An exploratory study on the factors affecting the mental health and well‐being of frontline workers in homeless services

Frontline workers in homeless services work in a high‐intensity, emotionally consuming environment, with frequent exposure to traumatic material with potentially significant consequences for their own mental health. This, in turn, may have a negative impact on the quality of care provided to homeless service users. Prevention of this trajectory may be achieved through psychologically informed environments for staff. This study aimed to explore factors that may influence the development of burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, anxiety and stress in this population. Elevated levels of burnout and STS were predicted, as was an association between the predictor variables of professional experience, educational background, continuing professional development, access to organisational support structures and the outcome measures of compassion satisfaction, burnout, STS, depression, anxiety and stress. An online cross‐sectional survey design using the Professional Quality of Life Scale (Version V) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 and scales designed for this study capturing occupational variables were distributed via email and national networks to a wide range of services across Scotland and the rest of the UK. Over 4 months in 2017, 112 frontline homelessness workers in health, social care and third sector organisations completed the survey. Results did not indicate elevated levels of burnout or STS, though depression and stress were found to be significantly elevated compared to population norms and were associated with burnout, compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress. High levels of various types of supervision support and CPD were identified. There was no association between these and burnout or stress. We highlight the elevated levels of stress and depression and make a research recommendation to parse types of supervision to assess for optimal effectiveness and efficiency in ensuring that staff working in high‐stress homelessness settings receive optimal support to deliver high quality services.     

Sources of stress experienced by occupational therapists and social workers in mental health settings

This study examined the sources of stress experienced by occupational therapists and social workers employed in Australian public mental health services and identified the demographic and work-related factors related to stress using a cross-sectional survey design. Participants provided demographic and work-related information and completed the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale. The overall response rate to the survey was 76.6%, consisting of 196 occupational therapists and 108 social workers. Results indicated that lack of resources, relationships and conflicts with other professionals, workload, and professional self-doubt were correlated with increased stress. Working in case management was associated with stress caused by client-related difficulties, lack of resources, and professional self-doubt. The results of this study suggest that Australian occupational therapists and social workers experience stress, with social workers reporting slightly more overall stress than occupational therapists.     

The health and wellbeing of mental health professionals

We examine dimensions of job satisfaction, occupational burnout and general health of a sample of 123 mental health care professionals (psychiatric nurses and nursing assistants, and smaller professional groups such as social workers, occupational and recreational therapists and psychologists) employed at a large Canadian psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric nursing assistants exhibit more of the consequences of job-related stress (less job satisfaction, greater occupational burnout, greater incidence of negative physical and psychological symptoms of stress) relative to the other professional groups in the sample. This may be linked with their position within the hospital organization (having less authority and professional autonomy relative to the other groups), affecting their ability to cope with job-related problems and stresses experienced by all direct care workers. We examine attitudes of mental health professionals towards organized support groups at the hospital, which could provide one forum for the open discussion (and potential resolution) of job-related stresses and problems experienced in hospital settings.     

Occupational stress and depression in Korean employees

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze what aspects of occupational stress predict depression among Korean workers, and determine which components of occupational stress or job characteristics is more strongly associated with depression. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 8,522 workers (21-65 years of age) from a nationwide sample were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographics, job characteristics, depressive symptoms measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and occupational stress assessed by the Korean occupational stress scale (KOSS). RESULTS: Multivariate analyses show that inadequate social support (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.52, 1.66) and discomfort in occupational climate (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.18, 1.32) were more important risk factors for depression than organizational injustice, job demand and job control. Compared to the 'business activities' industries, 'recreational, cultural and sporting activities' (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.80, 6.58), 'hotel and restaurants' (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 1.92, 5.80), 'real estate and renting and leasing' (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.13, 4.44), 'wholesale and retail' (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.28, 2.67), 'transportation' (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.11, 3.07), and 'financial institute and insurance' (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.48) industries had significantly greater risk of depression after controlling for gender, age, marital status, duration of employment and all subscale of KOSS. CONCLUSION: The finding that inadequate social support and discomfort in occupational climate is a better predictor of depressive symptoms than organizational injustice in Korea, indicates that the newly developed KOSS has cultural relevance for assessing occupational stress in Korea. Future studies need to understand factors such as "emotional labor" within certain industries where increased risk for depression is observed.     

