1996～2006年内蒙古自治区麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]了解内蒙古自治区麻疹流行特点,为控制麻疹提供科学依据.[方法]根据内蒙古自治区传染病报告系统和年度麻疹发病统计表,对1996～2006年麻疹发病资料进行分析.[结果]1996～2006年内蒙古自治区共报告麻疹病例14 126例,年均发病率为5.59/10万.其中,2005年发病率最高,达14.97/10万.不同年份间麻疹发病率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).各盟市均有病例报告,年均发病率居前3位的是鄂尔多斯市(12.86/10万)、巴彦淖尔市(11.54/10万)、乌海市(10.52/10万).不同地区间麻疹发病率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).各月份均有发病.以4～5月份发病最多,占47.75%.发病年龄属混合模式,仍以1～14岁为主,占55.72%,同时出现双向移位现象,即大年龄组(≥15岁)和＜1岁组病例数增加,分别占病例总数的36.25%和8.03%.[结论]内蒙古自治区麻疹发病率有上升趋势,应加快麻疹控制工作,提高人群免疫水平.     

2006年青岛市麻疹流行病学特征分析

[目的]了解青岛市麻疹流行情况,为麻疹控制工作提供基础资料.[方法]对2006年青岛市麻疹病例资料进行分析.[结果]2006年青岛市共发生麻疹病例221例,发病率3.0/10万.其中.市北区发病率最高,为7.4/10万.不同地区发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).3～5月发病168例,占70.0%.男女分别发病123例和98例,性别比为1.3:1.10～19岁发病86例.占38.9%.流动人口发病145例,占65.6%.工人发病最高为89例,占40.3%.有麻疹免疫史15例,占6.8%.[结论]外来流动人口、无免疫史和免疫力低下的人群积累是青岛市成人麻疹发病的主要原因.应加强对学生的关注,并加强对大年龄组麻疹疫苗免疫.     

1999～2006年济宁市麻疹流行病学特征分析

[目的]了解济宁市1999～2006年麻疹流行规律,为消除麻疹工作提供科学依据.[方法]对1999～2006年麻疹发病情况进行描述性流行病学分析.[结果]1999～2006年累计报告麻疹确诊病例1 290例,年均发病率为2.02/10万,无死亡病例;不同年份间发病率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);不同地区间发病率的差异也有统计学意义(P<0.01),局部暴发影响全市的发病水平;冬春季为发病高峰季节.1999～2004年病例主要以8月龄至14岁为主,占总病例数的72.55%,2005～2006年发病主要集中在≥15岁,占46.18%;但8月龄至6岁也占有相当比例,为32.66%;7～14岁发病比例由1999～2004年的30.59%下降到7.83%,而<8月龄则由1999～2004年1.96%上升到13.33%;8月龄～6岁估算接种率约为88%.[结论]济宁市麻疹发病有周期性规律,易感人群积累是发病的主要原因.另外,病例逐渐向成人和未到免疫年龄人群转移,给麻疹控制乃至消除工作带来挑战,因此要达到消除麻疹目标,除要做好儿童常规免疫外,加强成人麻疹监测和免疫具有重要意义.     

连云港市新浦区2006年麻疹流行病学调查

[目的]了解连云港市新浦区2006年麻疹流行病学特点,探讨控制麻疹流行的策略和措施.[方法]对2006年连云港市新浦区传染病常规报告系统中麻疹发病情况进行分析.[结果]2006年连云港市新浦区报告麻疹发病例数为146例,发病率为39.5/10万,其中0～1岁组发病率最高,占总病例的27.4%.2～4月为发病高峰,发病率分别为10.8/10万、10.5/10万和7.8/10万.[结论]2006年连云港市新浦区麻疹发病率明显增高,在局部地区出现暴发,发病人群以儿童、青少年为主.     

2006～2010年沈阳市和平区麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]了解沈阳市和平区麻疹流行特征及变化趋势,为科学制定消除麻疹策略提供理论依据。[方法]对2006～2010年和平区麻疹发病情况进行分析。[结果]和平区2006～2010年累计报告麻疹病例255例,年均发病率为7.18/10万。2006～2010年麻疹发病率分别为17.17/10万、0.14/10万、2.65/10万、14.90/10万、1.84/10万。2006～2010年年均发病率,<1岁为264.35/10万,1～2岁为22.21/10万,3～6岁为20.54/10万,7～14岁为15.31/10万,15～54岁为21.15/10万(P<0.01);男性为8.29/10万,女性为6.00/10万(P<0.05);城区及城乡结合部为6.15/10万,农村为52.47/10万(P<0.01)。255例病例中,家务待业人员占33.33%,散居儿童占22.75%,学生及幼托儿童占14.90%,其他职业者占29.02%;3～6月发病的占84.31%;有麻疹疫苗免疫史的占37.26%;散在发病的250例,占98.04%。[结论]和平区麻疹发病率有降低趋势,农村为高发地区,家务待业为高发人群。     

