输注脐血对慢性乙型重型肝炎临床疗效的影响

目的探讨脐血输注疗法对慢性乙型重型肝炎的治疗效果.方法将60例慢性乙型重型肝炎随机分为脐血治疗组和对照组,均采用常规综合性治疗.但脐血治疗组加用静脉输注异体同血型脐血.比较两组患者治疗前后的多种临床疗效考核指标.结果①脐血治疗后患者血清总胆红素降低明显,胆碱脂酶、凝血酶原活动度明显改善,与对照组比较有显著性差异,P＜0.05;②脐血治疗后患者红细胞、血红蛋白无明显下降,而对照组下降比较明显,两者比较有显著性差异,P＜0.05;③脐血治疗后患者并发症下降,总有效率明显提高.结论脐血治疗可改善重型肝炎的肝功能,减少并发症,改善预后.可望成为慢性乙型重型肝炎患者重要的辅助治疗措施.     

MELD评分对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后的评价作用

目的 比较终末期肝病模型(MELD)与凝血酶原时间(PT)预测慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后的能力.方法 选取2005年7月至2006年1月住院的慢性乙型重型肝炎患者66例,分成生存组和死亡组,分别记录患者入院第2天的MELD评分和PT,使用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积评价MELD与PT的预测能力.结果 生存组患者MELD评分和PT分别为24.1±5.42和(22.2±3.73)s,死亡组患者MELD评分和PT分别为37.3±5.74和(29.6±5.19)s(P＜0.01),MELD评分与PT显著相关(r=0.78,P＜0.01),MELD评分与PT的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.946、0.887(P＜0.05).结论 MELD与PT两者均能较好地预测慢性乙型重型肝炎患者的预后,但MELD评分的分辨力显著优于PT.     

慢性乙型重型肝炎与血清血小板活化因子的相关性

目的:探讨血小板活化因子变化在慢性乙型重型肝炎预后评估中的临床价值.方法:将49例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者分为好转组(n=26)和死亡组(n=23),另选择20例健康体检者作为对照组.重型肝炎患者均采用综合治疗.分别检测治疗前和治疗后血清内毒素和人血小板活化因子值,统计慢性乙型重型肝炎患者死亡率.结果:49例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者内毒素血症发生率为85.71%(42/49),死亡组和好转组血清内毒素浓度均高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);好转组治疗后血清ET浓度明显低于治疗前(P<0.01);死亡组和好转组的血清PAF含量均高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);好转组治疗后血清PAF浓度明显低于治疗前(P<0.01);发生内毒素血症的患者PAF浓度明显高于未发生内毒素血症的患者(P<0.05);经Logistic回归分析,TBIL、ET、PAF与慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后成正相关(P<0.05或0.01,OR=0.799、0.040、2.007),PTA与慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后成负相关(P<0.05,OR=0.015),其中以PAF与预后的关系最为密切.结论:血小板活化因子下降与肝功能改善、临床表现好转有密切关系,慢性乙型重型肝炎患者血小板活化因子含量可作为评价重型肝炎预后的指标之一.     

血清Na~+浓度对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者预后的评价作用

目的分析慢性乙型重型肝炎患者的血清Na+浓度与预后的关系,比较血清Na+水平、MELD-Na评分与凝血酶原时间(PT)对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者短期预后的预测价值。方法慢性乙型重型肝炎患者85例,分成生存组和死亡组,分别记录患者入院第2天的血清Na+、MELD-Na评分和PT,并分析三者之间的相关性;运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积(AUC)评价血清Na+、MELD-Na评分和PT的预测价值。结果生存组患者血清Na+、MELD-Na评分值和PT分别为136.08±5.66mmol/L,20.42±7.78和22.28±6.37s,死亡组患者血清Na+、MELD-Na分值和PT分别为131.15±6.97mmol/L、34.40±10.72和34.48±10.09s,三项指标均有显著性差异,P0.001。血清Na+与MELD-Na评分值呈显著负相关(r=-0.673,P0.001),血清Na+与PT亦呈负相关(r=-0.238,P0.05),血清Na+浓度、MELD-Na分值和PT的AUC分别为0.261、0.878和0.870。结论低钠血症是影响慢性乙型重型肝炎预后的重要因素,包含血清Na+的MELD-Na评分与PT均能较好地预测慢性乙型重型肝炎患者的短期预后,两者预测能力无显著差异。     

应用Cox比例风险模型分析抗病毒治疗对慢性乙型重型肝炎预后的影响

目的应用Cox比例风险模型分析核苷（酸）类似物抗病毒治疗对慢性乙型重型肝炎预后的影响。方法选择219例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者,采用Cox比例风险模型对可能影响其预后的因素进行单变量和多变量回归分析。重点分析核苷（酸）类似物抗病毒治疗对慢性乙型重型肝炎预后的影响。结果多变量回归分析结果显示：年龄、肝性脑病、总胆红素、白蛋白、凝血酶原活动度、血尿素氮、核苷（酸）类似物抗病毒治疗具有独立的预后意义（P〈0．05）。纠正混杂因素后,在多变量Cox比例风险模型中比较拉米夫定与恩替卡韦两种药物对慢性乙型重型肝炎预后的影响程度,两者无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;比较在慢性乙型重型肝炎的早期、中期和晚期抗病毒治疗对预后的影响程度,结果在早期和中期抗与不抗病毒治疗有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,但晚期抗与不抗病毒治疗已无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论核苷（酸）类似物抗病毒治疗是影响慢性乙型重型肝炎预后的独立因素。较早开始抗病毒治疗可以改善预后。拉米夫定和恩替卡韦均可选用于对这种患者的治疗。     