Experiencing satisfaction and stress as an AIDS care provider. The AIDS caregiver scale

Health care workers (n = 342) completed items examining their emotional experiences working with HIV-positive patients. Factor analysis produced two subscales: Personal Satisfaction and Emotional Stress. A subset of these care workers (n = 251) claimed increased stress and depression after 6 months. In a second study, 91 volunteer AIDS caregivers ("buddies") completed the inventory and the Attitude Toward AIDS Scale. Satisfaction subscores were related to frequent contact and Stress subscores were related to length of illness of persons with AIDS. Satisfaction subscores were related negatively to prejudice towards PWA, social discrimination against PWA, and positively to pro-attitudes toward PWA. Stress subscores were related to social discrimination and punishment for PWA.     

职业应激与动态血压参数的关系

目的 探讨职业应激与动态血压参数的关系.方法 从填写了有效问卷的电冰箱厂装配线生产工人中随机选择30名无高血压等疾病史的健康男性作为研究对象,使用付出-回报失衡模式、工作内容问卷和职业应激测量工具等问卷进行职业应激测评,使用便携式动态血压监测仪进行动态血压测定.使用t检验和多元逐步回归分析职业应激相关因素对动态血压参数的影响.结果 (1)职业应激因素中,角色冲突评分高者收缩压变异性、平均动脉压变异性和班后30min心率均高于评分低者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).技术利用评分高者班后30min收缩压均值高于评分低者,决定自由度评分高者舒张压变异性和心率变异性均值高于评分低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).心理性工作需求评分高者收缩压变异性、舒张压变异性和平均动脉压变异性均高于评分低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).外在付出评分高者心率血压乘积和收缩压变异性均值均高于评分低者.回报评分低者心率均值和班后30 min心率均值均高于评分低者.ERI高者班后30 min舒张压和心率均值均高于ERI低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).其余不同职业应激因素评分组间动态血压参数的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)个性特征中,外控性评分高者舒张压均值和平均动脉压均值均低于评分低者.忍耐性评分高者班后30 min收缩压均值低于评分低者,组织归属感评分高者班后30 min心率均值低于评分低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).其余不同个性特征评分组间动态血压参数的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)应激缓解因素中,控制策略评分高者心率变异性均值低于评分低者,上级支持评分低者心率血压乘积和平均动脉压变异性均高于评分高者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).其余不同缓解因素评分组间动态血压参数的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(4)多元逐步同归分析结果表明,部分职业应激因素和每日紧张感、抑郁症状、心理卫生、负性情感对动态血压部分参数有较大预测力(R~2>0.05).结论 职业应激因素、个性特征、缓解因素和应激反应对动态血压存在影响;动态血压参数可用于现场研究中职业应激评价.     

外来工职业紧张与工作能力关系的研究

目的探讨外来工职业紧张与工作能力的关系。方法应用职业紧张量表修订版(OSI-R)和工作能力指数法(WAI),对深圳市来自不同行业的644名外来工的职业紧张和工作能力的变化情况进行测试。结果随着职业紧张程度的增加,外来工紧张反应水平增加,而随着应对能力的降低,外来工职业紧张程度增加;职业紧张程度越强,工作能力越低。应对资源与工作能力呈正相关(P<0.01),并在低度紧张组职业任务与工作能力呈明显的正相关(P<0.01)。结论职业紧张可导致外来工工作能力的降低,保护和促进外来工的工作能力是职业卫生领域面临的重要任务之一。     