济宁市1999～2006年麻疹流行病学特征分析

[目的]了解济宁市麻疹发病特征、流行规律,制定防控对策.[方法]对济宁市1999～2006年确诊的1230例麻疹进行流行病学分析.[结果]1999～2006年累计确诊麻疹1230例,年均发病率为1.93/10万,无死亡病例;发病最高年份是2006年,发病人数565例,年发病率为7.01/10万.全市麻疹发病呈高度散发和局部暴发并存的状态,局部地区的暴发流行影响全市的发病水平.[结论]济宁市麻疹发病主要以15岁以上人群和8月龄～6岁儿童为主,分别占44.2%和34.2%;<8月龄和15岁人群的发病呈增加趋势;未免疫和不全程免疫是发病的主要原因.     

内蒙古自治区2004-2008年麻疹流行特征分析

目的了解近年来内蒙古自治区麻疹流行特点,为控制麻疹提供科学依据。方法根据内蒙古自治区传染病报告系统和年度麻疹发病统计表,对2004-2008年麻疹发病资料进行分析。结果2004-2008年内蒙古自治区共报告麻疹病例11880例,年均发病率为9.94/10万,其中,2005年发病率最高,达14.96/10万。不同年份间麻疹发病率差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。各盟市均有病例报告,年均发病率居前3位的是巴彦淖尔市（23.82/10万）、鄂尔多斯市（19.91/10万）、呼和浩特市（16.80/10万）。不同地区间麻疹发病率差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。各月份均有发病,以3～6月份发病最多,占65.7%。发病年龄属混合模式,以1～14岁为主,占44.0%,同时出现双向移位现象,即大年龄组（≥15岁）和<1岁组病例数增加,分别占病例总数的40.1%和15.9%。结论内蒙古自治区麻疹发病率有上升趋势,应加快麻疹控制工作,提高人群免疫水平。     

2004～2006年许昌市3种急性呼吸道传染病流行病学分析

[目的]了解许昌市常见法定报告急性呼吸道传染病发病情况及流行特征,为制定防控策略和措施提供科学依据.[方法]运用描述流行病学方法,对2004～2006年许昌市麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎疫情资料进行统计分析.[结果]2004～2006年累计报告2 058例,发病率为15.96/10万.各年发病率分别为13.32/10万、20.51/10万、14.36/10万,不同年份发病率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).3种急性呼吸道传染病中,麻疹占38.34%,风疹占30.27%,流行性腮腺炎占31.39%.年平均报告发病率鄢陵县最高,为45.30/10万;4月为发病高峰;男女性别比为1.7:1;30 d至15岁组占发病总数的94.46%,不同年龄段的麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎报告发病率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);儿童、学生占报告发病总数的94.36%.[结论]许昌市麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎报告发病率较高,应加强以预防接种为主的防治工作力度.     

2005～2010年大连市麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]了解大连市2005~2010年麻疹流行特征,为制定麻疹防制对策提供科学依据。[方法]对2005~2010年大连市法定传染病报告系统的麻疹疫情资料进行分析。[结果]2005~2010年合计报告麻疹病例348例,年均发病率为1.16/10万。2005~2010年发病率分别为1.50/10万、2.60/10万、0.72/10万、0.37/10万、0.38/10万、0.28/10万(P<0.01);男性为1.02/10万、女性为0.92/10万(P>0.05);城区为0.71/10万,城乡结合部为1.90/10万,农村为0.38/10万(P<0.01)。348例病人中,3~8月龄占11.78%,1~6岁占14.94%,7~14岁占11.21%,≥15岁占54.60%;散居儿童占26.72%。[结论]大连市2005~2006年麻疹发病以暴发为主,2007年以后呈散发状态,且逐年下降,1周岁内儿童和20~40岁成年人发病率较高。     

2006～2009年资兴市麻疹疫情资料分析

[目的]了解资兴市麻疹流行病学特征,探讨麻疹控制对策,为制定消除麻疹策略提供科学依据。[方法]对2006～2009年麻疹发病情况应用描述流行病学方法进行分析。[结果]资兴市2006～2009年共报告麻疹病例248例,年平均报告发病率为16.78/10万,各年发病率分别为17.59/10万、1.08/10万、5.69/10万、42.75/10万,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。发病人群主要是6岁以下儿童,占病例总数的83.06%(206/248)。其中≤8月龄的婴儿占病例总数的16.53%(41/248);病例主要集中在流动人口较多的新区、东江、鲤鱼江等地区,占全市发病人数的62.90%(156/248);1～5月为高发季节,占总发病率的82.26%(204/248);8个月以上病例无免疫史或免疫史不详占85.02%。[结论]资兴市近年麻疹发病呈上升趋势。为降低麻疹发病率,特别是降低小月龄麻疹发病,减少麻疹暴发,除应对全市8个月龄至6岁儿童开展初始强化免疫外,建议对8个月龄以下婴儿实行初免以提高其保护率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.