沈阳地区1835例孕中期孕妇羊水细胞染色体异常产前诊断分析

目的分析沈阳地区1835例妊娠中期孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,探讨羊膜腔穿刺术的指征以及羊膜腔穿刺术对胎儿染色体的诊断意义。方法沈阳地区1835例有产前诊断指征的孕妇,在超声引导下行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水20ml进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析。结果发现异常核型148例,异常核型检出率为8.07%。其中数目异常31例,结构异常117例。结论羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析可以在妊娠中期对胎儿染色体结构和数目异常作出产前诊断,是目前安全、有效、最可靠的进行胎儿染色体病产前诊断的方法。     

北京地区2116例羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的探讨羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法对孕18~22w孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺,羊水细胞培养后G显带,运用染色体自动分析系统进行核型分析。结果符合产前诊断指征的2121例孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺,5例羊水细胞培养失败,培养成功率为99.8%。羊水细胞染色体核型分析共检出异常核型145例,异常检出率为6.85%,其中21-三体57例,18-三体16例,倒位24例,平衡易位11例,嵌合体16例,性染色体异常15例,结构异常6例。结论根据产前诊断指征选择高危孕妇进行胎儿羊水染色体检查,可显著提高染色体异常的检出率,对指导优生优育具有重要作用。     

温州地区1350例羊水细胞染色体核型结果分析

目的探讨羊水细胞培养对孕中期高危孕妇进行产前诊断的必要性及有效性,分析产前诊断的高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,了解孕中期异常核型出现的频率,类型及与各种产前诊断指征之间的关系。方法对1350例具有产前诊断指征的孕妇在妊娠16-23周时行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水进行细胞培养及染色体制备,并对核型结果进行分析。结果羊水细胞培养成功并进行核型分析的为1339例,成功率为99.2%;染色体核型多态性22例（1.64%）,检出异常核型53例（3.96%）。异常核型中以三体较为多见。结论羊膜腔穿刺进行羊水培养染色体检查是安全、可靠的染色体异常的产前诊断方法。三体综合征为孕期主要的异常核型;夫妇一方染色体异常、异常超声波检查结果、唐氏高风险、高龄是产前诊断主要的指征。对高危妊娠妇女进行羊水染色体核型检查是必须的。     

新疆地区羊水染色体检查在产前诊断中应用价值

目的探讨羊水细胞染色体分析在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法无菌条件下,取羊水细胞培养,常规收获,G显带,镜下核型分析。结果符合产前诊断指征320例妊娠中期羊水细胞培养成功315例,成功率为98.4%,共检出异常核型13例,检出率为4.06%,其中三体综合征4例,占30.7%;性染色体异常2例,占15%,平衡易位4例,占30.7%;性染色体三体1例,部分三体1例,部分单体1例;染色体多态性18例,占5.6%。结论对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术,进行羊水细胞培养及染色体分析十分必要,羊水细胞染色体检查是目前安全、有效、可靠诊断胎儿染色体的方法。     

妊娠中、后期胎儿染色体病的产前诊断

目的通过对妊娠中、晚期高危孕妇羊水细胞及脐血染色体的核型分析,进行胎儿染色体病的产前诊断,了解胎儿染色体异常发生情况及与各种产前诊断指征的关系。方法对2001年～2009年来我院遗传门诊就诊的456例符合产前诊断指征的妊娠中晚期孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺术或脐血管穿刺术抽取羊水或脐带血进行染色体核型分析。结果在456例孕妇中发现27例染色体异常,占5.92%,数目异常16例(59.26%),其中21-三体7例,18-三体6例,13-三体1例;结构异常11例(40.74%),包括平衡易位6例,倒位4例,缺失1例。结论染色体三体型是妊娠中晚期最常见的染色体病,孕中期母血清学筛查和胎儿系统超声检查可提高胎儿染色体病的产前诊断率。     

孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的探讨羊水细胞染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的应用。方法对86例妊娠16-24周符合产前诊断指征的孕妇经知情同意后,在B超引导下行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水30ml,进行羊水细胞培养、制片、常规G显带,分析染色体核型。结果 86例孕妇羊水细胞培养成功85例,成功率为98.8%,发现异常核型8例,其中染色体数目异常6例,遗传多态性2例。结论羊水细胞核型分析在产前诊断中可避免染色体患病胎儿的出生,对高危妊娠妇女进行羊水染色体核型检查是非常必要的。     

6389例孕中期高危孕妇胎儿染色体核型产前诊断结果分析

目的通过对6389例孕中期不同产前诊断指征高危孕妇的胎儿羊水染色体核型分析,探讨胎儿染色体异常核型的类型及发生频率,为有效开展产前诊断提供基础数据。方法经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取6389例高危孕妇羊水20ml,进行细胞培养,制备染色体标本,分析胎儿染色体核型。结果 6389例孕妇中,羊水细胞培养成功6348例,成功率为99.36%。检出异常染色体核型243例,异常检出率为3.80%。不同产前诊断指征分组中的异常检出率不同,以高龄孕妇组异常率最高,为4.47%。结论羊水细胞染色体核型分析是产前诊断的重要手段,高龄孕妇、母血清筛查高风险及超声显示的胎儿异常是产前诊断的重要指征。综合应用多种筛查及诊断方法,对于预防和控制出生缺陷意义重大。     

1879例产前诊断胎儿染色体核型的分析

目的探讨具备产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术胎儿染色体异常的临床应用价值。方法对符合产前诊断指征的中期妊娠孕妇进行知情同意羊水或脐血穿刺,孕妇经腹抽取适量羊水或脐血,细胞培养,染色体核型分析。结果 1879例羊水和脐血染色体核型分析标本中发现异常核型89例,总体异常核型检出率4.7%(89/1879),其中结构异常64.0%(57/89);数目异常36.0%(32/89)。唐氏筛查高风险而进入产前诊断的孕妇中染色体异常检出率为5.6%(46/816),高龄孕妇胎儿异常染色体检出率为2.9%(15/513),超声提示胎儿异常伴有染色体异常胎儿检出率9.6%(18/189)。结论对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析,不仅能及时发现胎儿染色体异常,为孕妇是否继续妊娠提供科学依据,而且有利于降低出生缺陷发生率;而超声示胎儿结构异常、孕妇血清学筛、父母平衡易位携带及高龄更有预测价值。     

918例孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的 开展孕中期羊水细胞培养染色体核型分析,了解羊水细胞染色体检查在产前诊断中的应用价值.方法 在无菌条件、B超引导下,对918例妊娠16～23周的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取羊水20 mL.通过羊水细胞培养、制片及G显带技术进行染色体分析.结果 918例羊水成功培养908例,成功率为98.91％,共检出异常核型33例,占3.63％,其中数目异常21例,结构异常12例.结论 对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺,行羊水细胞染色体核型分析安全可靠,对预防缺陷儿出生具有重要作用.     

4450例胎儿羊水细胞染色体核型结果分析

目的对4450例高危孕妇羊水染色体核型结果进行分析,探讨染色体异常的类型、发生频率,评价羊水细胞染色体核型分析应用于产前诊断的临床意义。方法对2010.10~2014.10于无锡市妇幼保健院产前诊断中心进行产前诊断的4450例有产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术、羊水细胞培养及胎儿染色体核型分析。结果检出各种染色体异常核型247例,异常率5.55%,染色体数目异常84例(34%),结构异常163例(65.99%)。在各染色体异常核型中21-三体发生率最高,共检出45例(其中1例46,X0,+21),占18.22%。结论对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术,进行羊水细胞培养及染色体分析十分必要。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.