Social Work in Oncology—Managing Vicarious Trauma—The Positive Impact of Professional Supervision

This exploratory study focused on the experience and management of vicarious trauma in a team of social workers (N?=?16) at a specialist cancer hospital in Melbourne. Respondents completed the Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale (TSIBS), the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL), and participated in four focus groups. The results from the TSIBS and the ProQol scales confirm that there is a stress associated with the social work role within a cancer service, as demonstrated by the high scores related to stress. However at the same time the results indicated a high level of satisfaction which acted as a mitigating factor. The study also highlighted the importance of supervision and management support. A model for clinical social work supervision is proposed to reduce the risks associated with vicarious trauma.     

重庆市925名机械制造业女工职业压力现状及影响因素分析

目的 分析重庆市机械制造业女工职业压力现状及影响因素,促进女性职工身心健康。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,选取重庆市两家机械制造业的925名女工为研究对象,使用中国疾病预防控制中心编制的《女工职业健康专项调查问卷》调查其职业压力状况,采用多元线性回归方法来分析其职业压力的主要影响因素。结果 被调查的925名女工中有843人（占91.1%）存在一定程度的职业压力,其中有轻度职业压力641人（占69.3%）,中度职业压力196人（占21.2%）,重度职业压力6人（占0.7%）。多元线性回归分析结果显示：分别相比初中及以下文化程度、年收入<3万元、工龄<10年、长时间站立的女工,文化程度为高中或中专、个人年收入大于10万、工龄在10～20年和可随意调整工作体位的女工职业压力得分较低（β=-0.690～-5.583,P <0.01）;相比白班作业,工作形式为夜班的女工职业压力得分相对较高（β=0.752,P <0.05）。结论 机械制造业女工普遍存在一定程度的职业压力,相关部门应当做好企业监管,创造良好的工作环境和社会支持环境,提高职业待遇,有效缓解机械制造业女工的职业压...     

南充市三甲医院医务人员职业生命质量与职业紧张的关系研究

目的了解三甲医院医务人员职业生命质量(quality of working life ,QWL)的现状,探讨职业生命质量与职业紧张的关系.方法 采用职业生命质量量表(Quality of Work Life Scale ,QWL7-32)和职业紧张量表(occupational stress inventory revised edition , OSI-R)对227名三甲医院医务人员进行调查并比较分析调查结果.结果 ①男性的QWL得分显著高于女性(P<0.01);低学历组QWL得分显著低于高学历组(P<0.01);医生的QWL得分显著高于护士(P<0.01);高级职称组的QWL得分显著高于初中级职称组(P<0.01).②QWL得分与职业任务得分,个体紧张反应得分呈负相关关系,QWL得分与个体应对资源得分呈正相关关系(P<0.01).③不同程度职业紧张组的QWL得分差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001),且QWL得分随紧张程度增加有下降趋势.④经多元线性回归分析,个体紧张反应(B=-0.418,P=0.000),职业(B=-0.925,P=0.000)及职业任务(B=-0.176,P=0.002)与职业生命质量呈负相关关系..结论 职业生命质量受个体紧张反应,职业及职业任务的影响,且职业生命质量与职业紧张呈负相关关系.     

Stress and psychological well-being among allied health professionals

This study reports findings of an online survey of 139 health professionals. Health professionals were asked about the degree and type of workplace stress they encountered, as well as general perceived stress, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. The sample comprised social workers, psychologists, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech pathologists, and a small number of other allied health professionals. The allied health professional groups were remarkably similar in terms of workplace stress, life satisfaction, perceived stress outside the workplace, and the depression, anxiety, and stress subscales of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale. There were no significant differences in these variables between those working in hospital and community settings. Compared with expectations based on normative data, more people in the present sample had Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale depression scores in the mild, moderate, severe, or very severe range. The single significant predictor of psychological distress and life satisfaction was perceived stress. In the context of an increasingly generic health care workforce, the present findings indicate that workplace stressors are also generic and that generic, interdisciplinary stress management approaches may therefore be recommended.     