人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎的疗效观察

目的 观察人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎患者的临床疗效.方法 80例重型肝炎患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在内科综合治疗的基础上进行血浆置换,对照组仅予以内科综合治疗,观察两组治疗前后的临床症状、体征和肝肾功能、凝血功能指标变化,并对预后进行分析,评价临床疗效.结果 血浆置换治疗后,患者临床症状均有不同程度改善,肝肾功能及凝血酶原时间明显好转,与本组治疗前相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与对照组治疗后相比,除Alb外各指标差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);治疗组总有效率为65.0％,其中早期治疗有效率为88.9％,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 人工肝血浆置换是治疗重型肝炎的有效手段,对于早期患者疗效更好.     

血清总胆固醇水平对重型肝炎诊断及预后判断价值

探讨血清总胆固醇(serum total cholesterol简称sTC)水平对重型病毒性肝炎(重肝)的临床诊断及预后判断价值.方法:对经临床和病理双重确诊的234例慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(慢乙肝)及54例乙型重型肝炎患者sTC进行定量观察,并与肝组织病变程度进行对照分析.结果:sTC水平与慢性乙肝及重型肝炎患者肝组织病变程度Ishak计分呈明显负相关(P＜0.01,r=-0.56).sTC水平均值＜2.07mmol/L者重型肝炎组为77.8%(42/54),重度慢性乙肝组为12.5%(6/48),两组差异有显著性意义(x2=43.46,P＜0.01).重型肝炎组存活率与sTC水平呈明显正相关r=0.65,P＜0.01),经治疗1周,存活组sTC水平稳步回升,死亡组持续下降.结论:sTC水平变化反映了肝脏的合成功能,与肝组织的病理损害程度密切相关.     

血浆置换治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效及其影响因素

目的 探讨血浆置换(PE)治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效及其影响因素.方法 对2009年10月至2010年10月在我院接受治疗的慢性重型肝炎患者采用PE,并评价PE对慢性重型肝炎的治疗作用以及该疗法的安全性,同时解析影响其疗效的因素.结果 PE治疗后,治疗组治愈10例,好转15例,有效率达58.14％,明显高于对照组(30.23％),差异具有统计学意义(x2=6.79,P＜0.05).另外,治疗后血清胆红素(TB)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆固醇(CHO)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)、血氨(NH3)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)等水平与治疗前相比均明显改善(P＜0.05).＜60岁年龄组患者有效率高于≥60岁年龄组(x2=5.21,P＜0.05),早期有效率高于中期(,=4.34,P＜0.05),隔日1次治疗的有效率明显高于每日1次或每周2次(x2=5.52、4.10,P＜0.05).结论 PE可明显提高慢性重型肝炎患者的存活率,患者的年龄、病情分期及治疗频次是影响PE疗效的重要因素.     

“截断逆挽法”治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎临床疗效观察

目的:观察"截断逆挽法"治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎方案的有效性。方法:前瞻性随机将慢性乙型重型肝炎患者分为治疗组55例,对照组56例,分别给予中西医结合治疗和单纯西药治疗4周,随访8周,观察有效率、症状及主要化验指标的改善情况。结果:证候积分疗效:治疗组总有效率(40例,72.73%)高于对照组(30例,53.57%),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。肝功能:①胆红素:两组患者治疗两周后TBil明显下降,其中治疗组两周后与治疗前比较,差异有显著性意义(P0.05);治疗组4周后与治疗前比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P0.01);对照组8周后与治疗前比较,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。②凝血功能:治疗组患者凝血酶原活动度(PTA)明显升高,治疗1周后PTA(43.6%)与治疗前(35.0%)比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P0.01);对照组患者PTA治疗前后无明显变化。综合疗效:治疗组有效率(37例,67.27%)高于对照组(30例,53.57%),两组比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05);治疗组病死率(5例,9.09%)低于对照组(13例,23.21%),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:中西医结合疗法在降低病死率,改善症状、改善肝功能(退黄、提高凝血酶原活动度)等方面均优于单纯西药对照组,验证了"截断逆挽法"治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎方案的有效性。     

拉米夫定和恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的近期疗效观察

目的观察拉米夫定(LAM)和恩替卡韦(ETV)治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的近期疗效。方法回顾性研究本院慢性乙型重型肝炎住院患者88例,其中对照组(27例)给予常规综合治疗,治疗组分别在综合治疗基础上加用LAM(35例)或ETV(26例)抗病毒治疗。结果治疗8周后,治疗组TBil、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(INR)及MELD评分均较对照组明显降低(P0.05),治疗组好转率和HBVDNA低于检测下限的比率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。按治疗前MELD评分高低分为两组,发现MELD评分≤25时,治疗组好转率高于对照组(P0.05),而MELD评分25时,治疗组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。LAM组与ETV组间的疗效差异无统计学意义。结论 LAM和ETV治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎均具有较好疗效,宜尽早使用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.