20例男性垂体催乳素瘤MRI特征分析并文献复习

目的 探讨男性垂体催乳素瘤的临床及MRI特征,提高其正确诊断率.方法 回顾性分析20例经手术病理或内分泌治疗有效证实的男性催乳素腺瘤.结果 在MRI诊断的20例男性催乳素瘤患者中,微腺瘤9例,大腺瘤11例.平扫T1WI呈稍低或等信号,T2WI均为稍高～高信号,常规增强均可见明显强化.侵袭性者均为大腺瘤,多伴有视交叉受侵或蝶窦、海绵窦侵犯,部分伴骨质破坏.结论 男性垂体催乳索瘤的临床与MRI表现均与女性不同,MRI对催乳素瘤诊断有重要价值,但应注意临床与影像两者结合,以达到早期、准确诊断.     

垂体催乳素瘤的病因及发病机理

本文综述了近年来对垂体泌乳素瘤病因及其发病机理的认识。目前主要有两种观点,一是认为病变在下丘脑,一是认为原发于垂体的功能自主性腺瘤。     

垂体腺瘤的诊断与治疗

垂体腺瘤是常见的良性肿瘤,人群发生率为1/100 000,约占颅内肿瘤的10%.且近年来随神经影像学和神经内分泌学的发展,发现并确诊为该病逐渐增多,发病率有增多的趋势.临床上已形成了以神经外科为中心的多学科合作治疗模式.随着基础和临床研究的不断深入,现代科学技术的突飞猛进,为垂体腺瘤这个古老的疾病诊治带来了新的"活力",同时对垂体外科治疗也提出了现代要求:力争全切肿瘤,保留残余正常垂体、恢复正常的激素水平和提高患者的生活质量.     

神经生长因子对体外培养的垂体催乳素瘤细胞的抑制作用

目的 研究神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）和溴陷亭（ＢＣ）对体外培养的垂体乳素（ＰＲＬ）分泌腺瘤细胞的激素分泌量和增殖的影响。方法 每例体外培养的垂体ＰＲＬ分泌腺瘤细胞分成４组;对照组、ＮＧＦ组、ＢＣ组和ＮＧＦ＋ＢＣ组,对不同的药物干预,观察培养液不激素分泌量和＾３Ｈ－胸腺啶脱氧核苷（ＴｄＲ）摄取率的改变。结果 在８例培养成活的垂体ＰＲＬ分泌腺瘤细胞中,与对照组相比,ＮＧＦ对ＰＲＬ分泌量的抑制作用不明显,但     

垂体腺瘤的药物治疗

目前,垂体瘤虽然可在微腺瘤阶段得到确诊,并可经蝶窦显微手术选择地切除之,但从临床角度看,手术远非能解决一切问题。近年来,随着药物治疗学的研究进展,某些药物已能成功地治疗垂体腺瘤。现结合文献简介如下。一、多巴胺激活剂—澳隐亭澳隐亭可降低各种原因引起的泌乳素(PRL)     

男性垂体催乳素大腺瘤103例临床分析

目的　探讨男性催乳素大腺瘤的临床特点、治疗方法与疗效的关系以及预后因素。方法　回顾性分析103例男性催乳素大腺瘤患者临床特点、不同治疗方式对治疗效果的影响,并初步探讨影响预后因素。结果　(1)男性催乳素大腺瘤最常见的症状是性欲或性功能减退,其次是头痛和视力减退。(2)药物治疗的患者57 8% 达到完全缓解,而单纯手术治疗仅有5 7%的患者完全缓解(P<0 001)。手术治疗不能完全缓解的患者采取药物、放疗以及两者联合治疗, 3种治疗的疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0 498)。(3)肿瘤存在侵袭性的患者较无侵袭性的患者预后差(P=0 03), 疗效不同的患者在年龄、病程、肿瘤大小、治疗前血催乳素水平以及是否存在垂体卒中方面无明显差异。结论　男性催乳素大腺瘤应首选药物治疗。肿瘤存在侵袭性是其预后不良因素。     

