立体定向脑室外引流治疗重症脑室内出血

目的 目的观察立体定向下侧脑室联合第三脑室穿刺引流治疗重症脑室内出血的疗效。方法根据头颅CT表现,用立体定向下侧脑室或联合第三脑室穿刺引流结合1996年前重症脑室内出血病例比较治疗效果。结果1996年后收治的患者无论在血肿清除、还是并发症预防方面均较1996年前收治的患者有明显提高。结论立体定向下侧脑室联合第三脑室穿刺引流治疗重症脑室内出血具有很好的效果。     

脑内窥镜立体定向技术治疗脑室内出血

脑室出血（包括原发和继发）临床起病急骤、昏迷、去脑强直发作,双侧出现病理反射,高热、呼吸不规则,病情凶险,死亡率极高。Ｄｒｏｄｅｉｒｃｋ报告死亡率为７５～８０％［１］,也有人报告经抢救生存,但继发的脑积水仍可致命。传统的治疗方法很多,主要有：腰穿＋脑...     

侧脑室前后角穿刺引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室

目的探讨高血压脑内血肿破入脑室系统的微侵袭手术方法.方法CT扫描定位脑内血肿和侧脑室前、后角,钻颅置入引流管抽吸排空血肿,冲洗引流.对手术病人进行随访.结果22例血肿消失时间分别为2 d 5例,3 d11例,4 d 4例,5 d 2例.均临床治愈出院.随访3个月～2年,ADL分级Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级2例.结论立体定向侧脑室前、后角穿刺引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室安全、有效.     

立体定向侧脑室前后角引流治疗自发性脑室出血(附18例报告)

自发性脑出血破入脑室形成铸形，以往采用侧脑室前角穿刺引流，由于病人体位关系，血肿难以排出，影响治疗效果。我院自2000年1月～2002年12月以来，采用立体定向技术行侧脑室前后角穿刺引流治疗自发性脑室出血，效果明显，报告如下：     

双侧脑室引流治疗脑室出血

目的 探讨双侧脑室引流尿激酶灌注在脑室内出血治疗中的相关问题。方法 对28例脑室内出血病人行双侧脑室引流,经引流管注入尿激酶进行纤溶治疗。结果 28例中恢复良好者8例,生活能自理者6例,需人照顾者5例,植物生存者2例,死亡7例。结论 双侧脑室外引流及尿激酶治疗脑室内出血效果良好。     

立体定向靶向脑室内注射尿激酶治疗脑室出血铸型疗效分析

目的探讨立体定向靶向注射尿激酶治疗脑室出血铸型的疗效。方法采用立体定向靶向穿刺单侧或双侧脑室,后予以脑室内注射尿激酶行纤溶治疗,拔管后联合腰大池持续引流,预后采用ADL评定。结果全部未见颅内感染及再出血等并发症,ADLⅠ级2例,ADLⅡ级8例,ADLⅢ级8例,ADLⅣ级4例,ADLⅤ级2例,自动出院2例。结论立体定向靶向脑室内注射尿激酶治疗脑室出血铸型是挽救生命的一种重要方法,其方法安全、有效。     

立体定向穿刺分流术治疗脑室囊肿5例临床分析

目的探讨立体定向穿刺分流术治疗脑室蛛网膜囊肿的临床效果。方法将我院住院手术治疗的5例病人进行随访和效果分析。结果随访半年~2年,3例病人近期临床头痛症状消失,1例癫症状减轻,1例癫症状消失一年后并发分流管阻塞,更换分流管后症状改善。结论立体定向穿刺囊肿分流术治疗脑室蛛网膜囊肿,近期临床效果尚可,远期效果尚待观察。     

侧脑室穿刺联合持续腰大池引流治疗脑室出血

目的 观察侧脑室穿刺联合持续腰大池引流治疗脑室出血的疗效.方法 使用YL-1型一次性颅内血肿粉碎针及一次性硬膜外穿刺针对32例脑出血患者进行手术治疗,术后双管反复冲洗.结果 本组脑室出血32例患者存活30例,死亡2例,有效率81.2%,显著优于对照组的62.5%.结论 侧脑室穿刺联合持续腰大池引流能降低脑室出血患者的病死率和致残率、缓解脑积水.     

