硒和碘对新生大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞生长及原癌基因产物c—fos？…

目的 研究硒，碘及两者联用对新生鼠大脑皮层神经细胞培养的影响，方法 应用新生大鼠大脑皮层神经网络体外培养技术，培养基中加入不同剂量碘（４０μｇ／ｍｌ，８０μｇ／ｍｌ，１２０μｇ／ｍｌ），硒（０．２５μｇ／ｍｌ，０．５０μｇ／ｍｌ，０．７５μｇ／ｍｌ）及硒＋硒，３７℃ＣＯ２培养后，观察细胞生长，突起长度。以免疫组化法测原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ蛋白产物表达。结果 各加药组细胞大小，突起长度和原癌基因ｃ－ｆｐ     

硒和碘对新生大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞生长及原癌基因产物c-fos表达的影响

目的研究硒、碘及两者联用对新生鼠大脑皮层神经细胞培养的影响。方法应用新生大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞体外培养技术，培养基中加入不同剂量碘（４０μｇ／ｍｌ、８０μｇ／ｍｌ、１２０μｇ／ｍｌ）、硒（０．２５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．５０μｇ／ｍｌ、０．７５μｇ／ｍｌ）及碘＋硒，３７℃ＣＯ２培养后，观察细胞生长、突起长度。以免疫组化法测原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ蛋白产物表达。结果各加药组细胞大小、突起长度和原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ蛋白产物表达皆较对照组增大，但在体外培养未看到硒碘协同作用。结论碘、硒和两者联用对大脑皮层神经细胞生长和原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ蛋白产物表达有重要作用     

硒对植入后大鼠胚胎致畸作用的时间－效应关系

应用体外全胚胎培养模型并结合电镜技术探讨了硒暴露不同时间对大鼠胚胎的致畸作用，染毒剂量为４．０μｇ／ｍｌ。结果显示硒对器官形成早期的胚胎具有明显的时间－效应关系。早期暴露１２ｈ，胚胎干重和视觉系统指标值明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）．而晚期（第３６～４８ｈ）暴露１２ｈ，未见胚胎有任何发育异常．硒暴露２４ｈ和４８ｈ，对胚胎的生长发育和器官形态分化均有明显的抑制作用，５０％以上的胚胎出现多种畸形。结果还提示视觉系统是硒致畸作用的主要靶位点；体外培养胚胎对硒的敏感期在１～２４ｈ这一时段，相当于器官形成期的第９，５～１０．５ｄ。     

低硒与T—2毒素对大鼠脂质过氧化物代谢的影响

研究低硒与Ｔ－２毒素对脂质过氧化物代谢的复合作用。实验采用析因设计。对象为断奶ＳＤ大鼠，随机分为４组：Ⅰ．低硒组；Ⅱ．低硒＋Ｔ－２毒素组；Ⅲ．补硒组；Ⅳ补硒＋Ｔ－２毒素组。各组动物均饲以硒含量为０．００９±０．００１μｇ／ｇ的低硒饲料，Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组饲料中加入０．２μｇ／ｇ的亚硒酸钠，Ⅱ、Ⅳ两组动物经口灌服Ｔ－２毒素，剂量为０．２６６６ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ。进入实验３０天后活杀，测定全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活力、血清及肝脏丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量。结果显示低硒与Ｔ－２毒素均对大鼠全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力、肝脏ＭＤＡ含量有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），但两者之间交互作用不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；对血清ＭＤＡ含量无明显作用（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

碘硒缺乏地区地方性甲状腺肿流行病学调查

在云南省武定县碘硒缺乏地区的六个自然村进行地方性甲状腺肿流行病学调查。结果：（１）甲状腺肿大率２７．５１％。（２）地甲肿患病率为６．８０％。（３）无甲肿组及甲肿组尿碘水平分别为２６３．０８±９７．６０μｇ／Ｌ，２６３．７５±９４．９３μｇ／Ｌ。（４）无甲肿组及甲肿组血硒水平分别为０．０３８±０．１３５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，０．０３５±０．０１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。提示缺硒可能是该地区地甲肿流行的因素之一。     

褐藻胶对大鼠实验性肝纤维化的防治作用

目的研究褐藻胶对大鼠实验性肝纤维化的防治作用．方法用４０％四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）制备大鼠肝纤维化模型，实验分组为正常对照组（ｎ＝８），ＣＣｌ４组（ｎ＝８），秋水仙硷（ＣＯＬ）组（ｎ＝６）和褐藻胶组（ｎ＝６）（２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｇ，３次／周×４）．观察肝脏组织学和血清Ⅲ型前胶原（ＰＣⅢ）及透明质酸（ＨＡ）水平的变化．结果褐藻胶组ＰＣⅢ（１４２８μｇ／Ｌ±７６１μｇ／Ｌ）和ＨＡ水平（２６５５μｇ／Ｌ±９３１μｇ／Ｌ）显著低于ＣＣｌ４组（２９３５μｇ／Ｌ±７８３μｇ／Ｌ，５１９８μｇ／Ｌ±１１８３μｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜００１），而褐藻胶组与ＣＯＬ组间无显著差异．病理学观察显示，ＣＣｌ４组肝纤维化程度重于褐藻胶组和ＣＯＬ组．结论褐藻胶对实验性肝纤维化有防治作用．     