职业应激与高血压的关系

目的 探讨职业应激对高血压的影响.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对某热电厂工龄>2年的498名在职工人进行横断面调查,有效样本446例;排除了继发性高血压、糖尿病史、肝肾病史等后,确诊高血压病例84例(男58例,女26例),血压正常者362例.使用付出一回报失衡模式问卷、工作紧张模式问卷和职业应激测量工具对职业应激因素、个性特征、缓解因素和职业应激反应进行测评;调查高血压的常见危险因素,常规法测定血清中甘油三酯、总胆同醇及空腹血糖水平;应用多因素logistic回归分析和χ~2检验进行相关统计学处理.结果 (1)将研究中包括的所有因素引入方程进行多因素logistic同归分析,结果显示,父母高血压史、体质量指数(BMI)、血清中甘油三酯浓度、饮酒及对人负责、内控性、宏观决策、社会支持对高血压存在影响.(2)将付出一回报失衡模式的主要因素和其他相关冈素等同时引入以高血压发生与否为应变量的同归分析,结果显示,除父母有高血压史、饮酒、BMI、甘油三酯浓度和内控性对高血压的发生存在影响外,外在付出和付出-回报失衡比值(ERI)也对高血压的发生影响较大(OR分别为1.71和2.43).(3)将工作紧张模式主要因素和其他相关因素同时引入回归分析,结果显示,除父母有高血压史、饮酒、BMI、血清中甘油三酯浓度和内控性进入回归方程外,上级支持也进入了方程,且对高血压的发生有保护作用,工作需求和决定自由度等未能进入方程.(4)男性高、低应激水平组间高血压患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(OR为3.13,P<0.01);而女性不同应激水平组间高血压患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 职业应激与高血压的发生有关;付出-回报失衡模式对高血压的预测作用大于工作紧张模式.     

中国近海石油平台作业人员职业压力量表效度与信度的评价

目的评价中国近海石油平台作业人员职业压力量表的效度和信度.方法参照Cooper等的问卷,结合被调查公司的情况,制订了含有51个条目的中国近海石油平台作业人员职业压力量表(Occupational Stress Scale,OSS),并对561名某近海石油公司平台作业人员进行调查.结果51个与近海石油生产相关的职业压力因素经因子分析,识别了9个潜在的公共因子,解释了总变异的62.5%.根据各因子内所含条目描述的内容分别定义为工作与家庭/社会生活(因子1)、仕途与成就(因子2)、人生安全感(因子3)、工作中的管理问题及与同事间的关系(因子4)、工作环境中的物理因素(因子5)、平台生活环境(因子6)、管理角色(因子7)、人体工效因素(因子8)和组织结构(因子9).方差分析结果提示有5个因子得分在12个不同工种间的差异有显著性(P＜0.05).等级回归分析表明,在控制年龄、文化程度等潜在混杂因素后,总职业压力得分与精神健康的关联有极显著性(P＜0.01).职业压力总量表和各个公共因子的内部一致性检验结果,Cronbach's alpha介于0.72～0.91之间.结论OSS是一有效、可靠的职业压力测量工具,可用于中国近海石油工人职业压力与健康、安全问题的研究.     

