HPLC法测定补骨脂中补骨脂定的含量

目的 :建立 HPL C法测定中药补骨脂中补骨脂定的含量。方法 :采用 L ichrospore C1 8(2 5 0 m m× 4 .6 mm )色谱柱 ,甲醇 -水 -冰醋酸 (78∶ 2 1∶ 1)作为流动相 ,流速 1.0 m l/ min,检测波长 347nm。结果 :补骨脂定在 2 .5～ 2 0 .0μg/ m l线性关系良好 ,平均回收率为 98.2 % ,RSD为 1.3% ,重现性好。结论 :本法简便、快速 ,适用于评价中药补骨脂及其中药复方制剂的质量     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中头孢羟氨苄浓度

用乙腈 -1mol·L- 1盐酸 ( 95∶ 5 )混合沉淀血浆蛋白 ,在 Spherisorb C18柱上 ,以 0 .0 15 mol·L- 1醋酸钠溶液 -甲醇 ( 94∶ 6 )为流动相进行分离 ,于 2 30 mm检测。结果表明 :线性范围为 1.0～ 6 4μg· m L- 1 ,加样回收率为 97.0 %～ 10 0 .2 % ,日内 RSD为 0 .89%～ 2 .2 4% ,日间 RSD为1.72 %～ 4.6 0 %。本法简便 ,准确 ,重现性好 ,可用于患者临床血药浓度检测     

芪英愈疡颗粒中阿魏酸的HPLC测定

应用 HPL C法测定芪英愈疡颗粒中阿魏酸的含量。采用 YWG C1 8(2 5 0× 4.6 mm ,5μm)色谱柱 ,流动相 :甲醇 - 0 .0 6 6 mol/ L 磷酸氢二钠溶液 (以磷酸调 p H至 2 .5 ) (4 0∶ 6 0 ) ,流速 :1.0 ml/ min,检测波长 :32 0 nm,柱温 :室温。阿魏酸的线性范围为 0 .0 8～ 0 .32 μg,方法平均回收率为 98.9% ,RSD为 1.5 4%。     

注射用甲磺酸加贝酯的反相离子对HPLC测定

建立了测定注射用甲磺酸加贝酯含量的 HPL C方法。以 Zorbax Rx- C1 8(2 5 0× 4 .6 mm,5 μm)为色谱柱 ,乙腈 -樟脑磺酸钠缓冲液 (p H 3.5 ) (5 5∶ 4 5 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 36 nm。甲磺酸加贝酯在 12 .4～ 2 4 8.0μg/ml浓度范围内有良好线性关系 (r=0 .9999) ,平均加样回收率为 10 0 .0 % (RSD =0 .0 6 % ) ,系统精密度为 0 .2 7%。     

高效液相色谱法测定四逆散胶囊中芍药甙和甘草酸的含量

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法分别测定四逆散胶囊中芍药甙和甘草酸的含量测定方法。方法 :用 ODS柱 ,以甲醇 -水 (40∶ 6 0 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 30 nm ,流量 0 .6 ml/ min测定芍药甙 ;以甲醇 -水 -冰醋酸 (6 8∶ 32∶ 1)为流动相 ,检测波长2 4 9nm ,流量 0 .6 m l/ min测定甘草酸。结果 :芍药甙 :线性范围 :0 .6 3～ 0 .95μg/ m l(r=0 .9993) ,平均回收率 98.8% ,RSD为0 .9% ;甘草酸 :线性范围 :1.12 7～ 1.6 91μg/ m l(r=0 .9994 ) ,平均回收率 10 2 .0 % ,RSD为 2 .7%。结论 :本法简便、灵敏、准确     

