改良式腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术后并发淋巴漏患者的护理

21例原发性睾丸肿瘤患者于根治性睾丸切除术后,成功实施改良式腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术(LRPLND),3例患者出现术后淋巴漏,给予心理疏导、引流管管理、饮食护理等措施,患者平均住院(9.6±2.4)d,术后随访6～18个月,CT检查未见腹膜后积液或囊肿.提出护理人员密切观察病情,采取系统的心理疏导、引流管护理、饮食护理是LRPLND术后淋巴漏患者康复的有效保证.     

后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术及其应用解剖学研究

目的 总结后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术,并对镜下肾周区域相关解剖结构进行研究.方法 2006年1月至2008年3月行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术85例.肿瘤位于左肾38例,右肾47例;肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均(5.5±1.7)cm;T1N0Mo 74例,T2:N0M0 11例.根据肾筋膜外切除原则,在"两个间隙、上下两极间"分离切除患肾,腹侧为肾旁前间隙(后腹膜与肾前筋膜之间),背侧为腰肌前间隙(肾后筋膜与腰肌筋膜之间),上极达膈下,下方到髂窝.术中辨认重要的解剖结构:后腹膜及其返折、肾前筋膜、侧锥筋膜、肾后筋膜、腰大肌及重要血管. 结果 除1例因与周围粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余均获得成功.手术时间50～165 min,中位数65 min.估计失血量25～600ml,中位数58 ml.术中腹膜破裂5例,肾蒂周围小血管损伤出血6例,无重要脏器及大血管损伤.术后平均随访10(2～25)个月,均无瘤生存,无局部复发或发生穿刺通道种植转移. 结论 后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术时,熟悉重要的镜下解剖结构有利于提高手术安全性、减少副损伤.     

改良式腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术后并发淋巴漏患者的护理

21例原发性睾丸肿瘤患者于根治性睾丸切除术后,成功实施改良式腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术（LRPLND）,3例患者出现术后淋巴漏,给予心理疏导、引流管管理、饮食护理等措施,患者平均住院（9.6±2.4）d,术后随访6～18个月,CT检查未见腹膜后积液或囊肿。提出护理人员密切观察病情,采取系统的心理疏导、引流管护理、饮食护理是LRPLND术后淋巴漏患者康复的有效保证。     

腹腔镜下上尿路解剖与腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术

目的:分析腹腔镜下上尿路解剖特点与腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术临床效果的关系,并探讨腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的手术技巧。方法:我院收治63例局限性肾癌患者,其中左侧35例,右侧28例;肿瘤最大径1.5～8.2cm,平均3.6cm;所有患者均根据上尿路解剖特点完成腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术,常规建立腹膜后腔,腹腔镜下在无血管区游离肾脏后内侧,找到输尿管并向上游离肾蒂,Hem-O-lock结扎肾血管并剪断,在肾筋膜前间隙充分游离肾脏。结果:所有手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,术中无明显并发症发生。手术时间35～90min,平均48min;出血20～150ml,平均40ml;术后3～7d出院。62例患者术后随访5～34个月,其中1例出现腹膜后淋巴结转移,余经B超及胸片检查未见局部复发或远处转移。结论:根据腹腔镜下上尿路解剖特点,选择无血管平面入路解剖肾周间隙,并采用相应的手术技巧处理肾蒂行腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术能有效减少术中出血,降低并发症的发生率。     

肾周腹膜后隙腔镜下解剖特征及其临床应用

目的 研究腹腔镜下肾周腹膜后晾解剖学特点，为腹腔镜手术提供解剖学依据。方法 行腹腔镜肾输尿管手术241例，通过手术录像和照片分析术中所见解剖学结构及结构间相立关系。结果 腹腔镜下可清晰观察到侧锥筋膜和融合筋膜。侧锥筋膜由腰方肌筋膜向前延伸而成，被覆于肾筋膜后叶浅面，在侧腹膜返折处向前延续为腹横筋膜；融合筋膜位于肾筋膜前叶前方，向外侧延伸并消失于侧腹膜反折前方的腹膜外组织中。肾筋膜前叶与融合筋膜之间、肾筋膜后叶与侧锥筋膜之间、腰方肌与腰大肌前方均为无血管平面。结肠外缘、腹膜和融合筋膜组成结肠外侧三角，融合筋膜、肾筋膜和侧锥筋膜形成一无血管三角区。结论 通过无血管平面的解剖学入路，可以提高手术安全性，减少出血和副损伤。建立腹腔镜下整体解剖学概念，可为手术规范的建立提供解剖学依据。     