复发垂体腺瘤38例的诊断和治疗分析

目的 分析38例复发垂体腺瘤诊断和治疗的临床资料,探讨其复发的因素及再治疗的选择问题.方法 对38例复发垂体腺瘤的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗方法选择及治疗结果进行回顾性分析,其中31例再次手术,γ-刀治疗4例,PRL腺瘤药物治疗2例,未治疗PRL腺瘤1例.结果 31例再次手术中全切除21例,次全切除7例,大部分切除3例;药物治疗PRL腺瘤2例中PRL下降至正常,肿瘤缩小;γ-刀治疗4例中3例肿瘤缩小,1例肿瘤大小无变化;未治疗的PRL腺瘤1例,6年复查CT/MRI大小无变化,PRL检测在稍高水平,仍在观察中.结论 手术治疗是复发垂体腺瘤主要的有效治疗方法;药物治疗是复发垂体腺瘤的辅助疗法,它能减小腺瘤的体积使激素水平恢复;放疗可使肿瘤组织坏死、体积缩小、激素水平下降.对再次手术不能全切除者,应对视神经、视交叉周围的肿瘤尽量切除,视神经与肿瘤的距离应>5 mm,以便提高放射治疗效果.     

巨大垂体腺瘤的外科治疗

近２０年来，随着显微手术技术的开展，垂体腺瘤的诊疗取得较大进展，手术治疗已越来越安全、有效。但巨型垂体腺瘤（尤其是侵袭性垂体腺瘤）的治疗仍为神经外科的一大难题。现就垂体巨腺瘤的外科治疗进行讨论。１　分类及特点垂体瘤的分型及分级对于术式选择及预后估计极为重要。以往依光学显微镜下所示将垂体腺瘤分为嫌色、嗜酸性、嗜碱性、混合性；目前依电镜细胞免疫化学技术及放射免疫技术，将垂体腺瘤分为功能性和非功能性腺瘤，前者包括生长激素（ＧＨ）性、泌乳素（ＰＲＬ）性、促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）性、促甲状腺激素（ＴＳ…     

垂体性侏儒症患儿血脂及载脂蛋白A1,B水平

对25例垂体性侏儒儿的血胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C),低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A_1(Apo A_1)、载脂蛋白(Apo B)等进行了测定,并与相应健康儿作了比较;与此同时,还着重观察了基因重组人生长激素(hGH)治疗3个月后对患儿上述指标的影响。结果表明:(1)患儿组TC、TG、LDL-C和Apo B值均明显高于对照组(P分别<0.01、<0.05、<0.01和<0.01);其中TC值高于正常值上限者14例,占56％;TG升高者2例,占8％;Apo B升高者13例,占52％;而Apo　A_1水平较对照组明显降低(P<0.01)。(2)hGH治疗3个月后随访,患儿组的TC,LDL-C和Apo B水平较治疗前明显下降(P分别<0.05,<0.01和<0.01);而TG和Apo A_1水平皆有不同程度的上升(P<0.01)。提示垂体性侏儒儿存在着不同程度的脂质代谢紊乱,而生长激素缺乏是其主要原因之一。     

GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR INCREASES SERUM PROLACTIN CONCENTRATIONS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY ADENOMAS

We have examined the serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) response to growth hormone releasing factor (hGRF-(1-44)NH2 (GRF) 1 microgram/kg i.v. bolus) in 16 acromegalic patients (eight of whom were hyperprolactinaemic), 13 patients with microprolactinoma, and 14 healthy subjects. The GH responses to TRH and to the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 were also studied in acromegalic patients. In these, and in patients with microprolactinoma, GH responses after GRF (P less than 0.001 vs saline) were variable. The absolute GH increase (calculated as area under the curve) in acromegalic patients (2489 +/- 920 micrograms/l min), or in patients with microprolactinoma (1322 +/- 279 micrograms/l min) was not different from that in controls (2238 +/- 633 micrograms/l min). In addition, a significant increase in PRL release was observed after GRF in comparison to saline in acromegalic patients (P less than 0.01), in patients with microprolactinoma and in normal subjects (P less than 0.001). The PRL increase was significantly correlated with basal PRL levels in acromegalic patients (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001) and in patients with microprolactinomas (r = 0.61, P less than 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between GH rise after GRF and basal GH, and between GH rise after GRF and GH decrement after SMS in patients with acromegaly. These results suggest that GRF can stimulate PRL release by actions on the normal pituitary and on pituitary adenomas, including microprolactinomas. Moreover, the data suggest that in acromegaly there is a relative functional deficiency of hypothalamic somatostatin.     