精制芦丁及其同系物的HPLC测定

建立精制芦丁含量测定及同系物检查方法。采用 HP- ODS(3m m× 12 5 m m,3μm)色谱柱 ,乙腈 -四氢呋喃 -0 .2 %枸橼酸 (14∶ 1∶ 85 )为流动相 ,检测波长 36 0 nm并在线记录紫外吸收光谱。精制芦丁的线性范围为 5 0～2 5 0 μg/ m l(r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 99.9% (RSD0 .6 6 % )。在本色谱条件下 ,检出 3个同系物色谱峰并计算了总同系物的相对百分含量。     

HPLC法测定门冬氨酸洛美沙星注射液的含量和有关物质方法研究

目的 :建立高效液相色谱 (HPL C)法测定门冬氨酸洛美沙星注射液的含量和有关物质。方法 :Diamonsil C1 8色谱柱 (2 5 0 mm× 4 .6 mm ,5μm) ,以乙腈 -磷酸盐缓冲液 - 0 .0 5 mol/ L四丁基溴化铵溶液 (19∶ 81∶ 4 )为流动相 ,流速为1.0 ml/ min,用外标法测定 ,检测波长为 2 88nm。结果 :在 16～ 14 4μg/ ml的浓度范围内 ,洛美沙星的浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系 ,r=0 .9997;回收率为 99.9% ,RSD=1.2 % ;最低检测量为 2 ng/ ml。结论 :该法准确、简便、灵敏 ,可用于门冬氨酸洛美沙星注射液的含量测定和有关物质检查。     

RP-HPLC法用于地西泮片剂的含量测定

[目的 ]建立一种 RP- HPL C法用于地西泮片的含量测定。 [方法 ]采用 Diam onsil(钻石 ) C1 8柱 (2 5 0 mm×4 .6 mm ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -水 (70∶ 30 ) ,流速为 1.0 ml/ min,紫外检测波长 2 5 4 nm ,对地西泮片剂进行含量检测 ,并采用紫外分光光度法进行对比实验。 [结果 ]地西泮的保留时间为 13.4 m in,其浓度在 4 0～ 2 4 0μg/ m l范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9999,n=6 ) ,平均回收率为 98.73% (n=5 ) ,RSD为 0 .2 8%。[结论 ]RP- HPL C法简便快速 ,定量准确 ,重复性好 ,可作为地西泮片剂的含量测定方法。     

HPLC法测定血府逐瘀软胶囊中芍药苷与甘草酸的含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定血府逐瘀软胶囊中芍药苷与甘草酸的含量测定方法。方法　采用 Kro-masil C18(2 0 0 mm× 4 .6 mm ,5μm)色谱柱 ;流动相为甲醇 -水 (30∶ 70 ) ,检测波长 2 30 nm ,用于测定芍药苷 ;流动相为乙腈 - 10 m L· L-1醋酸 (35∶ 6 5 ) ,检测波长 2 5 0 nm,用于测定甘草酸。结果　线性范围分别为 :芍药苷0 .4 8～ 2 .4 μg,r =0 .9999(n =5 ) ;甘草酸 0 .5 15 2～ 2 .5 76 μg,r =0 .9999(n =5 )。平均回收率 ,芍药苷为98.9% ,RSD =1.8% (n =6 ) ;甘草酸 10 0 .3% ,RSD =1.7% (n =6 )。结论　本法分离度好 ,快速 ,简便     

高效液相色谱法测定卡托普利片含量

目的　建立卡托普利片含量的高效液相测定法。 方法 　利用高效液相色谱法测定 ,选用 Kromasil C1 8柱 ,( 5μm,2 0 0 mm× 4.6mm) ;流动相 :0 .0 1%磷酸二氢钠溶液 -乙腈 -甲醇 ( 66∶ 17∶ 17)流速 1.0 m L· min- 1 ;检测波长 :2 15 nm;柱温 5 0℃。没食子酸丙脂作内标物质。结果 　线性范围为 2 5μg· m L- 1～ 75μg· m L - 1 ;方法回收率为 10 0 .4%,RSD=0 .83 %( n=9)。 结论 　该方法简便 ,灵敏 ,准确     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.