立体定向穿刺引流治疗深部多发性脑脓肿

目的采用采用立体定向穿刺引流治疗探部及多发性脑脓肿.方法使用颅表定位器,对31例深行部及多发性脑脓肿立体定向穿刺引流术,术后持续冲洗引流3～14天,常规应用敏感肮生素.结果本组31例,共38个脓肿,均一次穿刺成功,经冲洗引流后,2例因脓肿腔不闭合而行手术治疗.余经CT复查证明脓腔消失,随访至今未见脓腔复发.结论多发性脑脓肿及小型的深部脑脓肿,直接手术有一定的困难,尤其是脓肿位于脑重要的功能区,手术风险更大.CT引导下立体定向穿刺引流治疗脑脓肿,以其操作方便,定位准确,损伤小,疗效可靠而显示其明显的优越性,特别是对儿童及年老体弱者     

外伤性脑室内出血31例临床分析

目的分析总结外伤性脑室内出血的诊断和治疗特点。方法对过去10年来31例外伤性脑室内出血的的病因学、影像学、诊断和治疗特点进行分析。结果多数为车祸致伤，重型颅脑伤占26例。原发TIVH17例，继发TIVH14例。脑室出血量按Graeb法分类：1～4分(轻度)12例，5～8分(中度)10例．9M2分(重度)9例。28例合并其他颅脑损伤。伤后6个月GOS评分：死亡14例，植物状态1例，重残2例，中残5例，良好9例。结论闭合性颅脑损伤后TTVH的发生率较低，反映了脑损伤的严重程度。     

影响原发性脑室出血预后因素的研究

目的 :探讨影响原发性脑室出血预后的因素。方法 :分别从年龄、脑室积血程度、脑室内积血 CT值和GCS(Glasgow coma scale)四个方面对 36例原发性脑室出血患者死亡率的影响进行分析。结果 :通过χ2 检验和L ogistic回归分析 ,CT值≥ 6 5 Hu组死亡率显著高于 CT值 <6 5 Hu组 (P<0 .0 1) ;GCS≤ 7组死亡率高于 GCS>7组(χ2 检验 P<0 .0 5 ,L ogistic回归分析 P>0 .0 5 ) ;全脑室积血组死亡率高于部分脑室积血组 (L ogistic回归分析 P<0 .0 5 ,χ2 检验 P>0 .0 5 ) ;而不同年龄组死亡率则无影响。结论 :急性期脑室内积血的 CT值高低是影响原发性脑室出血预后的主要因素 ,其次可能是脑室内积血程度和病情轻重     

自发性脑出血破入脑室对患者预后的影响

目的分析自发性脑出血伴发脑室出血的概率以及脑室出血的解剖部位并对脑出血病人的预后进行评估。方法作者回顾性分析了长沙市第四医院脑血管疾病中心7年来收治的自发性脑出血病人的CT结果和临床病例资料,对病人进行遴选,统计破入脑室的概率以及出血的解剖位置和破入脑室的关系和病人的预后情况。结果共统计了307例自发性脑出血的患者,其中39.7%伴有脑室出血。通过统计得出丘脑和尾状核的出血最容易破入脑室(分别为52.7%和100%)。在病人发病后第三个月时对患者进行随访和mRS预后评分,分值越高提示预后越差。伴有脑室出血的病人的平均mRS评分是不伴有脑室出血的病人的近2倍。结论很多自发性脑出血的病人都伴有脑室出血,这种出血发生概率和脑出血的量和部位密切相关。脑出血的病人如果合并脑室出血通常提示患者预后不良。     

Cerebral vasospasm associated with intraventricular hemorrhage

Background and Purpose: Cerebral vasospasm remains a major complication associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although several case reports have demonstrated that intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) related to a ruptured arteriovenous malformation can result in vasospasm in the absence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, to our knowledge, this is the first case report of cerebral vasospasm associated with primary IVH. Case Report: A 44-year-old female was admitted with cerebellar infarction secondary to left posteroinferior cerebellar artery occlusion. Her hospital stay was complicated by primary IVH. Three days after her IVH, she became disoriented and developed a peculiar interest in counting numbers. This behavioral change was associated with an increase in cerebral blood flow velocity in the anterior circulation. Middle cerebral artery M1 velocity almost doubled from 65 to 130 cm/second. Her symptoms resolved with initiation of hypervolemia, hypertension, and hemodilution (triple H) therapy. Conclusions: Cerebral vasospasm may contribute to the comorbidities of IVH. Routine transcranial Doppler may be warranted for screening of cerebral vasospasm in IVH patients.     