青蒿素片治疗恶性疟108例的效果

在海南省抗氯喹／抗哌喹恶性疟流行区，选择１０８例恶性疟现症病人，单用青蒿素片剂按总剂量与疗程天数，分成４ｇ５ｄ（３１例）、３ｇ３ｄ（３９例）和２．５ｇ２ｄ（３８例）三组治疗验证。三组治前几何平均原虫密度分别为１８０９８、１８４６２和１６５６３／μｌ，治后平均退热时间分别为２８．９±１６．７ｈ、３１．７±１７．７ｈ和３１．０±１４．４ｈ；平均原虫无性体转阴时间分别为３５．４±１１．５ｈ、３９．０±１４．６ｈ和３３．７±１２．８ｈ，即时疗效相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）。追踪随访２８ｄ的治愈率４ｇ５ｄ组为８６．２％，与３ｇ３ｄ组和２．５ｇ３ｄ组的４５．２％和３６．４％比较，差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。三组病例药物副反应轻微。结果可见：第１ｄ顿服青蒿素片１ｇ，第２～５ｄ每天一次服０．７５ｇ的４ｇ５ｄ疗程，是目前应用青蒿素片剂治疗抗药性恶性疟疗效较好的治疗方案。     

克山病致病因素对大鼠心肌线粒体α－磷酸甘油脱氢酶的影响

测定了克山病病区粮喂养大鼠心肌线粒体α－磷酸甘油脱氢酶（ａ－ＧＰＤ）活性，并观察了硒和维生素Ｅ对该酶的影响。结果表明，病区粮组大鼠心肌线粒体α－ＧＰＤ活力明显低于非病区粮组和常规．食组，并在补０．１μｇ／ｇ＋８００μｇ／ｇＶＥ后，α－ＧＰＤ活性升高与病区粮组比较有显著差异、本实验结果提示：１、饲克山病病区粮大鼠心肌线粒体α－ＧＰＤ活力的降低，此时的心肌可能处于甲状腺激素功能低下状态．２、硒（０．１μｇ／ｇ）＋维生素Ｅ（８００μｇ／ｇ）的补充可以升高该酶活性，改善甲状腺激素功能不足状态。     

用体外培养模型研究硒氟对VYS结构及功能的影响

用体外全胚胎培养模型系统探讨了硒、氟对大鼠脏层卵黄囊（ＶＹＳ）功能和结构的影响。结果表明：随着硒、氟浓度的增加，对ＶＹＳ的损害亦逐渐增强．高浓度响（≥２．０μｇ／ｍｌ）和氟（≥１０．０μｇ／ｍｌ）可导致ＶＹＳ直径和血管形成得分值降低，ＶＹＳ三层结构变薄，微绒毛数量减少、结构不规，溶酶体数量减少，线粒体、内质网数量减少和肿胀，畸胎率增高等后果．但在一定浓度范围内（Ｓｅ０．５μｇ／ｍｌ～２．０μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｆ２．５μｇ／ｍｌ～１０．０μｇ／ｍｌ），二者呈相互桔抗作用．ＶＹＳ结构基本恢复正常，畸胎率也明显降低。结果揭示硒、氟对ＶＹＳ营养功能的损害可能是其致畸机制之一。     

发热对豚鼠胆汁成分的影响

目的研究发热对豚鼠胆汁成分及胆石形成的影响．方法将豚鼠６０只分为致石饲料组和普通饲料组，再将每组分为发热组和对照组．皮下注射煮沸脱脂牛奶１ｍｇ／ｋｇ使发热组动物发热，每周１次，共４次．４５ｄ后将６０只豚鼠全部处死，其中发热组在处死前３６ｈ皮下注射松节油１ｍｌ／ｋｇ，使其在处死前处于发热状态．检查胆囊并取胆汁进行分析．结果致石饲料发热组结石发生率最高，为４００％，而致石饲料不发热组为１３３％（Ｐ＜００１）．发热组胆汁总蛋白（２５ｇ／Ｌ±１９ｇ／Ｌｖｓ１０ｇ／Ｌ±０９ｇ／Ｌ，Ａ２ｖｓＡ１）及胆红素浓度（７４３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±６２６μｍｏｌ／Ｌｖｓ１２３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±５５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜００５）较对照组明显升高．结论发热对豚鼠胆汁成分的影响在胆石形成中具有重要作用．     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.