edema and retinal ischemia following BRVO were additional factors beside the vitreous traction, contributing to the formation of the macular tear. Anatomical closure of the tear and stabilisation of visual acuity can be achieved by vitreoretinal surgery. There is no financial interest to declare. No grant has been received in relation to this case. Presented as a poster at the 102nd meeting of the German Ophthalmologic Society, 2004 Berlin.     

Serous macular detachment combined with branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To report frequency, clinical characteristics, treatment, and the complications of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) with serous macular detachment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 22 eyes of 22 patients in 111 eyes with acute BRVO, whose eyes had serous macular detachment that was detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Fluorescein angiography was conducted in 19 of the 22 eyes. Fourteen of the 22 eyes underwent scatter laser photocoagulation of the BRVO area. We observed serial OCT findings before and after treatment. RESULTS: Approximately 20% of the BRVO eyes had serous macular detachment. The superotemporal vein was occluded in 15 eyes and the inferotemporal vein was involved in 7 eyes. Four eyes were ischemic and 15 eyes were not ischemic. Extensive dye leakage was observed in the BRVO area in all examined eyes (19 eyes). The occlusion area of perifoveal capillary network ranged from 5 to 60%, with an average of 40%. OCT demonstrated pure serous macular detachment in 13 eyes and the remaining 9 eyes had both serous macular detachment and cystoid macular edema(CME). The occlusion area of perifoveal capillaries in these 9 eyes was more than 20%. Serous macular detachment was resolved in 11 of 14 eyes (80%) 6 months after laser treatment. The average period for resolution of macular detachment was 3.4 months after treatment. Visual acuity was improved more than 2 lines in 8 of the treated 11 eyes (73%). Hard exudates appeared in the posterior fundus in 13 of 14 treated eyes (93%) and in 16 of the total of 22 eyes (73%) in the follow-up period. Massive macular hard exudates and ensuing macular atrophy resulted in poor visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Serous macular detachment is one of the patterns of macular edema in BRVO. OCT is an essential tool to detect it. Leakage from the entire BRVO area seems to travel via subretinal space by gravity or other factors and may form serous detachment in the macular area. Laser photocoagulation is indicated for early resolution of serous macular detachment. The major complication of serous detachment is the deposit of macular hard exudates, which may result in poor visual outcome.     

Arterial crimping in branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of arterial crimping plus grid pattern laser photocoagulation on the macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy two eyes (70 patients) with macular edema due to BRVO were divided into two similar groups according to age, gender, location and extent of the occluded area. Grid pattern laser photocoagulation alone was applied in 34 eyes (group A), whereas arterial crimping plus grid pattern laser was used in 38 eyes (group B). Visual acuity, central 30 degree perimetry, and fundus fluorescein angiography were carried out in all patients at each examination. Patients were followed up for an average of 23 mo (ranging from 11 to 34 mo). FINDINGS: A rate of 62% and 79% improvement in macular edema was recorded in groups A and B, respectively (p=0.057). The perimetric performance value improved more in group B than in group A (p=0.028). In addition, visual acuity improved more in group B than group A (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: In patients with BRVO, grid pattern retinal photocoagulation treatment plus arterial crimping resulted in better visual performance two years after treatment than did grid pattern photocoagulation alone.     

Vitreous surgery for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of vitreous surgery for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 183 patients (183 eyes) that underwent vitreous surgery for macular edema in BRVO. They were 77 males and 106 females. The average age of the patients was 65 years (range, 35-87 years). The average duration of macular edema was 18 weeks (range, 1-161 weeks). Mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.32 (0.01-1.2). Preoperative visual acuity was less than 0.1 in 27% and more than 0.5 in 26% of the cases. The average follow-up period was 24 months (range, 12-83 months). RESULTS: Macular edema was absorbed in 21% at 1 month, 54% at 3 months, 81% at 6 months, and 95% at 12 months postoperatively. The mean absorption period of macular edema was 4.5 months. Postoperative visual acuity improved to 0.68, which was statistically significant. Postoperative visual acuity was less than 0.1 in 9% of the cases, more than 0.5 in 68%, and more than 0.8 in 47%. CONCLUSION: After vitreous surgery for macular edema in BRVO, macular edema was absorbed rapidly and visual acuity improved. Vitreous surgery may be an effective treatment.     

Visual prognosis of branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual outcome and prognostic factors of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) combined with macular edema, when no aggressive treatment is performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 80 eyes of 80 patients of BRVO associated with macular edema. The average age was 65.7 years and the average follow-up period was 32.1 months. Oral or instillation drug therapy was conducted in 42 eyes and peripheral scatter argon laser photocoagulation for the capillary non-perfusion area was carried out in 61 eyes (photocoagulation for macula was excluded). RESULTS: Baseline visual acuity(BVA) and final visual acuity(FVA) had a positive correlation (r= 0.60, p< 0.001). 69% of eyes with BVA of 0.1 or less remained at FVA 0.1 or worse, while 78% of eyes with BVA of 0.8 or better maintained FVA of 0.8 or better. Visual acuity improved in 26%, remained unchanged in 54%, and deteriorated in 20% during follow-up periods. In the eyes with visual loss the deterioration occurred in the early periode from onset, but in the eyes with visual improvement the visual acuity tended to improve steadily. CONCLUSIONS: Even if macular edema occurs, some of the BRVO eyes can attain good visual acuity. However, we recommend aggressive treatment when the best-corrected acuity is poor or when the visual acuity worsens gradually, because there is a strong possibility that the visual prognosis will be poor.     

黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者中心凹无血管区面积改变

目的分析视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者的黄斑区中心凹无血管区(FAZ)平均面积的变化特点。方法收集黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者23例,视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者26例的眼底荧光血管造影图片,分别测定两组患者患眼和健眼的FAZ平均面积,应用差数t检验、成组t检验和卡方检验进行统计比较,并与其视力进行相关性分析。结果黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者患眼FAZ平均面积为083±048mm2,健眼为036±006mm2,经统计学比较表明患眼FAZ平均面积大于健眼(t=453,P<001)。视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者患眼FAZ平均面积为052±014mm2,健眼为039±007mm2,经统计学比较表明患眼FAZ平均面积大于健眼(t=467,P<001)。两组患者患眼的FAZ平均面积有显著性差异(t=315,P<001),表明黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者患眼FAZ平均面积大于视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼FAZ平均面积;两组患者健眼的FAZ平均面积比较无显著性差异(t=053,P>005)。黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼视力与FAZ面积呈负相关(r=-0683),而视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼视力与FAZ面积无相关。结论视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者的FAZ平均面积较健眼扩大,也大于视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼FAZ平均面积。     

Retinal breaks and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in association with branch retinal vein occlusion

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report the incidence and clinical characteristics of retinal breaks and/or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 230 eyes of 214 patients with BRVO and identified eyes with retinal breaks and/or RRD. Patients had at least 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Seven of 230 eyes (3%) had retinal breaks and 3 eyes (1.3%) had RRD. One of the eyes with RRD had subclinical retinal detachment. All 7 eyes had ischemic disease documented by fluorescein angiography. Two of 7 eyes had concurrent retinal neovascularization. Four eyes with breaks, but without RRD, and the eye with subclinical RRD were managed by argon green laser. Two eyes with RRD were managed successfully with scleral buckling surgery and postoperative supplemental argon green laser. The mean follow-up period was 14.8 +/- 8.3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BRVO should be monitored closely for possible retinal break formation and RRD development.