病毒性肝炎患者血清IV型胶原变化及临床意义

对２０８例病毒性肝炎患者检测血清ＩＶ型胶原，其结果提示急性肝炎患者与正常组比较无统计学意义。慢性迁延型、慢性活动型及慢性重症肝炎＋肝硬化（失代偿）三组患者中，其含量均高，其升高程度与肝病的临床和组织学严重性相关。在各组肝炎活动期和恢复期，其含量变化无统计学意义。血清ＩＶ型胶原的测定对慢性肝病纤维化严重程度和预后的判断有重要临床意义。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM PROLACTIN AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STAINING FOR PROLACTIN IN PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY MACROADENOMAS

We have studied the relationship between mean pretreatment levels of serum prolactin and the presence of positive immunohistochemical staining for prolactin in the pituitary tumours of 55 patients. Pretreatment serum prolactin was significantly higher in patients with tumours showing many prolactin immunostaining cells than in those with none (P less than 0.001). When the pretreatment serum prolactin exceeded 6000 mU/l, the tumours contained over 90% of prolactin positive cells; one patient was an exception who had received long-term high dose bromocriptine therapy, and her tumour showed only occasional cells with positive staining. When the pretreatment serum prolactin level was under 2500 mU/l, a tumour was found which showed either no cells or fewer than 1% of cells which stained for prolactin. There was no significant difference in pretreatment serum prolactin levels between 11 patients with craniopharyngiomas and 34 patients with pituitary macroadenomas showing no prolactin immunostaining. Seventy-one percent (32) of the 45 patients with craniopharyngiomas or tumours with negative immunostaining for prolactin, had raised pretreatment serum prolactin levels (above 360 mU/l) although this was usually only slightly elevated; the levels exceeded 2500 mU/l in six (13%) of them (two craniopharyngiomas, four pituitary tumours) but in none did the levels exceed 6000 mU/l. Four of the 55 pituitary tumours showed occasional cells (less than 1%) that stained positively for growth hormone. In none of the patients with these tumours was there evidence of acromegaly or pathologically elevated circulating growth hormone levels.     

MANAGEMENT OF EXTRA-SELLAR PITUITARY TUMOURS WITH BROMOCRIPTINE: COMPARISON OF PROLACTIN SECRETING AND NON-FUNCTIONING TUMOURS USING HALF-FIELD VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS AND COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY

To determine whether prolactin secreting and non-functioning pituitary tumours respond differently in terms of shrinkage to bromocriptine, we prospectively studied ten consecutive patients (five with prolactinomas and five with non-functioning tumours) complicated by extra-sellar extensions. No patient had received prior radiotherapy or bromocriptine and the mean dose and duration of bromocriptine treatment were identical in the two groups of patients. Objective evidence of tumour shrinkage was provided by serial half-field visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and computerised tomography (CT). All five prolactinomas were shown to shrink as assessed by improvement in VEP and four of the five as assessed by CT. In contrast, only one of the five patients with nonfunctioning tumours showed any improvement in VEP or CT. Macroprolactinomas frequently shrink rapidly when treated with bromocriptine, whereas non-functioning tumours seldom show such a dramatic response.     

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN IN PITUITARY ADENOMAS CAUSING ACROMEGALY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BASAL SERUM HORMONE LEVELS AND THE GROWTH RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE

Basal prolactin levels and the dynamics of growth hormone secretion in response to intravenous TRH in 34 untreated acromegalic patients were compared with immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone and prolactin in the adenoma cells. The serum prolactin level was elevated in 13 patients. All adenomas contained growth hormone detectable by immunocytochemistry. Twelve adenomas contained prolactin as well; of these only six were associated with hyperprolactinaemia. In six patients with a mixed adenoma the serum prolactin levels were in the normal range. In 17 patients the growth hormone value more than doubled after TRH. Eight of these patients had hyperprolactinaemia, and in only six did the adenomas contain immunoreactive prolactin; eight were associated neither with hyperprolactinaemia nor with positive immunostaining for prolactin. Eight adenomas had suprasellar extension, six of these were associated with hyperprolactinaemia. Of the seven adenomas with hyperprolactinaemia but no adenomatous prolactin immunoreactivity, four had supprasellar extension. In three patients hyperprolactinaemia was associated neither with prolactin immunoreactivity in the adenoma cells nor with suprasellar extension of the tumour. It is concluded that in acromegalics (1) there is no relation between hyperprolactinaemia, and the presence of prolactin in the adenoma cells; (2) the hyperprolactinaemia may be due either to adenomatous prolactin secretion or possibly suprasellar mass interference of hypothalamic control of normal prolactin cells; and (3) the presence of hyperprolactinaemia or immunocytochemically defined adenomatous prolactin does not correlate with the reactivity of the adenomatous growth hormone cells to TRH.     