职业紧张对化工工人工作能力的影响

目的　为了解化工工人的职业紧张水平及工作能力状况 ,探讨影响工作能力的相关性因素。方法　应用工作能力指数问卷 (WAI)和职业紧张问卷 (OSQ) ,对某市化工行业10 30名工人 (研究组 4 81名 ,对照组 5 49名 )进行调查和工作能力降低的危险度评价。结果　研究组的WAI和OSQ评分与对照组均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。两组的工作能力与职业紧张均存在显著的负相关关系 (P <0 0 1) ,研究组的相关程度明显高于对照组 ,且工作能力随着紧张程度的增高而降低。研究组工人随年龄的增长工作能力逐渐降低。以工作能力降低为结局变量 ,经多元logistic回归分析显示 ,在研究组中引起工作能力降低的主要紧张危险因素是肌肉骨骼疼痛 (OR =2 884 )、健康状况估计 (OR =2 6 5 1)、疾病的影响 (OR =2 4 98)、情绪情况 (OR =2 4 0 7)、缺乏体育锻炼 (OR =1 95 6 )、体力负荷 (OR =1 2 5 4)等 ,这些紧张因子都与工作能力降低有密切关系。结论　化工工人的职业紧张水平及不同紧张因素对工作能力降低有一定的影响 ,为工人的健康监测和提高工作能力水平提供了有益的帮助。     

Psychological distress and occupational injury: findings from the national health interview survey 2000-2003

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether serious psychological distress (SPD) is associated with occupational injury among US employees. METHODS: The employed population aged 18-64 years was examined (n=101,855) using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2000-2003. SPD was measured using the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale (K-6), a screening scale designed to identify persons with serious mental illness. The predicted marginal prevalence of psychological distress and occupational injury with the adjusted odds ratio were estimated using multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The age-adjusted 3-month prevalence of occupational injury was 0.80 +/- 0.12% in workers with SPD, which was 37% greater than in workers without SPD (0.58 +/- 0.03%). The odds of occupational injury in workers with SPD were higher compared to workers without SPD (OR=1.34, 95% CI=0.93-1.92), after controlling for sex, age, race, education, occupation, and activity limitation by at least one medical condition. Male, service and blue collar occupation, and activity limiation by co-morbidity showed significantly higher odds of occupational injury for workers with SPD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that SPD accounts for an increased likelihood of occupational injury among US employees. A further longitudinal study is needed to differentiate the mechanism or causal pathways linking individual injury risk at the workplace, SPD, and socioeconomic factors.     

应付策略与职业紧张关系的探讨

目的探讨应付策略与职业紧张的关系。方法采用横断面研究方法对515名油田工人进行调查,用职业紧张测量工具测试油田工人的应付策略、职业紧张因素、个性特征及职业紧张反应。结果36.9%油田工人采取了充分的应付策略。应付策略评分与文化程度、人际关系、对人的责任、对事的责任、提升机会、参与机会、任务一致性、工作自主性、工作挑战性、工作满意感、心理卫生、情绪平衡、正性情绪、A型行为及自尊感评分呈正相关,与组内冲突、负性情绪、抑郁症状、每日紧张感、工作心理控制源及社会支持评分呈负相关。应付策略充分者的工作人际关系、对人的责任、参与机会、工作自主性、工作挑战性、工作满意感、情绪平衡、正性情绪和忍耐性评分明显高于应付策略的中等或不足水平者(P<0.05或P<0.01),而每日紧张感、外控性和社会支持评分则明显低于应付策略的中等水平、不足水平者(P<0.05或P<0.01)。逐步回归分析结果表明,应付策略与正性情绪关系密切。结论应付策略对职业紧张有较大的影响;有效的应付策略有助于缓解精神紧张状态,提高社会适应能力。然而,油田工人总体的有效应付策略尚不够充分,可能与个性特征等有关。     