经腹腔与腹膜后间隙腹腔镜肾癌根治术肾周筋膜及脂肪切除完整性的比较

目的比较经腹腔和腹膜后间隙途径腹腔镜肾癌根治术切除肾周筋膜及脂肪的完整性。方法前瞻性比较2018年11月～2020年1月腹腔镜手术治疗的57例肾癌的临床资料。肿瘤最大径2.6～18.0(7.4±3.5)cm。肿瘤位于左侧23例,右侧34例。术前临床分期T1～T3a期。腹膜后间隙途径33例,经腹腔途径24例。2组年龄、性别、肿瘤大小和肿瘤位置差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后标本完整性分为0～6分7个等级:0分,肾肿瘤完全破裂,内容物(肿瘤坏死组织或感染脓性分泌物)破溃流入术野,种植复发风险高;1分,肾肿瘤一极肾周筋膜、脂肪囊均打开,肾实质及肿瘤表面均可见,肿瘤包膜不完整或部分破裂;2分,肾肿瘤一极肾周筋膜、脂肪囊均打开,肾实质及肿瘤表面均可见,但肿瘤包膜完整;3分,肾肿瘤一极肾周筋膜打开,脂肪囊完整,肾实质及肿瘤表面均不可见;4分,肾肿瘤另一极肾周筋膜、肾周脂肪囊均打开,肾实质可见,但肿瘤一极肾周筋膜未打开;5分,肾肿瘤另一极肾周筋膜打开,脂肪囊完整切除,肾实质不可见,但肿瘤一极肾周筋膜未打开;6分,肾周筋膜没有打开,完整切除,肾周脂肪囊、肾实质均不可见。比较2组标本评分。结果经腹腔组与经腹膜后间隙组标本完整性0～6分分别为0、0、2、3、8、6、5例和1、1、19、8、2、1、1例,经腹腔组评分明显高于经腹膜后间隙组(Z=-4.907,P=0.000)。57例术后病理诊断均为肾细胞癌。结论经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾癌根治术肾周筋膜及脂肪切除的完整性明显优于经腹膜后间隙途径。     

盆腔淋巴结清扫数量与高危前列腺癌——文献回顾及基于单中心的初步研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫对高危前列腺癌患者的意义,回顾相关文献并探讨淋巴结清扫数量对前列腺癌的诊断及治疗意义。方法对2017年1月至2018年6月期间15例接受腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治性切除及扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫高危前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析淋巴结清扫情况及术后并发症发生情况。结果患者平均年龄(68.4±5.8)(60～79)岁,患者术前均诊断为高危前列腺癌,术中盆腔淋巴结清扫范围包括双侧闭孔神经、髂外血管和髂内血管周围的淋巴结和脂肪组织。扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫平均手术时间(94.3±10.2)(75～116)min,平均出血量(22.5±4.2)(10～40)mL。术中未发生重要血管及神经损伤。清扫淋巴结数目6～29枚,中位数为15枚。盆腔淋巴结阳性8例,阳性率53.3%;阳性淋巴结中位数5枚。清扫术后引流管拔除时间5～36d,中位数为7d。与盆腔淋巴结清扫相关的术后早期并发症主要有下肢深静脉血栓(2例)、淋巴囊肿(1例)、淋巴漏(8例)等。结论高危前列腺癌患者行扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫具有较高阳性率,有助于对前列腺癌进行准确分期,足够数量的淋巴结数量及范围是影响高危前列腺癌综合治疗疗效的重要因素。     

腹腔镜经腹膜后解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术的体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜经腹膜后解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术的手术方法及临床效果。方法:为48例患者按既定手术步骤施行解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术。制备腹膜后腔操作空间后,先将肾上极腹膜外脂肪向下推至髂窝,然后避开腹膜返折纵行切开肾后筋膜外层,进入肾周筋膜固有间隙,扩大腹膜后腔,并在此间隙快速找到肾上腺,根据术前诊断及术中情况选择行肾上腺或腺瘤切除术。结果:48例手术均获成功,术中出血少,均未输血,无严重并发症发生。术后住院4～8 d,平均5.2 d。结论:腹腔镜经腹膜后解剖性肾上腺(腺瘤)切除术步骤明确,解剖层次清晰,疗效确切,为肾上腺疾病的微创外科治疗提供了更安全的选择。     

腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术七例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术治疗Ⅱ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤的临床效果.方法 Ⅱ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤患者7例.平均年龄28岁.肿瘤位于左侧4例、右侧3例.根治性睾丸切除术后1～4周行腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术.清扫范围上至同侧肾静脉水平,下至同侧髂总血管分叉处,外至同侧输尿管内侧,内至腹主动脉.观察手术时间、出血量、围手术期并发症、术后肿瘤标志物,患者术后射精功能等情况. 结果 7例淋巴结清扫术均顺利完成.手术时间140～220min,平均180 min.术中出血量80～127 ml,平均95 ml,均未输血.术中无大血管损伤,术后未发生肠梗阻和淋巴瘘等并发症.术后2周复查血清甲胎蛋白由术前15～1247 μg/L降至术后的2～8μg/L、人绒毛膜促性腺激素由术前5～59μg/L降至术后的0.5～2.5μg/L.7例术后10～12周均恢复射精功能.随访12～26个月,平均21个月,肿瘤无复发及远处转移. 结论 对于Ⅱ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤,腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法.     

腹腔镜下腹膜后睾丸癌淋巴结清扫术的临床评价

随着腹腔镜技术的提高，腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术（LRPLND）治疗睾丸癌逐步受到泌尿外科医师的重视。目前LRPLND是治疗睾丸非精原细胞瘤比较好的方法，既获得了有无肿瘤转移的准确诊断，又可同时进行治疗。作者就腹腔镜下腹膜后睾丸癌淋巴结清扫术的指征、手术时间、并发症及术后随访进行综述，分析其利弊。     

Extraperitoneal laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for early-stage testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: initial experience

Abstract Purpose: To investigate a modified laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection technique using an extraperitoneal approach and to evaluate its feasibility. Patients and Methods: A group of consecutive patients from a single institution underwent extraperitoneal laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (EL-RLND) at weeks after orchiectomy for primary testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT). All patients were placed in the supine position and tilted up 15 degrees on the affected side. Four trocars were introduced. The templates of lymph node dissection conformed to those of Weissbach and Boedefeld. Results: EL-RLND was successfully performed in 15 patients (left, 6 patients; right, 9 patients). The mean total operative time for the entire series was 164±49 minutes. The mean blood loss was 118±74?mL. One intraoperative complication was injury of the vena cava, which occurred in one patient. Ureteral obstruction occurred in another patient. The mean postoperative intestinal function recovery time was 2 days. The mean postoperative hospitalization was 5.5±1.1 days. Normal antegrade ejaculation was preserved in all patients. Pathologic studies revealed positive lymph nodes in three (20%) patients. No recurrence or distant metastasis occurred during 2 to 32 months of follow-up. Conclusions: EL-RLND is a safe and feasible procedure using an improved extraperitoneal approach that provides minimal invasion and rapid recovery of patients.     

Anatomical retroperitoneoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors： initial operative experience

To introduce the technique of anatomical retroperitoneoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection （ARRPLND） was performed in 12 consecutive patients with a clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell tumor （NSGCT） between February 2008 and October 2010. All procedures were performed using a modified template nerve-sparing approach. The retroperitoneal space was adequately expanded using double gasbags. After the retroperitoneal fat was cleared, two relatively bloodless planes were entered consecutively to expose the lymph node and permit dissection. Dissection proceeded first in the plane between the anterior renal fascia and posterior peritoneum, and secondly in the avascular plane between the posterior renal fascia and transversalis fascia. The proximal spermatic vein was clipped at the initial stage. En bloc resection of the lymph tissue and fat between the anterior renal fascia and posterior renal fascia were performed. Three patients （25%） had pathologic stage IIA disease and received adjuvant chemotherapy. No recurrence was observed during follow-up ranging from 26 to 58months. The median operative time was 205min （range： 165-430min） and median estimated blood loss was 320ml （range： 100-1200ml）. There were two intraoperative complications （Clavien grade II） and one open conversion due to perforation of the peritoneum. Postoperative complications （Clavien I） developed in three patients. Normal antegrade ejaculation recovered by 1 month following the operation. Our preliminary results indicate that ARRPLND is technically feasible and associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes for clinical stage I NSGCT. Further studies are necessary to evaluate this technique.     

后腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术17例报道

目的初步探讨后腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术对Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤患者的控瘤效果、并发症及安全性。 方法回顾性分析我科2009年4月到2015年5月收治17例临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤患者的临床资料，行根治性睾丸切除术后，经4通道按Innsbruck大学的改良模板行后腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术中术后并发症、术后恢复情况及所清除淋巴结病理结果，随访控瘤及保留性功能效果。 结果17例手术均成功完成，手术早期腹膜损伤后暴露不佳１例。手术时间平均为220 min（150～310 min），术中出血平均为150 ml（50～260 ml）。术中腰静脉损伤出血2例，均在镜下成功止血。术后24～48 h恢复肠道通气，术后4～7 d拔除引流管，无严重术后并发症。病理提示：淋巴结阳性率为11.8%（2/17），淋巴结阳性患者予术后辅助化疗2个疗程。随访６个月14例可顺行射精，复查肺部和腹膜后CT及肿瘤标志物检查未显示异常。 结论后腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术安全，控瘤效果好，术后并发症少、恢复快，但对术者技术要求较高。     

Surveillance Study for Clinical Stage I Testicular Seminomas and Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors

Background: Optimal therapy for stage I testicular tumors is still controversial. This study evaluated the efficacy of a surveillance policy for patients with testicular stage I seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT).
Methods: From 1984 to 1996, 24 patients with stage I semi noma and 20 with stage I NSGCT were fol lowed after radical orchiectomy with tumor markers and imaging studies. All patients were followed for at least 2 years except for those who recurred within 2 years. Recurrent patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Results: The median follow-up periods for seminoma and NSGCT patients were 41 and 54 months, respectively. Recurrences were detected in 2 seminoma (8.3%) and 10 NSGCT (50%) patients. Eleven of the 1 2 recurrent patients (92%) were detected within 2 years after orchiectomy. The seminoma patients both recurred in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, while 70% of the NSGCT patients recurred in the lung and/or retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The recurrent seminoma patients were treated with chemotherapy and are alive without disease for 1 7 and 24 months after orchiectomy. One NSGCT patient died of cancer, but the other 9 recurrent NSGCT patients are alive without disease at 25 to 11 3 months after orchiectomy.
Conclusions: Surveillance alone is reliable for monitoring patients with stage I testicular seminoma and NSGCT. The majority of recurrences occurred within 2 years, necessitating intensive follow-up for 3 years. As the lung metastatic rates in NSGCT patients were high, a more accurate assessment for lung metastasis is desirable in these patients.     

腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术11例报告

目的探讨采用腹腔镜技术行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术在睾丸肿瘤治疗中的技术可行性。方法2006年4月至2009年9月11例原发性睾丸非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤根治性睾丸切除术后1周行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,其中,胚胎癌8例,混合癌3例;术前临床分期：I期9例,IIb期2例;右侧10例,左侧1例。结果11例手术均取得成功,手术平均时间280min;术中出血量1例30～600ml,平均100ml,无输血,无邻近重要脏器损伤,平均切除淋巴结12个。术后淋巴漏1例,饮食控制后1周治愈。术后平均住院时间9d。术后随访6-48个月,无肠粘连、肠梗阻及淋巴囊肿等发生,无肿瘤复发及远处转移。结论腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术技术可行,创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快。     

Complications of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in testicular cancer

Objectives  A proposed benefit of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LRPLND) is more favorable morbidity in comparison to open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). The objective of this review is to examine and summarize the literature regarding complications in both primary and post-chemotherapy LRPLND (PC-LRPLND) and, where appropriate, we include the opinions of the senior author regarding management. Methods  A MEDLINE search was performed using the terms “laparoscopy” or “laparoscopic,” “retroperitoneal lymph node dissection” or “RPLND,” and “testicular neoplasms.” Articles were included on the basis of study design and content. For series updated over time, an effort was made to include only the most recent data to avoid duplicate reporting of patients. Results  In primary LRPLND, vascular injury is the most common complication, occurring in 2.2–20% of reported cases. Bowel injury is rarely reported but potentially catastrophic. Rates of retrograde ejaculation are less than 5%. Chylous ascites and lymphocele are delayed post-operative complications. Rarely reported complications include nerve injury, retroperitoneal hematoma, and ureteral injury requiring internal stent placement. PC-LRPLND is challenging, with high rates of conversion and complications. Hemorrhage is common. Retrograde ejaculation is several-fold more common in PC-LRPLND than in primary LRPLND. No peri-operative mortality has been reported for either LRPLND or PC-LRPLND. Conclusions  LRPLND and PC-LRPLND are technically demanding. Hemorrhage and vascular injury are the most commonly reported complications. Prospective studies will help clarify the proposed benefits of LRPLND.     

Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for advanced testicular cancer after chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: Nerve-sparing techniques are commonly used in retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in patients with early stage testicular germ cell tumors to preserve postoperative ejaculation. The indications for nerve-sparing procedures have been extended to patients who have residual retroperitoneal tumor postchemotherapy with an increase in the incidence of local recurrence. Here, we report on 26 Japanese men with advanced testicular cancer who underwent nerve-sparing RPLND after partially successful chemotherapy. METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 2000, 26 patients with metastatic or recurrent testicular cancer underwent nerve-sparing RPLND after chemotherapy. Eight patients had seminoma and 18 had non-seminoma. Three patients received high-dose chemotherapy with carboplatin (250 mg/m2 per day x 5 days), etoposide (300 mg/m2 per day x 5 days) and ifosfamide (1.5 g/m2 per day x 5 days) in combination with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: In all cases, lumbar splanchnic nerves were preserved macroscopically during the operation, at least unilaterally. Twenty-two patients (84.6%) achieved antegrade ejaculation during a mean follow-up at 3.9 months (range: 1-7 months). Three patients have fathered children. Only one patient suffered a retroperitoneal recurrence during a median follow-up at 25.8 months (range: 6-76 months). CONCLUSION: Nerve-sparing procedures for RPLND are appropriate for patients with metastatic testicular cancer, even after chemotherapy. The procedure preserves ejaculatory function in the majority of the patients without increasing the risk of local recurrence. Nerve-sparing RPLND improves the quality of life in patients who require postchemotherapy RPLND to treat residual tumor.     

Imipramine for successful treatment of retrograde ejaculation caused by retroperitoneal surgery

Retrograde ejaculation is a known complication following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Without further therapy, achieving paternity may be impossible. We evaluated the use of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine in a new ovarian cycle-dependent dose regime for reversal of retrograde ejaculation in 11 patients desiring fertility. Ten patients with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection performed because of testicular cancer, and one with aortic surgery (thromboendarterectomy) were treated in an open, uncontrolled study with imipramine given at a daily oral dose increasing from 25 to 50 mg for 7 days prior to the planned ejaculation or the expected ovulation of the female partner. In all 11 patients, antegrade ejaculation could be induced (sperm counts: 3.9-276.0 x 10(6)/mL). Major side-effects were not observed, but half of the patients complained of minor degrees of dizziness, weakness, nausea or sweating during medication. Under treatment, two patients with normal sperm concentrations induced a spontaneous pregnancy. One ICSI cycle each was performed in 2 patients, with successful fertilization, out no pregnancy. In conclusion, temporary oral intake of imipramine is an effective and safe treatment to re-establish antegrade ejaculation in patients with retrograde ejaculation following retroperitoneal surgery, thus providing possibilities for paternity either through intercourse or by assisted fertilization.     

Clinical stage 1 testicular cancer: the role of modified retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy

A total of 85 patients underwent modified retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis from 1982 to 1989. The technique was a modified bilateral dissection via a thoracoabdominal approach. A full bilateral dissection was done above the level of the inferior mesenteric artery but unilateral dissection was performed below the inferior mesenteric artery using a template method. Of the 85 patients 64 had pathological stage A and 21 had stage B1 disease. Relapses have occurred in 4 of 64 stage A cancer patients (6%) and 3 of 21 stage B1 cancer patients (15%). Antegrade ejaculation was preserved without pharmacological therapy in 75 of 85 patients (88%) and 5 others were converted to antegrade ejaculation with imipramine. Therefore, 80 of 85 patients (94%) have recovered antegrade ejaculation. With a median followup of 38 months 7 relapses have been noted. We conclude that modified retroperitoneal lymph node dissection allows for preservation of ejaculation, decreases concern about retroperitoneal understaging and represents the preferred alternative to surveillance protocols for patients with low stage testicular cancer.