Influence of intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy with rt-PA on the long-term outcome of treated patients with spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage: a case–control study

Over the recent years, fibrinolytic agents have been tested for intraventricular clot fibrinolysis (IVF). Compared with patients who did not receive IVF, administration of rt‐PA induces rapid resorption of intraventricular blood and normalization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation resulting in a reduced 30‐day mortality and beneficial short‐term outcome after 3 months. Our objective was to analyze possible influences of IVF on the long‐term outcome after 12 months. Based on a prospective data base, patients with ganglionic supratentorial hematoma with additional intraventricular hemorrhage and occlusive hydrocephalus (n = 135) were isolated. Twenty‐seven patients received IVF. To design a case–control study, we carefully matched 22 controls without IVF with regard to hematoma volume, Graeb score, Glasgow Coma Scale on admission and age (five patients remained unmatchable). We determined clinical and imaging parameters by reviewing the medical records and CT scans of all included patients. Outcome after 12 months was evaluated using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). One multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine predisposing factors for outcome. IVF significantly reduced Graeb score during treatment (eight on admission, three after IVF, one prior to discharge in the treated group versus 8/6/2 in patients without IVF). In patients with IVF requirement, a second external ventricular drainage (EVD) and a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt were reduced (P = 0.08) and the incidence of a lumbar drainage was significantly higher (P < 0.01), whilst the overall time of extra‐corporal CSF drainage was comparable. EVD associated complications were equal in both groups. Overall long‐term outcome was poor but no significant differences were found between patients with and without IVF (mRS 4–6: 12/22 (54%) in patients with and 13/22 (59%) in patients without IVF; P = 0.81). The five excluded patients with IVF were similar to the 22 included ones with respect to imaging findings and outcome. The multivariate analysis revealed age and baseline hematoma volume, but not IVF to significantly impact the outcome. In accordance with previous studies, IVF hastened clot lysis and reduced the need for repeated EVD exchanges and permanent shunting. However, despite these advantages, IVF did not influence long‐term outcome after 12 months. The results of the prospective randomized trial (Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage) need to be awaited.     

Intraventricular thrombolysis with rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage

Dunatov S, Antoncic I, Bralic M, Jurjevic A. Intraventricular thrombolysis with rt‐PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2011: 124: 343–348.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives – To evaluate safety, clinical feasibility, and outcome of intraventricular (IVen) administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Materials and methods – Forty‐eight patients with IVH who received IVen rt‐PA were compared with 49 age‐, sex‐, Glasgow Coma Scale score‐, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage score‐matched control patients. Patients with IVH of aneurysmal or arteriovenous malformation origin were excluded. External ventricular drainage was inserted as soon as baseline CT was performed and rt‐PA was administered within 12 ± 1 h after the ictal onset. Results – The outcome after 3 months was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). In addition, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and mortality were assessed. A good outcome, defined as mRS 0–3, was detected in 27% of patients from the control group vs 58% of patients in the IVen group; P = 0.003. GOS as other outcome scale yielded a significant difference between groups: 20% in the control group, vs 54% in the IVen group; P = 0.001. A statistically significant decrease in mortality was observed in the IVen group: 30% in the control vs 10% in IVen group; P = 0.003. No one patient died because of a complication which could be directly attributed to the IVen thrombolytic therapy. Conclusions – IVen administration of rt‐PA seems to be safe in cases of IVH. This pilot study shows that it may be associated with better outcomes. Further studies and clinical randomized trials are needed to establish indications and IVen administration protocols.     

原发性脑室内出血47例前瞻性临床研究

目的 研究并明确原发性脑室内出血(PIVH)的病因、临床特征、危险因素和预后.方法 前瞻性地制订严格的纳入标准,连续收集2008年9月至2010年10月在我院诊治的PIVH患者,对其临床资料、辅助检查、治疗方式及预后进行分析.结果 共纳入47例患者,男27例,女20例,比例为1.35∶1,平均年龄(52.6±126)岁.GCS评分10.8±2.6;Graeb评分5.8±26;合并梗阻性脑积水者22例(47%);确诊Moyamoya病12例(26%),动静脉畸形10例(21%)和动脉瘤5例(11%),病因不详20例(43%).单纯开颅手术12例(26%),开颅联合脑-硬膜-血管-肌肉血管融合术(EDAMS)6例(13%),单纯EDAMS治疗5例(11%),EDAMS联合吻合手术1例(2%),脑室外引流3例(6%),γ-刀治疗8例(17%),介入治疗2例(4%o),保守治疗10例(21%).患者均随访6个月,住院死亡7例(15%),6个月末mRS评分＜3分者31例(66%),≥3分者9例(19%),出院后无死亡病例.结论 PIVH临床少见,发病年龄相对较小;Moyamoya病、动静脉畸形和动脉瘤是排前三位的病因,高血压是最主要的危险影响因素;通过合理治疗,PIVH可获得较好的预后;年龄、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟史及入院时GCS评分可不同程度预测住院死亡率.