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED PERIMETRY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PITUITARY ADENOMAS

Computer-assisted perimetry (CP) is a new method which quantifies the differential light sensitivity threshold and allows the statistical analysis of the data. It offers advantages as compared with manual methods. This study has been carried out in 27 patients with pituitary adenomas (four males and 23 females; 13 with prolactinomas; six with acromegaly, four with Cushing's disease and four with non-secreting adenomas). A skull X-ray and a computed tomodensitometry (CT), a manual Goldman perimeter and a computer assisted visual field examination were performed in all cases. The presence of a pituitary tumour was suggested by the X-ray and by the CT in 12 and 23 patients respectively out of the 27: the CT scan revealed a suprasellar extension in seven cases. Visual field defects were detected by means of the Goldman perimeter in six patients and by means of the computer-assisted technique in 25/27. The effectiveness of this new technique was proved by the concordance with the CT scan results in 21 cases and by the histological examination of the four adenomas which were not apparent at CT scan. A significant difference was found for both eyes (right eye, chi squared = 258, P less than 0.001; left eye, chi squared = 295.0, P less than 0.001) between patients and controls. No correlation existed between visual defects and the pituitary size apparent at CT scan. Six patients were evaluated with the CT and CP after 1 year of bromocriptine treatment; a slight reduction of size was documented with the CT in four cases, whereas a significant positive change in visual acuity was observed in five patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

联合检测HA、Ⅳ-C、LN对肝纤维化的诊断价值

目的 通过对各型病毒性肝炎患者血清部分肝纤维化指标的检测,以评价其对病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的诊断价值。方法 采用RIA法测定患者直清HA,Ⅳ-C、LN的含量,同时检测肝功能,B超测定门静脉内径。结果 血清HA、Ⅳ-C、LN水平随着慢性肝病的加重而逐渐升高,均显著高于正常对照组。HA、Ⅳ-C、LN联合检测诊断肝纤维化的灵敏度为91.5％,特异度为86.6％,诊断正确率为90.1。结论 HA、Ⅳ-C、LN联合检测对肝纤维化程度的判断有诊断价值。     

腺瘤性息肉的癌变及治疗

为探讨已癌变的结肠腺瘤性息肉的最佳治疗选择，回顾性总结了内镜诊断和治疗的３１４例腺瘤性息肉中３７例癌变息肉的结果。３７例中为管状腺瘤癌变者２５例（占８．９％），绒毛状腺瘤癌变者１１例（占３６．３％），混合性腺瘤癌变１例。１８例仅行内镜下电切，电切后又追加手术８例，手术切除１１例。分期为原位癌１２例，早期浸润癌１３例，浸润癌１２例。１９例手术及术后病理证实的淋巴结转移者３例（１５．７％），包括１例绒毛状腺瘤恶变的早期浸润癌和２例浸润癌。认为除原位癌外，对电切后病理证实的早期浸润癌或浸润性癌，只要无手术禁忌，应追加外科手术治疗为妥。     

单层培养的垂体生长激素分泌瘤细胞对生长激素释放激素和生长抑素的反应

本文研究7例肢端肥大症患者垂体单纯生长激素(GH)分泌瘤单层培养细胞对GH释放激素(GRF)和生长抑素(SS)的反应。培养液中10~(-8)M GRF使5例瘤细胞GH分泌增加171.6±22.6％,10~(-7) M GRF使全部7例瘤细胞GH分泌明显升高到220.6±47.7％。10~(-9)～10~(-7) M SS使5例瘤细胞GH基础分泌下降到50.4±9.8％。同时加入10~(-8)或10~(-7) M的GRF和SS,在7例瘤细胞上均看到GRF兴奋GH分泌的作用被完全阻断。3例病人术前接受GRF和SS试验,血清GH水平的变化分别为对照的222.0±30.6％和10.7±4.7％。结果表明单层培养的垂体GH瘤细胞对GRF和SS仍有反应。