铁路货运调度员应对应激策略以及对职业应激的影响

目的 调查某铁路货运编组站调度员应对职业应激策略,探讨其对职业应激的影响.方法 使用整群抽样方法对某铁路货运编组站115名调度员进行调查,使用问卷调查应对应激策略、职业应激因素、职业应激反应和个性特征等.结果 铁路货运调度员使用应对策略的比例较低.应对策略使用不足组工作前景未知性、A型行为和内控性评分高于应对策略使用充分组,而组织忠诚度评分低于应对策略使用充分组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);应对策略的社会支持、工作与家庭关系、工作投入等因子使用不足组部分职业应激因素、应激反应和人格特征变量评分与使用充分组比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).任务策略、逻辑性和时间管理组间相关因素评分的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Logistic分析结果表明,社会支持应对策略不足者发生工作不满意感和每日紧张感的风险是社会支持应对策略充分者的3或4倍(OR值分别为3.06,4.38).工作投入应对策略不足者发生每日紧张感的风险是工作投入应对策略充分者的3倍(OR值为3.26).结论 铁路货运调度员使用应对策略的比例较低,不同应对策略个体对职业应激因素的感知、应激反应和个性特征均存在着影响.     

职业应激与抑郁症状关系的性别差异

目的 探讨职业应激与抑郁症状关系的性别差异.方法 采用横断面研究设计和问卷调查方法对13家企业5338名工人进行调查,采用抑郁自评问卷调查抑郁症状,采用工作内容问卷和付出-回报失衡模式问卷调查职业应激.结果 调查对象抑郁症状检出率为31.8％,其中男性抑郁症状检出率为33.8％,女性抑郁症状检出率为27.7％,差异有统计学意义(x2=19.62,P＜0.01).男性工作心理需求、躯体需求、工作控制、付出、内在投入、负性情感评分高于女性,社会支持、回报、工作满意感评分低于女性,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).有抑郁症状者的工作心理需求、躯体需求、付出、内在投入、负性情感评分均高于无抑郁症状者,工作控制、社会支持、回报、工作满意感、正性情感评分低于无抑郁症状者,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男性抑郁症状者的工作心理需求、躯体需求、工作控制、内在投入、负性情感评分高于女性抑郁症状者,社会支持、回报、工作满意感评分低于女性抑郁症状者,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男性以及男性抑郁症状者的工作紧张和付出-回报失衡指数＞1者、高需求低控制和高付出低回报者的比例大于女性以及女性抑郁症状者.在心理需求和躯体需求方面,女性高需求低控制者发生抑郁症状的风险是低需求高控制者的2倍,略高于男性(OR值分别为2.04和2.17).男女高付出低回报者发生抑郁症状的风险是低付出高回报者的2.70倍.性别与工作紧张以及付出-回报失衡与抑郁症状无交互作用.结论 男女抑郁症状检出率以及与职业应激关系的差异可能是因为男女经历的工作中社会心理因素的差异造成的,工作中社会心理因素与性别对抑郁症状可能无交互作用.     

不同个体特征职工职业紧张和工作能力变化的研究

目的　探讨不同个体特征职工发生职业紧张和工作能力的变化。方法　采用职业紧张量表 (OSI R)和工作能力指数法 (WAI)测试 2 2 70例职工的职业紧张、紧张反应、应对资源和工作能力变化。结果　不同性别 :职业紧张、紧张反应男性高于女性 ,而应对资源女性高于男性 (P <0 0 1) ;而工作能力无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。不同年龄 :≥ 5 0岁年龄段紧张程度较<30岁年龄段得分高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而应对资源低于其他年齿 (P <0 0 5 ) ;工作能力随年龄增高呈下降趋势 (P <0 0 5 ) ,4 0岁年龄段开始下降明显。不同文化程度 :职业紧张、紧张反应及工作能力总均分有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,大学及以上文化程度的主要紧张源是任务冲突及责任感 (P <0 0 5 )。不同婚姻状况 :职业紧张、应对资源及工作能力总均分有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,已婚、离异职业任务及躯体、心理紧张反应显著高于未婚 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而应对资源未婚者显著高于已婚、离异 (P <0 0 5 )。工作能力分级为好者 ,紧张反应显著低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而应对资源显著高 (P <0 0 5 )。工作能力与职业紧张、紧张反应呈明显负相关 (P <0 0 1) ,而与应对资源呈正相关 (P <0 0 1) ;职业紧张的主要影响因素有年龄、休闲、自我保健、社会支持、理性处事、