Abstract：

Objective To define the clinical features, risk factors, etiology and prognosis of primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH).Methods We prospectively formulated strict inclusive criteria and consecutively collected patients with diagnosis and treatment for PIVH in our hospital from September 2008 to October 2010.The clinical information, laboratory examinations, treatment and prognosis were analyzed.Results 47patients(27 males and 20 females, a ratio of 1.35: 1, with an average age of 52.6 ± 12.6 years old) were internalized in the study.The initial symptoms were headache in 24 cases, and disturbance of consciousness in 23 cases.The GCS score was 10.8 ± 2.6 and Graeb score was 5.8 ± 2.6.Combined obstructive hydrocephalus was found in 22 cases (47%).The diagnosis of moyamoya disease was confirmed in 12 patients (26%), while vascular malformations in 10 (21%) and aneurysm in 5( 11% ).The other 20 patients had unknown etiology (43%).Craniotomy was performed in 12 cases (26%), craniotomy combined EDAMS in 6(13%), EDAMS in 5(11% ), EDAMS combined with anastomosis in 1(2% ), ventricular drainage in 3(6% ), γ-knife in 8( 17% ), interventional therapy in 2(4% ), and conservative treatment in 10 patients (21%).All patients were followed - up for 6 months.7 cases of hospital mortality (15%) were found.31 patients (66%) got less than 3 points of mRS score at the end of the 6th month, and 9 patients ( 19% ) had greater than or equal to 3 points.After discharge there was no death.Conclusion PIVH is relatively rare in clinical practice.The age of onset for PIVH is relatively small.Moyamoya disease, AVM and aneurysm are ranked the top three causes, and hypertension is the most important risk factor.Through reasonable treatment, patients with PIVH could get better prognosis.Age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking history and admission GCS score could predict hospital mortality in varying degrees.     

神经内镜经纵裂胼胝体入路治疗重型脑室出血

目的探讨神经内镜下经纵裂胼胝体入路治疗重型脑室出血的临床应用价值及疗效。方法26例重型脑室出血患者,采用自制透明内镜导管,制备人工脑脊液,内镜下经纵裂胼胝体入路清除脑室出血,对其疗效及预后进行分析。结果26例患者术后第一天头颅CT检查平均血肿清除率92．7％。术后第一周原发性脑室出血中GCS评分13．6分,与术前相比有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;继发性脑室出血中GCS评分12．8分,与术前相比有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。26例中1例死亡,2例出现再出血,1例发生颅内感染。术后3个月随访,GOS分级：Ⅴ级14例、Ⅳ级4例、Ⅲ级4例、Ⅱ级3例。结论神经内镜下经纵裂胼胝体入路治疗重型脑室出血明显改善病人预后,并发症低,是治疗重型脑室出血的较佳手术方法。     

纤溶酶元激活剂在重度脑室内出血治疗中的应用

目的 总结纤溶酶元激活剂尿激酶和重组链激酶在脑室内出血治疗中的效果。方法 对30例重度脑室内出血病人行单侧或双侧侧脑室外引流，经引流管注入纤溶剂进行纤溶治疗。结果 30例中，29例引流效果良好。术后第4d脑室积血减少50%以上，术后第7d18例积血基本消失，8例积血减少80%。3例术后术后发生再出血。死亡2例。结论 早期脑室外引流及纤溶治疗重度脑室内出血效果良好。     

Ommaya囊结合侧脑室外引流治疗重度脑室出血的临床研究

目的探讨Ommaya囊穿刺引流结合侧脑室外引流在重度脑室出血中的应用及意义。方法将我科2007年2月至2012年2月收治的46例重度脑室出血患者随机分为:Ommaya囊结合侧脑室外引流治疗组和单纯侧脑室外引流组,将两组患者疗效进行对比分析。结果 Ommaya囊治疗组的交通性脑积水及颅内感染发生率明显低于单纯脑室外引流组(P0.05),术后3个月GOS评分:Ommaya囊治疗组良好8例,中残10例,重残3例,死亡3例;单纯外引流组良好5例,中残4例,重残8例,死亡5例。Ommaya囊治疗组治疗有效率高于单纯外引流组(P0.05)。结论 Ommaya囊穿刺引流结合侧脑室外引流治疗重度脑室出血,可以降低颅内感染及脑积水发生率,改善患者预后,提高生存质量,是脑室出血安全、有效的治疗方法。